Journal ArticleDOI
Vigilance Behaviour in Grazing African Antelopes
TLDR
Time spent looking varied with position within the group; this effect was strongest in closed habitats, where central animals tended to scan least and feed most, and within species, animals inclosed habitats, those with dense vegetation, tended to spend more time in looking than did animals in the open.Abstract:
African antelope may devote a large proportion of their foraging time to looking around. The factors affecting such vigilance behaviour are examined for grazing antelope, five species being studied in detail. The proportion of time spent looking decreased as species body weight increased. Within species, animals in closed habitats, those with dense vegetation, tended to spend more time in looking than did animals in the open. There was some evidence that vigilance, presumably for predators, was shared by group members, but in one species, impala, vigilance apparently increased with group size and with proximity to neighbours. Time spent looking varied with position within the group; this effect was strongest in closed habitats, where central animals tended to scan least and feed most. Vigilance increased as feeding success decreased, partly due to mutual interference between looking and feeding. The possible social, foraging and predator-detection values of vigilance are discussed. A simple model is introduced to help explain the effects of cover and to facilitate further discussion.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus
Steven L. Lima,Lawrence M. Dill +1 more
TL;DR: This work has shown that predation is a major selective force in the evolution of several morphological and behavioral characteristics of animals and the importance of predation during evolutionary time has been underestimated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review of the empirical evidence
TL;DR: Most of the studies fail to adequately demonstrate an unambiguous relationship between vigilance behaviour and group size, but many studies reveal interesting features of the relationship between Vigilance and Group size that should provide fruitful avenues for future research.
Journal ArticleDOI
Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the "landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.
TL;DR: Male elk and bison showed no response to the reintroduction of wolves, maintaining the lowest levels of vigilance throughout the study (12 and 7% of the time was spent vigilant, respectively).
Journal ArticleDOI
Forage Quality and Aggregation by Large Herbivores
TL;DR: Simulations based on the energy-intake model suggest a number of key environmental factors that should determine the impact of forage maturation and spatial variation on herbivore distribution patterns.
Journal ArticleDOI
Foraging-efficiency-predation-risk trade-off in the grey squirrel
TL;DR: A simple model shows that maximal energetic efficiency is associated with immediate consumption, whereas (under the field conditions studied) carrying items to the safety of trees provides for minimal exposure to predation.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Flocking as an anti-predator strategy in doves
TL;DR: Results indicate that, within certain limits, a large flock has a higher probability of detecting an approaching predator than a small flock.
Journal ArticleDOI
Daily activity of impala
M. V. Jarman,P. J. Jarman +1 more
TL;DR: The presence of females in his territory disturbs the basic activity pattern of the territorial male, reducing his time spent on feeding and ruminating and the relationship between the occurrence of males in shade and some environmental factors is analysed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Flocking and predator surveillance in house sparrows: Test of an hypothesis
Mark A. Elgar,Carla Catterall +1 more
TL;DR: The model predicts an inverse relationship between the time spent in predator surveillance and the flock size of house sparrows, and the results support its prediction.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Significance of a Specific Search Image in the Feeding Behaviour of the Wood-Pigeon
TL;DR: The development of a specific-feeding image in Wood-pigeons was examined by presenting combinations of different seeds on plots demarcated on pastures and leys, where the birds were already feeding on clover leaves, and more individuals than expected came to concentrate their attention on particular items.
Journal ArticleDOI
The problem of vigilance in animal life.
S Dimond,John Lazarus +1 more
TL;DR: Three types of strategy are described which function to offset the neural limitations on vigilance and these are: neural mechanisms, individual behavioural strategies, and social strategies.
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Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review of the empirical evidence
Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus
Steven L. Lima,Lawrence M. Dill +1 more