Journal ArticleDOI
Specificity of resistance training responses in neck muscle size and strength
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TLDR
The results suggest that the splenius capitis, and semispinalis capitis and cervicis muscles are mainly responsible for head extension; short-term resistance training does not provide a sufficient stimulus to evoke neck muscle hypertrophy unless specific neck exercises are performed; and the postural role of head extensors provides modest loading in bipeds.Abstract:
This study examined hypertrophy after head extension resistance training to assess which muscles of the complicated cervical neuromuscular system were used in this activity. We also determined if conventional resistance exercises, which are likely to evoke isometric action of the neck, induce generalized hypertrophy of the cervical muscle. Twenty-two active college students were studied. [mean (SE) age, weight and height: 21 (1) years, 71 (4) kg and 173 (3) cm, respectively]. Subjects were assigned to one of three groups: RESX (head extension exercise and other resistance exercises), RES (resistance exercises without specific neck exercise), or CON (no training). Groups RESX (n = 8) and RES (n = 6) trained 3 days/week for 12 weeks with large-muscle mass exercises (squat, deadlift, push press, bent row and mid-thigh pull). Group RESX also performed three sets of ten repetitions of a head extension exercise 3 days/week with a load equal to the 3 x 10 repetition maximum (RM). Group CON (n = 8) was a control group. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of nine individual muscles or muscle groups was determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical region. The CSA data were averaged over four contiguous transaxial slices in which all muscles of interest were visible. The 3 x 10 RM for the head extension exercise increased for RESX after training [from 17.9 (1.0) to 23.9 (1.4) kg, P < 0.05] but not for RES [from 17.6 (1.4) to 17.7 (1.9) kg] or CON [from 10.1 (2.2) to 10.3 (2.1) kg]. RESX showed an increase in total neck muscle CSA after training [from 19.5 (3.0) to 22.0 (3.6) cm2, P < 0.05], but RES and CON did not [from 19.6 (2.9) to 19.7 (2.9) cm2 and 17.0 (2.5) to 17.0 (2.4) cm2, respectively]. This hypertrophy for RESX was due mainly to increases in CSA of 23.9 (3.2), 24.0 (5.8), and 24.9 (5.3)% for the splenius capitis, and semispinalis capitis and cervicis muscles, respectively. The lack of generalized neck muscle hypertrophy in RES was not due to insufficient training. For example, the CSA of their quadriceps femoris muscle group, as assessed by MRI, increased by 7 (1)% after this short-term training (P < 0.05). The results suggest that: (1) the splenius capitis, and semispinalis capitis and cervicis muscles are mainly responsible for head extension; (2) short-term resistance training does not provide a sufficient stimulus to evoke neck muscle hypertrophy unless specific neck exercises are performed; and (3) the postural role of head extensors provides modest loading in bipeds.read more
Citations
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An endurance-strength training regime is effective in reducing myoelectric manifestations of cervical flexor muscle fatigue in females with chronic neck pain
TL;DR: An endurance-strength exercise regime for the cervical flexor muscles is effective in reducing myoelectric manifestations of superficial cervicalflexor muscle fatigue as well as increasing cervical flexion strength in a group of patients with chronic non-severe neck pain.
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Axial Symptoms After Cervical Laminoplasty With C3 Laminectomy Compared With Conventional C3-C7 Laminoplasty : A Modified Laminoplasty Preserving the Semispinalis Cervicis Inserted into Axis
Kazunari Takeuchi,Toru Yokoyama,Shuichi Aburakawa,Akira Saito,Takuya Numasawa,Tetsuya Iwasaki,Taito Itabashi,Akihiro Okada,Junji Ito,Kazumasa Ueyama,Satoshi Toh +10 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the modified laminoplasty preserving the semispinalis cervicis inserted into C2 could reduce the axial symptoms compared with conventional LAM re-traction.
Journal ArticleDOI
Three-dimensional isometric strength of neck muscles in humans.
TL;DR: Three-dimensional moments were measured experimentally during maximum voluntary contractions of neck muscles in humans to characterize the maximum moments with attention paid to subject size and gender, to calculate moments at different locations in the neck, and to quantify the relative magnitudes of extension, flexion, lateral bending, and axial rotation moments.
Journal ArticleDOI
calculation of Muscle Strength per Unit Cross-Sectional Area of Human Muscle by Means of Ultrasonic Measurement
Journal ArticleDOI
Size and shape of the posterior neck muscles measured by ultrasound imaging: normal values in males and females of different ages
TL;DR: In this paper, procedures for scanning and measuring semispinalis capitis and the deep posterior neck muscles using ultrasound imaging are described and normal data provided on size, shape and symmetry of these muscles from a sample of 99 healthy subjects (46 males aged 20-72 years and 53 females aged 18-70 years).
References
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Book
Designing Resistance Training Programs
TL;DR: The second edition has been updated and includes more discussions, tables and figures that introduce recent studies and current research findings on resistance training and physical conditioning as discussed by the authors, which may also be used as an undergraduate textbook for courses in resistance training prescription.
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Neural factors versus hypertrophy in the time course of muscle strength gain
Moritani T,deVries Ha +1 more
TL;DR: The results indicated that neural factors accounted for the larger proportion of the initial strength increment and thereafter both neural factors andhypertrophy took part in the further increase in strength, with hypertrophy becoming the dominant factor after the first 3 to 5 weeks.
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Strength and cross‐sectional area of human skeletal muscle.
TL;DR: The variation between subjects is such that strength is not a useful predictive index of muscle cross‐sectional area, and a wide variation in the ratio of strength to muscle cross-sectional area was observed.
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Calculation of muscle strength per unit cross-sectional area of human muscle by means of ultrasonic measurement.
Michio Ikai,Tetsuo Fukunaga +1 more
TL;DR: The ultrasonic method used in this work was possibly admitted as the best way to calculate the cross-sectional area of the muscle.
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The prevalence of pain in a general population. The results of a postal survey in a county of Sweden.
TL;DR: Pain was reported most frequently in the age group 45–64, where the prevalence of ‘obvious pain’ was 50% among males as well as females, and over 65 years of age the prevalence was less.