Book ChapterDOI
Salinization and Saline Environments
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In this paper, the authors provide an overview of global salinization phenomena and investigate the different mechanisms and geochemical processes that are associated with salinisation, including the distinction between natural processes and anthropogenic forcing that generates salinity.Abstract:
This chapter provides an overview of global salinization phenomena and investigates the different mechanisms and geochemical processes that are associated with salinization. The overview includes salinization of rivers, lakes, and groundwater from different parts of the world. Special emphasis is given to the distinction between natural processes and anthropogenic forcing that generates salinity, such as wastewater contamination and agricultural runoff. As such, two anthropogenic salinization cycles are introduced – the agricultural and the domestic. The role of the unsaturated zone in shaping the chemical composition of dryland salinization is also discussed. An overview of the effects of salinity on the occurrence of health-related contaminants such as fluoride, oxyanions (arsenic, selenium, boron), radionuclides, trihalomethanes, and fish-kill algae is presented. Some useful geochemical and isotopic fingerprinting tracers are introduced for elucidating the salinity sources. Finally, the chemical and isotopic compositions of man-made ‘new water’ that is produced from desalination are analyzed with implications for predicting the chemical and isotopic compositions of future water resources in the Anthropocene Era.read more
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Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the ways in which the MENA countries are vulnerable to climate-induced impacts on water resources and conclude that the key capacities for adaptive governance to water scarcity in MENA are underdeveloped.
Journal ArticleDOI
Application of multiple isotopic and geochemical tracers for investigation of recharge, salinization, and residence time of water in the Souss–Massa aquifer, southwest of Morocco
Lhoussaine Bouchaou,Jean-Luc Michelot,Avner Vengosh,Youssef Hsissou,M. Qurtobi,C.B. Gaye,Thomas D. Bullen,Gian Maria Zuppi +7 more
TL;DR: In this article, a combined hydrogeologic and isotopic investigation using several chemical and isotope tracers was carried out in order to determine the sources of water recharge to the Souss-Massa basin, the origin of salinity, and the residence time of water.
Journal ArticleDOI
Iodide, bromide, and ammonium in hydraulic fracturing and oil and gas wastewaters: environmental implications.
Jennifer S. Harkness,Gary S. Dwyer,Nathaniel R. Warner,Nathaniel R. Warner,Kimberly M. Parker,William A. Mitch,Avner Vengosh +6 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that OGW from Marcellus and Fayetteville hydraulic fracturing flowback fluids and Appalachian conventional produced waters is characterized by high chloride, bromide, iodide, and ammonium, which pose risks to both human health and the environment.
Turn down the heat: confronting the new climate normal
Sophie Adams,Valentin Aich,Torsten Albrecht,Florent Baarsch,Alice Boit,N. Canales Trujillo,Matti Cartsburg,Dim Coumou,Alexander Eden,Marianela Fader,Bill Hare,Holger Hoff,Guy Jobbins,Laurence Jones,Oleksandr Kit,Linda Krummenauer,Fanny Langerwisch,V. Le Masson,Eva Ludi,Rachel Marcus,Matthias Mengel,Ilona M. Otto,Mahé Perette,Paola Pereznieto,Anja Rammig,Diana Reckien,Julia Reinhardt,Christopher P. O. Reyer,Alexander Robinson,Marcia Rocha,Boris Sakschewski,Michiel Schaeffer,S. Schaphof,C.F. Schewe,Olivia Serdeczny,Judith Stagl,Kirsten Thonicke,Katharina Waha +37 more
TL;DR: Turn Down the Heat as discussed by the authors examines the likely impacts of present day (0.8°C), 2°C and 4°C warming above pre-industrial temperatures on agricultural production, water resources, ecosystem services and coastal vulnerability for affected populations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Groundwater quality and its health impact: An assessment of dental fluorosis in rural inhabitants of the Main Ethiopian Rift.
Tewodros Rango,Julia Kravchenko,Behailu Atlaw,Peter G. McCornick,Marc Jeuland,R. Brittany Merola,Avner Vengosh +6 more
TL;DR: Preliminary data suggest that milk intake has contributed to reducing the severity of DF and the apparent positive role of milk on DF, and emphasizes the importance of nutrition in management efforts to mitigate DF in the MER and other parts of the world.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Isotopic Variations in Meteoric Waters
TL;DR: The relationship between deuterium and oxygen-18 concentrations in natural meteoric waters from many parts of the world has been determined with a mass spectrometer and shows a linear correlation over the entire range for waters which have not undergone excessive evaporation.
Book
Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters
Werner Stumm,James J. Morgan +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the Solid-Water Interface Adsorption Dissolution of Minerals Nucleation and Crystal Growth Particle-Particle Interaction Colloids Coagulation and Filtration Regulation of the Chemical Composition of Natural Waters (Examples) Thermodynamic Data.
Book
Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive and quantitative approach to the study of groundwater quality is presented in order to predict what the effect of present-day human activities will be on that scale.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth
TL;DR: Numerical experiments combining climate model outputs, water budgets, and socioeconomic information along digitized river networks demonstrate that (i) a large proportion of the world's population is currently experiencing water stress and (ii) rising water demands greatly outweigh greenhouse warming in defining the state of global water systems to 2025.
Journal ArticleDOI
Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance
TL;DR: The present review summarizes the recent advances in elucidating stress-response mechanisms and their biotechnological applications and examines the following aspects: regulatory controls, metabolite engineering, ion transport, antioxidants and detoxification, late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) and heat-shock proteins.