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From the present work, we found the following fact: breaking the covalent bonds between carbon atoms by hydrogen does not play an important role during the destruction process of graphene structure, but momentum transfer from incident hydrogen to graphene causes it to destroy graphene structure.
The morphology of S. aureus and E. coli on graphene films further confirms that the direct contact of both bacteria with graphene on Cu and Ge can cause membrane damage and destroy membrane integrity, while no evident membrane destruction is induced by graphene on SiO2.
The interaction between graphene and substrates may destroy the intrinsic properties of graphene, and reduce the potential applications of graphene in electronic devices.
However, these covalent modification methods will destroy the conjugated structure of graphene, leading to significant compromization of its electrical conductivity.
Graphene oxide can be reduced by different methods.
As a result, these mechanisms completely destroy the nature of massless Dirac fermions of graphene.
Covalent modifications often destroy some of the graphene conjugation system, resulting in compromising some of its properties.
Non-conducting NH2–PEG–NH2 can be simply removed from conducting graphene film by simple filtration and washing process to formulate pure graphene film because interaction between graphene and NH2–PEG–NH2 is not covalent.
Removal of the hydrogen atoms also can convert electrically insulating fully hydrogenated graphene back into conductive graphene, enabling the writing of chemically isolated, dehydrogenated graphene nanoribbons as narrow as 100 nm.
Graphene induced adsorption, optical interferences, as well as electron transfer can prevent to appropriate evaluate graphene toxicity.