Journal ArticleDOI
Structural and functional alterations in the hippocampus due to hypothyroidism.
Christos Koromilas,Charis Liapi,Kleopatra H. Schulpis,Konstantinos Kalafatakis,Apostolos Zarros,Stylianos Tsakiris +5 more
TLDR
The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date synopsis of the available knowledge regarding the aforementioned alterations that take place in the hippocampus due to fetal-, neonatal- or adult-onset hypothyroidism.Abstract:
Thyroid hormones (THs) exert a broad spectrum of effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Hypothyroidism, especially during CNS development, can lead to structural and functional changes (mostly resulting in mental retardation). The hippocampus is considered as one of the most important CNS structures, while the investigation and understanding of its direct and indirect interactions with the THs could provide crucial information on the neurobiological basis of the (frequently-faced in clinical practice) hypothyroidism-induced mental retardation and neurobehavioral dysfunction. THs-deficiency during the fetal and/or the neonatal period produces deleterious effects for neural growth and development (such as reduced synaptic connectivity, delayed myelination, disturbed neuronal migration, deranged axonal projections, decreased synaptogenesis and alterations in neurotransmitters' levels). On the other hand, the adult-onset thyroid dysfunction is usually associated with neurological and behavioural abnormalities. In both cases, genomic and proteomic changes seem to occur. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date synopsis of the available knowledge regarding the aforementioned alterations that take place in the hippocampus due to fetal-, neonatal- or adult-onset hypothyroidism.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Hippocampal Volume Is Decreased in Adults with Hypothyroidism
TL;DR: Volumetric analysis of the right and left hippocampal regions, using functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (FMRIB) integrated registration and segmentation tool (FIRST), demonstrated significant volume reduction in the right hippocampus in the hypothyroid patients relative to the control group.
Journal ArticleDOI
Perspectives on thyroid hormone action in adult neurogenesis.
TL;DR: This review critically examine and summarize the current state of understanding of the role of thyroid hormone in regulating adult neurogenesis within the major neurogenic niches of the subgranular zone in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricles, and reviews in depth the studies that highlight a role for thyroid hormone, in particular the TRα1 receptor isoform, in regulating progenitor survival and commitment to a neuronal fate.
Journal ArticleDOI
Metabolic profiling provides a system understanding of hypothyroidism in rats and its application.
TL;DR: The results showed that the metabonomic approach is instrumental to understand the pathophysiology of hypothyroidism and offers a valuable tool for systematically studying the therapeutic effects of SND on hypothyroism.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hypothyroidism and Cognitive Disorders during Development and Adulthood: Implications in the Central Nervous System
TL;DR: The aim of this review is to describe the role of the thyroid hormones with focus in brain function and neurodegenerative disorders.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hypothyroidism in the adult rat causes incremental changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuronal and astrocyte apoptosis, gliosis, and deterioration of postsynaptic density
Claudia M. Cortés,Eliseo A. Eugenin,Esteban Aliaga,Leandro J. Carreño,Susan M. Bueno,Pablo A. González,Silvina Gayol,David Naranjo,Verónica Noches,Michelle P. Marassi,Doris Rosenthal,Cindy Jadue,Paula Ibarra,Cecilia Keitel,Nelson Wohllk,Felipe A. Court,Alexis M. Kalergis,Alexis M. Kalergis,Claudia A. Riedel +18 more
TL;DR: The data suggest that adult hypothyroidism affects the hippocampus by a mechanism that alters the composition of PSD, reduces neuronal and astrocyte survival, and alters the content of the signaling neurotrophic factors, such as BDNF.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
The Cholinergic Hypothesis of Geriatric Memory Dysfunction
Raymond T. Bartus,Raymond T. Bartus,Reginald L. Dean,Bernard Beer,Bernard Beer,Arnold S. Lippa,Arnold S. Lippa +6 more
TL;DR: Biochemical, electrophysiological, and pharmacological evidence supporting a role for cholinergic dysfunction in age-related memory disturbances is critically reviewed and an attempt has been made to identify pseudoissues, resolve certain controversies, and clarify misconceptions that have occurred in the literature.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades
Lufen Chang,Michael Karin +1 more
TL;DR: Recent studies have begun to shed light on the physiological functions of MAPK cascades in the control of gene expression, cell proliferation and programmed cell death.
Journal ArticleDOI
AP-1 function and regulation.
TL;DR: This work has shown that regulation by heterodimerization between Jun, Fos and ATF proteins, AP-1 activity is regulated through interactions with specific protein kinases and a variety of transcriptional coactivators, and there has been considerable progress in understanding some of the mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the regulation of AP.
Journal ArticleDOI
MAPK cascade signalling and synaptic plasticity
TL;DR: This work has reported the involvement of a 'parallel' but distinct kinase cascade leading to the activation of p38 MAPK, which might control distinct forms of synaptic plasticity in the adult brain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. I. A longitudinal investigation of the kinetics, migration and transformation of cells incorporating tritiated thymidine in neonate rats, with special reference to postnatal neurogenesis in some brain regions.
Joseph Altman,Gopal D. Das +1 more
TL;DR: It was established that cells multiplying in the ependymal and subependymal walls of the Olfactory ventricle migrate outward into the olfactory bulb, where they become differentiated into granule cells, and, to a lesser extent, other types of nerve cells of the cerebellar cortex.