Journal ArticleDOI
Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults
TLDR
Recent findings from populationbased epidemiology studies on risk factors for OSA in adults are reviewed to review recent findings from large population studies in different countries during the last decade.Abstract:
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (OSA) is a sleep disorder characterized by intermittent complete and partial airway collapse, resulting in frequent episodes of apnea and hypopnea. The breathing pauses cause acute adverse effects, including oxyhemoglobin desaturation, fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rate, increased sympathetic activity, cortical arousal, and sleep fragmentation. The condition has received increasing attention during the past 3 decades. Until 1981, the only effective treatment for OSA was tracheostomy. The advent of continuous positive air pressure therapy, an effective noninvasive treatment, was a turning point, and clinical interest began to increase in tandem with the accumulation of research linking OSA to cognitive, behavioral, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular morbidities (FIGURE). Findings from large population studies in different countries during the last decade have contributed to a better understanding of the epidemiology of OSA. In most population studies, OSA status has been indicated by the frequency of apnea and hypopnea events per hour of sleep (apnea-hypopnea index) as determined by polysomnography (a continuous overnight recording of sleep, breathing, and cardiac parameters). The apnea-hypopnea index cutpoints of 5, 15, and 30 (with or without daytime sleepiness) are commonly used to indicate mild, moderate, and severe OSA, respectively. These studies have demonstrated that OSA is highly prevalent in adults (TABLE). Approximately 1 in 5 adults has at least mild OSA and 1 in 15 adults has OSA of moderate or worse severity. In the United States, 75% to 80% of OSA cases that could benefit from treatment remain undiagnosed. Associations of OSA with serious morbidity have raised concern that untreated OSA is a substantial but underappreciated public health threat. Primary care physicians are currently being encouraged to be alert to OSA symptoms of disruptive snoring, breathing pauses, and excessive daytime sleepiness in their patients. It is important that physicians also recognize that not all OSA patients are “Pickwickian” (ie, male, obese, sleepy, snoring, and middle-aged), a stereotype that emerged from clinical observations of the highly selective patient populations observed in earlier years. The goal of this article is to review recent findings from populationbased epidemiology studies on risk factors for OSA in adults.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Obstructive sleep apnoea and its cardiovascular consequences
TL;DR: Current data suggest that OSA increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, and that its treatment has the potential to diminish such risk, but large-scale randomised trials are needed to determine, definitively, whether treating OSA improves cardiovascular outcomes.
Journal ArticleDOI
American association of clinical endocrinologists and american college of endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity.
W. Timothy Garvey,Jeffrey I. Mechanick,Elise M. Brett,Alan J. Garber,Daniel L. Hurley,Ania M. Jastreboff,Karl Nadolsky,Rachel Pessah-Pollack,Raymond A Plodkowski +8 more
TL;DR: The final recommendations recognize that obesity is a complex, adiposity-based chronic disease, where management targets both weight-related complications and adiposity to improve overall health and quality of life.
Journal Article
Sleep Apnea as an Independent Risk Factor for All-Cause Mortality : The Busselton Health Study. Commentary
Allan I. Pack,Alec B. Platt,Grace W. Pien,Nathaniel S. Marshall,Keith Wong,Peter Liu,Stewart R J Cullen,Matthew Knuiman,Ronald R. Grunstein +8 more
TL;DR: Moderate-to-severe sleep apnea is independently associated with a large increased risk of all-cause mortality in this community-based sample of residents of Busselton, Western Australian.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sleep Apnea as an Independent Risk Factor for All-Cause Mortality: The Busselton Health Study
Nathaniel S. Marshall,Nathaniel S. Marshall,Keith Wong,Keith Wong,Peter Liu,Stewart R J Cullen,Matthew Knuiman,Ronald R. Grunstein,Ronald R. Grunstein +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated whether sleep apnea is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in a sample of Busselton Health Study participants recruited in 1990 to determine the community prevalence of OSA.
Journal ArticleDOI
Excess weight and sleep-disordered breathing
TL;DR: If the expanding epidemic of obesity seen in the United States continues, the prevalence of SDB will almost certainly increase, along with the proportion ofSDB attributable to obesity.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
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