Journal ArticleDOI
The norm of reciprocity: a preliminary statement *
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TLDR
The notion of complementarity and reciprocity in functional theory is explored in this article, enabling a reanalysis of the concepts of "survival" and "exploitation" and the need to distinguish between complementarity, reciprocity, and the generalized moral norm of reciprocity.Abstract:
The manner in which the concept of reciprocity is implicated in functional theory is explored, enabling a reanalysis of the concepts of "survival" and "exploitation." The need to distinguish between the concepts of complementarity and reciprocity is stressed. Distinctions are also drawn between (1) reciprocity as a pattern of mutually contingent exchange of gratifications, (2) the existential or folk belief in reciprocity, and (3) the generalized moral norm of reciprocity. Reciprocity as a moral norm is analyzed; it is hypothesized that it is one of the universal "principal components" of moral codes. As Westermarck states, "To requite a benefit, or to be grateful to him who bestows it, is probably everywhere, at least under certain circumstances, regarded as a duty. This is a subject which in the present connection calls for special consideration." Ways in which the norm of reciprocity is implicated in the maintenance of stable social systems are examined.read more
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Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of social capital is introduced and illustrated, its forms are described, the social structural conditions under which it arises are examined, and it is used in an analys...
Journal ArticleDOI
The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is presented to account for the natural selection of what is termed reciprocally altruistic behavior, and the model shows how selection can operate against the cheater (non-reciprocator) in the system.
Journal ArticleDOI
Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address conceptual difficulties and highlight areas in need of additional research in social exchange theory, focusing on four issues: the roots of the conceptual ambiguities, norms and rules of exchange, nature of the resources being exchanged, and social exchange relationships.
Journal ArticleDOI
Perceived organizational support.
TL;DR: In this paper, the coherence des croyances des employes dans l'implication de l'organisation a son egard et le role d'un tel soutien organisationnel ainsi que l'ideologie d'echange sur l'absenteisme is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature.
Linda Rhoades,Robert Eisenberger +1 more
TL;DR: The authors reviewed more than 70 studies concerning employees' general belief that their work organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being (perceived organizational support; POS) and indicated that 3 major categories of beneficial treatment received by employees were associated with POS.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Public Opinion and Public Opinion Polling
TL;DR: The observations are designed to invite attention to whether public opinion polling actually deals with public opinion, and the inability ofpublic opinion polling to isolate "public opinion" as an abstract or generic concept which could become the focal point for the formation of a system of propositions.