Suicide Trends Among Elementary School–Aged Children in the United States From 1993 to 2012
Jeffrey A. Bridge,Jeffrey A. Bridge,Lindsey Asti,Lisa M. Horowitz,Joel B. Greenhouse,Cynthia A. Fontanella,Arielle H. Sheftall,Kelly J. Kelleher,Kelly J. Kelleher,John V. Campo +9 more
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TLDR
The stable overall suicide rate in school-aged children in the United States during 20 years of study obscured a significant increase in suicide incidence in black children and a significant decrease in suicide rates among white children.Abstract:
Importance Suicide is a leading cause of death among school-aged children younger than 12 years but little is known about the epidemiology of suicide in this age group. Objective To describe trends in suicide among US children younger than 12 years by sociodemographic group and method of death. Design, Setting, and Participants Period trend analysis of national mortality data on suicide in children aged 5 to 11 years in the United States from January 1, 1993, to December 31, 2012. Data were analyzed per 5-year periods, between 1993 to 1997 and 2008 to 2012. Main Outcomes and Measures Number of suicide deaths and crude suicide rates. Period trends in rates of suicide were estimated using negative binomial regression incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Results The overall suicide rate among children aged 5 to 11 years remained stable between 1993 to 1997 and 2008 to 2012 (from 1.18 to 1.09 per 1 million; IRR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.90-1.03). However, the suicide rate increased significantly in black children (from 1.36 to 2.54 per 1 million; IRR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.11-1.45) and decreased in white children (from 1.14 to 0.77 per 1 million; IRR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.94). The overall firearm suicide rate (IRR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.57-0.85) and firearm suicide rate among white boys (IRR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59-0.88) decreased significantly during the study. The rate of suicide by hanging/suffocation increased significantly in black boys (IRR = 1.35; 95% CI, 1.14-1.61), although the overall change in suicide rates by hanging/suffocation or other suicide methods did not change during the study. Conclusions and Relevance The stable overall suicide rate in school-aged children in the United States during 20 years of study obscured a significant increase in suicide incidence in black children and a significant decrease in suicide incidence among white children. Findings highlight a potential racial disparity that warrants attention. Further studies are needed to monitor these emerging trends and identify risk, protective, and precipitating factors relevant to suicide prevention efforts in children younger than 12 years.read more
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Stress and the Mental Health of Populations of Color: Advancing Our Understanding of Race-related Stressors.
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TL;DR: There is much work to be done to better understand suicidal thoughts and behaviors among youth, and future research is strongly encouraged to improve the scientific approach, knowledge base, and ultimately prevention of suicidal thought and behaviors in youth.
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TL;DR: Encounters for SI and SA at US children’s hospitals increased steadily from 2008 to 2015 and accounted for an increasing percentage of all hospital encounters, with consistent seasonal patterns that persisted over the study period.
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TL;DR: The results suggest that, over time, black youth have experienced an increase in suicide attempts, which is troubling because attempts are the most prominent risk factor associated with suicide death.
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Is suicide bereavement different? A reassessment of the literature.
TL;DR: It is suggested that suicide bereavement is distinct in three significant ways: the thematic content of the grief, the social processes surrounding the survivor, and the impact suicide has on family systems.