Journal ArticleDOI
Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress.
Ronald C. Kessler,Gavin Andrews,L J Colpe,Eva Hiripi,Daniel K. Mroczek,Sharon-Lise T. Normand,E. E. Walters,Alan M. Zaslavsky +7 more
TLDR
The brevity, strong psychometric properties, and ability to discriminate DSM-IV cases from non-cases make the K10 and K6 attractive for use in general-purpose health surveys.Abstract:
Background. A 10-question screening scale of psychological distress and a six-question short-form scale embedded within the 10-question scale were developed for the redesigned US National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Methods. Initial pilot questions were administered in a US national mail survey (N fl 1401). A reduced set of questions was subsequently administered in a US national telephone survey (N fl 1574). The 10-question and six-question scales, which we refer to as the K10 and K6, were constructed from the reduced set of questions based on Item Response Theory models. The scales were subsequently validated in a two-stage clinical reappraisal survey (N fl 1000 telephone screening interviews in the first stage followed by N fl 153 face-to-face clinical interviews in the second stage that oversampled first-stage respondents who screened positive for emotional problems) in a local convenience sample. The second-stage sample was administered the screening scales along with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). The K6 was subsequently included in the 1997 (N fl 36116) and 1998 (N fl 32440) US National Health Interview Survey, while the K10 was included in the 1997 (N fl 10641) Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Results. Both the K10 and K6 have good precision in the 90th‐99th percentile range of the population distribution (standard errors of standardized scores in the range 0‐20‐0‐25) as well as consistent psychometric properties across major sociodemographic subsamples. The scales strongly discriminate between community cases and non-cases of DSM-IV}SCID disorders, with areas under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of 0‐87‐0‐88 for disorders having Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores of 0‐70 and 0‐95‐0‐96 for disorders having GAF scores of 0‐50. Conclusions. The brevity, strong psychometric properties, and ability to discriminate DSM-IV cases from non-cases make the K10 and K6 attractive for use in general-purpose health surveys. The scales are already being used in annual government health surveys in the US and Canada as well as in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Routine inclusion of either the K10 or K6 in clinical studies would create an important, and heretofore missing, crosswalk between community and clinical epidemiology.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Screening for Serious Mental Illness in the General Population
Ronald C. Kessler,Peggy Barker,Lisa J. Colpe,Joan Epstein,Joseph C. Gfroerer,Eva Hiripi,Mary J. Howes,Sharon-Lise T. Normand,Ronald W. Manderscheid,Ellen E. Walters,Alan M. Zaslavsky +10 more
TL;DR: The brevity and accuracy of the K6 and K10 scales make them attractive screens for SMI, and routine inclusion of either scale in clinical studies would create an important, and heretofore missing, crosswalk between community and clinical epidemiology.
Journal ArticleDOI
The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population.
Ronald C. Kessler,Lenard A. Adler,Minnie Ames,Olga Demler,Steve Faraone,Eva Hiripi,Mary J. Howes,Robert Jin,Kristina Secnik,Thomas J. Spencer,T. Bedirhan Üstün,Ellen E. Walters +11 more
TL;DR: The unweighted six-question ASRS screener should be preferred to the full ASRS, both in community surveys and in clinical outreach and case-finding initiatives.
Journal ArticleDOI
An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4.
TL;DR: The PHQ-4 is a valid ultra-brief tool for detecting both anxiety and depressive disorders and has a substantial effect on functional status that was independent of depression.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10).
Gavin Andrews,Tim Slade +1 more
TL;DR: The aim is to provide normative data on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), a scale that is being increasingly used for clinical and epidemiological purposes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects
TL;DR: This paper found no significant overall effects of this intervention on adult economic self-sufficiency or physical health, and found that the relationship between neighborhood poverty rate and outcomes is approximately linear, using variation in treatment intensity across voucher types and cities.
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Journal Article
The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) : The development and validation of a Structured Diagnostic Psychiatric Interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10
David V. Sheehan,Yves Lecrubier,Kathy Harnett Sheehan,P. Amorim,J. Janavs,Emmanuelle Weiller,T. Hergueta,Ross A. Baker,Dunbar Geoffrey Charles +8 more
TL;DR: The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview is designed to meet the need for a short but accurate structured psychiatric interview for multicenter clinical trials and epidemiology studies and to be used as a first step in outcome tracking in nonresearch clinical settings.