Journal ArticleDOI
Sampling and chemical interpretation of precipitation for mass balance studies
TLDR
In this paper, the authors present a design for a collector which combines large size with other desirable features, such as height, texture, and composition of the collector surfaces, relation of collector surfaces to natural environmental surfaces, contamination by birds, insects, pollen, and organometallic release from local vegetation, and sample storage.Abstract:
From an analytical viewpoint, total dry and wet precipitation consists of three fractions: (1) dissolved materials in aqueous precipitation, (2) the water-soluble component of dry precipitation, and (3) the water-insoluble component of either wet or dry precipitation. Methods of precipitation collection and processing greatly affect the separation of these components. A literature survey shows that fraction 3 has typically been ignored and that samplers currently in use lead to a highly variable mixture of the three fractions. Major causes of interpretational ambiguity include (1) variable leaching of dry fallout, (2) particle formation and chemical repartitioning in aqueous precipitation, (3) height, texture, and composition of the collector surfaces, (4) relation of collector surfaces to natural environmental surfaces, (5) contamination by birds, insects, pollen, and organometallic release from local vegetation, (6) sample storage, and (7) failure to analyze insoluble particles. A literature survey also shows that most collectors currently in use are of insufficient size to collect samples large enough to support broad-spectrum analysis on a weekly basis. The minimum satisfactory size of collectors is computed from (1) average rain chemistry, (2) sensitivity of standard chemical tests for chemical species of biological interest, and (3) volume required for each analysis. The computations show that collectors should have an area of at least 1200 cm2 in regions of average chemistry and as much as 8300 cm2 in cold climates with minimal aqueous precipitation. A design is given for a collector which combines large size with other desirable features.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Phosphorus inputs to terrestrial ecosystems
TL;DR: In this paper, a review concentrates on two sources of phosphorus input to terrestrial ecosystems: release by weathering of rock and inputs from the atmosphere, which is likely to have major longterm ecological importance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Long-term effects of a trophic cascade in a large lake ecosystem
Bonnie K. Ellis,Jack A. Stanford,Daniel B. Goodman,Craig P. Stafford,Daniel L. Gustafson,David A. Beauchamp,Dale W. Chess,James A. Craft,Mark A. Deleray,Barry S. Hansen +9 more
TL;DR: The opossum shrimp, Mysis diluviana, invaded Flathead Lake, Montana, the largest freshwater lake in the western United States and caused a substantial and abrupt shift in community composition resulting in a trophic cascade that extended to primary producers and to a nonaquatic species, the bald eagle.
Journal ArticleDOI
Causes of seasonality in the chemistry of a lake on the Orinoco River floodplain, Venezuela1
TL;DR: In Lake Tinco as discussed by the authors, when the lake is inundated by river water, floating grasses (Paspalum repens) and phytoplankton grow rapidly, causing depletion of inorganic N and P between inflow and outflow.
Journal ArticleDOI
Acid precipitation in the Western United States.
TL;DR: Precipitation chemistry data from a rural area at an elevation of 2900 meters near the Continental Divide in Colorado show unexpectedly low pH values for bulk precipitation, associated with increasing amounts of nitric acid in precipitation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Measurement of atmospheric deposition under forest canopies: some recommendations for equipment and sampling design
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the criteria to take into account when working out the sampling procedure, from the selection of equipment to implementation in the field, is presented, where different procedures are available, some of which are compromises between the aim of the study (monitoring or experimental study, short or long term objectives, absolute or relative estimates, quality of the assessment to be achieved).
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters
J. Murphy,J.P. Riley +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a single solution reagent was described for the determination of phosphorus in sea water, which consists of an acidified solution of ammonium molybdate containing ascorbic acid and a small amount of antimony.
Journal ArticleDOI
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN NATURAL WATERS BY THE PHENOLHYPOCHLORITE METHOD 1 1 This research was fully supported by U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract No. ATS (11‐1) GEN 10, P.A. 20.
Journal ArticleDOI
Determination of nitrate in sea water by cadmium-copper reduction to nitrite
TL;DR: An accurate, dependable determination of 0−60 μg-at/l. of NO−3-N in sea water has been developed by as mentioned in this paper, where the sample is treated with tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution and passed through a column of copperized cadmium filings.
Journal Article
A New Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Nitrite in Sea Water
TL;DR: In this paper, a spectrophotometric method employing sulfanilamide and N-(1-naphthyl )ethylenediamine has been proposed for the determination of nitri te in sea water.
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