Journal ArticleDOI
Timed and Untimed Grammaticality Judgments Measure Distinct Types of Knowledge: Evidence from Eye-Movement Patterns.
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
The authors used eye-tracking to compare the results of timed and untimed grammaticality judgment tests in R. Ellis (2005) and non-native English speakers with and without time pressure, and found that time pressure suppressed regressions in nonnative speakers only.Abstract:
Grammaticality judgment tests (GJTs) have been used to elicit data reflecting second language (L2) speakers’ knowledge of L2 grammar. However, the exact constructs measured by GJTs, whether primarily implicit or explicit knowledge, are disputed and have been argued to differ depending on test-related variables (i.e., time pressure and item grammaticality).Using eye-tracking, this study replicates the GJT results in R. Ellis (2005). Twenty native and 40 nonnative English speakers judged sentences with and without time pressure. Analyses revealed that time pressure suppressed regressions (right-to-left eye movements) in nonnative speakers only. Conversely, both groups regressed more on untimed, grammatical items. These findings suggest that timed and untimed GJTs measure different constructs, which could correspond to implicit and explicit knowledge, respectively. In particular, they point to a difference in the levels of automatic and controlled processing involved in responding to the timed and untimed tests. Furthermore, untimed grammatical items may induce GJT-specific task effects.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Incidental vocabulary learning in a natural reading context: an eye-tracking study
Aline Godfroid,Jieun Ahn,Ina Choi,Laura Ballard,Yaqiong Cui,Suzanne Johnston,Shinhye Lee,Abdhi Sarkar,Hyung-Jo Yoon +8 more
TL;DR: This article used eye tracking to explore how the processing of unfamiliar words changes with repeated exposure and how the repeated exposure, processing and processing affect word learning, and found that the number of exposures was the strongest predictor of vocabulary learning.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Interface of Explicit and Implicit Knowledge in a Second Language: Insights From Individual Differences in Cognitive Aptitudes
Yuichi Suzuki,Robert DeKeyser +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that aptitude for explicit learning significantly predicted acquisition of explicit knowledge, and automatized explicit knowledge significantly predicted the acquisition of implicit knowledge in a naturalistic second language (L2) acquisition context.
Book
Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors systematically walk the reader through the evidence to answer these questions and suggest that acquiring an additional language in bilinguals (of all types) is unique and reveals things about the links between language and mind, brain, and cognition, which are otherwise impossible to appreciate.
Journal ArticleDOI
Validity of new measures of implicit knowledge: Distinguishing implicit knowledge from automatized explicit knowledge
TL;DR: In this paper, a battery of six grammar tests was designed to distinguish automatized explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge, and three real-time comprehension tasks (a visual-world task, a wordmonitoring task, and a self-paced reading task) were hypothesized to measure implicit knowledge.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Measuring university-level l2 learners’ implicit and explicit linguistic knowledge
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors validate the use of Ellis's test battery in an English as a foreign language context and investigate the extent of Chinese first-year university students' implicit and explicit L2 knowledge.
Journal ArticleDOI
Missing verbal inflections as a representational problem: Evidence from self-paced reading
TL;DR: This study examines non-advanced learners of L2 Spanish and compares them with 18 native Spanish speakers on three grammatical structures: subject-verb inversion, adverb placement and person-number inflections on verbs, showing that the L2 learners pattern like the native speakers on the two syntactic structures.
Book
Implicit and Explicit Language Learning: Conditions, Processes, and Knowledge in SLA and Bilingualism
Cristina Sanz,Ronald P. Leow +1 more
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that working memory predicts the acquisition of explicit L2 knowledge, while implicit training and implicit learning of L2 Phonemic Contrasts are correlated with L2 levels and gender.
Journal ArticleDOI
From Seeing Adverbs to Seeing Verbal Morphology: Language Experience and Adult Acquisition of L2 Tense.
Nuria Sagarra,Nick C. Ellis +1 more
TL;DR: This article investigated associative learning explanations that involve the blocking of later experienced cues by earlier learned ones in the first language (L1; i.e., transfer) and the L2 (i.e, proficiency).
Journal ArticleDOI
How Much More Likely? The Implications of Odds Ratios for Probabilities
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between probabilities, odds, and their ratios is discussed and the implications of ORs' implications for probabilities are explored, illustrating with recent examples from the literature.