The toxicology of benzene.
TLDR
There is need to better define the lower end of the dose-response curve for benzene as a human leukemogen and the application of emerging methods in biologically based risk assessment employing pharmacokinetic and mechanistic data may help to clarify the uncertainties in low-dose risk assessment.Abstract:
Benzene is metabolized, primarily in the liver, to a series of phenolic and ring-opened products and their conjugates. The mechanism of benzene-induced aplastic anemia appears to involve the concerted action of several metabolites acting together on early stem and progenitor cells, as well as on early blast cells, such as pronormoblasts and normoblasts to inhibit maturation and amplification. Benzene metabolites also inhibit the function of microenvironmental stromal cells necessary to support the growth of differentiating and maturing marrow cells. The mechanism of benzene-induced leukemogenesis is less well understood. Benzene and its metabolites do not function well as mutagens but are highly clastogenic, producing chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchange, and micronuclei. Benzene has been shown to be a multi-organ carcinogen in animals. Epidemiological studies demonstrate that benzene is a human leukemogen. There is need to better define the lower end of the dose-response curve for benzene as a human leukemogen. The application of emerging methods in biologically based risk assessment employing pharmacokinetic and mechanistic data may help to clarify the uncertainties in low-dose risk assessment.read more
Citations
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An overview of benzene metabolism.
Robert Snyder,Christine C. Hedli +1 more
TL;DR: Investigation of the metabolism of Benzene and its metabolites will allow us to determine the specific combination of metabolites as well as the biological target(s) involved in toxicity and will ultimately lead to understanding of the relationship between the production of benzene metabolites and bone marrow toxicity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Peroxidative metabolism of apigenin and naringenin versus luteolin and quercetin: glutathione oxidation and conjugation.
TL;DR: Results suggest that GSH was oxidized by apigenin/naringenin phenoxyl radicals, whereas GSH conjugate formation involved the o-quinone metabolite of luteolin or the quinoid (quinone methide) product of quercetin/kaempferol.
Journal ArticleDOI
Leukemia and benzene.
TL;DR: Much of the study of benzene-induced bone marrow damage has concentrated on determining which of the benzene metabolites lead to leukemogenesis, but the emphasis now should be directed to understanding how Benzene metabolites alter bone marrow cell biology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Volatile organic compounds in foods: a five year study.
TL;DR: A purge and trap procedure was used with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination to analyze 70 foods for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), finding Benzene was found in all foods except American cheese and vanilla ice cream.
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TL;DR: Using actual air sampling data to estimate individual exposures represents a marked improvement over these previous attempts and emphasizes the importance of conducting industrial hygiene surveys and maintaining historical exposure records.