Journal ArticleDOI
The evolution and genetics of herbicide resistance in weeds
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TLDR
The importance of various factors influencing the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds is critically examined using population genetic models, which can be invaluable in assessing the relative effectiveness of various management practices to avoid, or delay, the occurrence of herbicides resistance in weed populations.Abstract:
The importance of various factors influencing the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds is critically examined using population genetic models. The factors include gene mutation, initial frequency of resistance alleles, inheritance, weed fitness in the presence and absence of herbicide, mating system, and gene flow. Where weed infestations are heavy, the probability of selecting for resistance can be high even when the rate of mutation is low. Subsequent to the occurrence of a resistant mutant, repeated treatments with herbicides having the same mode of action can lead to the rapid evolution of a predominantly resistant population. At a given herbicide selection intensity, the initial frequency of resistance alleles determines the number of generations required to reach a specific frequency of resistant plants. The initial frequency of resistance alleles has a greater influence on the evolutionary process when herbicides impose weak selection, as opposed to very strong selection. Under selection, dominant resistance alleles increase in frequency more rapidly than recessive alleles in random mating or highly outcrossing weed populations. In highly self-fertilizing species, dominant and recessive resistance alleles increase in frequency at approximately the same rate. Gene flow through pollen or seed movement from resistant weed populations can provide a source of resistance alleles in previously susceptible populations. Because rates of gene flow are generally higher than rates of mutation, the time required to reach a high level of resistance in such situations is greatly reduced. Contrary to common misconception, gene flow from a susceptible population to a population undergoing resistance evolution is unlikely to slow the evolutionary process significantly. Accurate measurements of many factors that influence resistance evolution are difficult, if not impossible, to obtain experimentally. Thus, the use of models to predict times to resistance in specific situations is markedly limited. However, with appropriate assumptions, they can be invaluable in assessing the relative effectiveness of various management practices to avoid, or delay, the occurrence of herbicide resistance in weed populations.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Evolution in Action: Plants Resistant to Herbicides
Stephen B. Powles,Qin Yu +1 more
TL;DR: Understanding resistance and building sustainable solutions to herbicide resistance evolution are necessary and worthy challenges to herbicides sustainability in world agriculture.
Journal ArticleDOI
Gene Flow and Introgression from Domesticated Plants into Their Wild Relatives
TL;DR: A literature review of the world's most important food crops shows that 12 of these crops hybridize with wild relatives in some part of their agricultural distribution, and suggests ways of assessing the likelihood of hybridization, introgression, and the potential for undesirable gene flow from crops into weeds or rare species.
Gene flow and introgression from domesticated plants into their wild relatives.
TL;DR: This article used population genetic theory to predict the evolutionary consequences of gene flow from crops to wild plants and discuss two applied consequences of crop-to-wild gene flow -the evolution of aggressive weeds and the extinction of rare species.
Journal ArticleDOI
Resistance of weeds to ALS-inhibiting herbicides: what have we learned?
TL;DR: Resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides has greatly affected weed science by influencing how the authors view the sustainability of their weed management practices, what they consider when developing and marketing new herbicides, and how they train new weed scientists.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reducing the Risks of Herbicide Resistance: Best Management Practices and Recommendations
Jason K. Norsworthy,Sarah M. Ward,David R. Shaw,Rick Llewellyn,Robert L. Nichols,Theodore M. Webster,Kevin W. Bradley,George B. Frisvold,Stephen B. Powles,Nilda R. Burgos,William W. Witt,Michael Barrett +11 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a multifaceted approach to mitigate the evolution of herbicide resistance by reducing selection through diversification of weed control techniques, minimizing the spread of resistance genes and genotypes via pollen or propagule dispersal, and eliminating additions of weed seed to the soil seedbank.
References
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Book
Introduction to quantitative genetics
TL;DR: The genetic constitution of a population: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and changes in gene frequency: migration mutation, changes of variance, and heritability are studied.
Journal ArticleDOI
Principles of Population Genetics.
Journal ArticleDOI
An Introduction to Population Genetics Theory
James F. Crow,Motoo Kimura +1 more
TL;DR: An introduction to population genetics theory, An introduction to Population Genetics Theory, Population Genetics theory, Population genetics theory as discussed by the authors, Population genetics, population genetics, and population genetics theories, Population Genetic Theory
Book
Principles of population genetics
Daniel L. Hartl,Andrew G. Clark +1 more
TL;DR: Genetic and Phenotypic Variation Organisation of Genetic Variation Random Genetic Drift Mutation and the Neutral Theory Darwinian Selection Inbreeding, Population Subdivision, and Migration Molecular Population Genetics Evolutionary Quantitative Genetics Population Genomics Human Population Genetics
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