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Moreover, the membrane shows an outstanding antifouling performance for oil droplets and can be recycled easily for long-term use.
Such a desalination process is membrane-free and can make use of low temperature heat sources.
The non-woven fabric used as a support for the asymmetric membrane gives to the membrane excellent mechanical properties and allows to use the membrane in GKSS gas separation modules.
Since the hollow fiber membrane can be easily scaled up to the full module for practical use, there is a great prospect for the developed novel hollow fiber membrane to be used as an effective method for oily wastewater treatment.
The inorganic membrane can be considered for use in a broad range of applications which require robust hydrophobic surfaces.
Therefore, any heterologous protein to be anchored on the outside does not have to cross any membrane.
The performance is rather robust to outside weather conditions with a membrane-based total heat exchanger.
These drawbacks can be eliminated by the use of membrane technology being energy efficient, ecofriendly, and simple in operation.
Thus, the composite membrane can be efficiently used in various electro-membrane processes.
When the membrane performance is appropriate in terms of selectivity and permeability, the use of membrane ...

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What are the haemotoxicity of Carbon Dots in vitro?
4 answers
The haemotoxicity of Carbon Dots (CDs) and Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) in vitro, as derived from the provided contexts, reveals a nuanced understanding of their interaction with biological systems, particularly concerning their impact on blood components. The studies collectively indicate that while CDs and CQDs exhibit promising biocompatibility and potential therapeutic applications, their haemotoxic effects, when present, are minimal and highly dependent on specific conditions such as concentration, cell type, and exposure duration. From the provided contexts, only one directly addresses haemotoxicity, indicating that the antibacterial functional CDs prepared from chitosan derivatives exhibit low haemolytic effects, suggesting minimal haemotoxicity to human normal hepatocytes. This finding is crucial as it highlights the potential of CDs for biomedical applications, including antibacterial treatments, without significant adverse effects on blood cells. The low haemolytic effect implies that these CDs do not significantly disrupt the integrity of red blood cells, a critical factor in evaluating the safety of nanomaterials for medical applications. Other contexts, while not directly addressing haemotoxicity, contribute to the overall understanding of CDs' biocompatibility and safety profile. For instance, studies have shown that CDs possess high biocompatibility, with no significant cytotoxic effects observed in various cell types, including liver cells, macrophages, and breast cancer cell lines, under certain conditions. Additionally, the therapeutic application of CQDs in immunomodulation without cytotoxicity or in vivo damage further supports their safety. Moreover, the absence of significant toxic effects in acute and subacute toxicity experiments with mice underscores the potential non-toxic nature of CDs. In summary, the haemotoxicity of CDs and CQDs appears to be minimal, with specific studies indicating low haemolytic effects under certain conditions. This, combined with their high biocompatibility and safety profile in various biological systems, suggests that CDs and CQDs could be safe for biomedical applications, although the specific conditions under which they are used must be carefully considered to ensure safety.
Where does electrical charge play a role in biology?
5 answers
Electrical charge plays a crucial role in various biological processes. It is involved in phenomena such as electrochemical reactions at interfaces, movement of charges essential for sensation, muscle activity, and energy transduction, control of cellular functions through electric fields within membranes, and biomolecular charge transport in DNA and proteins. The electric charge influences the conformation and functionality of membranes, controls ionic channels, and facilitates charge transfer along biopolymers. This intricate interplay between electrical charge and biological systems underscores the significance of understanding and measuring charge in biomedical applications, cellular functions, and biomolecular processes.
Which order of kinetics Indacaterol follows in mice?
5 answers
Indacaterol follows first-order kinetics in mice, as indicated by the rapid rise to peak values in plasma and tissue concentrations within 0.5 to 1 hour post-administration, followed by a polyexponential decline with an extended terminal phase. In human subjects, the disposition kinetics of Indacaterol are characterized by at least two phases, with a relatively fast decline in concentrations within the first 12 hours, followed by a terminal elimination phase. Furthermore, the metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and excretion of Indacaterol in healthy male subjects revealed that unmodified Indacaterol was the most abundant drug-related compound in serum, contributing significantly to the total radioactivity, indicating a predominant first-order kinetic behavior in the body.
How does the use of highly porous polyamide nanofiber sponges affect the clarification process of yeast cell suspensions?
5 answers
The use of highly porous polyamide nanofiber sponges can significantly impact the clarification process of yeast cell suspensions. Polyamide membranes, like NF-CSM 4040, have been shown to effectively treat complex wastewaters. Meanwhile, nanofiber sponges, with their tunable open-porous nanofiber-based architecture, exhibit high filtration efficiency and capacity. In contrast, depth filters with small pore sizes provide high filtrate quality but at lower capacity, while larger pore sizes offer higher capacity but lower filtrate quality. Additionally, a study demonstrated the successful immobilization of yeast cells using a nanofilm of poly(dopamine) in microfluidic channels, showcasing the potential for further analysis of suspension cells. Therefore, the use of highly porous polyamide nanofiber sponges can enhance the clarification process by offering efficient filtration, high capacity, and improved cell immobilization capabilities.
Why gold rate is increasing?
5 answers
The increasing rate of gold can be attributed to various innovative methods aimed at enhancing gold recovery and production efficiency. Methods such as optimizing leaching processes in gold concentrates, utilizing alkaline thiourea systems for improved gold leaching rates, and enhancing sulfur-gold recovery rates in tailings through advanced flotation techniquescontribute to higher gold yields. Additionally, the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using biological agents like Aspergillus flavusand the introduction of gelatin and polyethyleneglycol to improve the filtration rate of desorbed gold mudfurther enhance gold production capabilities. These advancements not only increase gold recovery rates but also streamline refining processes, ultimately leading to a rise in the overall gold rate.
Conentional and advanced method for wastewater treatment for the removal of organic contaminants?
5 answers
Conventional methods for wastewater treatment involve processes like membrane filtration, adsorption, coagulation-flocculation, and ion exchange, as highlighted in. On the other hand, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are innovative techniques that utilize hydroxyl radicals for efficient removal of organic contaminants from wastewater, as discussed in. AOPs encompass various methods such as Fenton reaction, UV irradiation, ozone treatment, and photocatalysis, aiming for complete mineralization of organic compounds into harmless byproducts like water and carbon dioxide. These advanced methods play a crucial role in tertiary water treatment, particularly in eliminating pharmaceuticals, hormones, and pesticides from wastewater. The integration of AOPs with conventional techniques presents a promising approach for comprehensive and enhanced removal of organic contaminants in wastewater treatment processes.
What are the potential applications of reducing oxygen in an electrolytic solution of sodium bicarbonate (NAHCO3) in various industries?
5 answers
Reducing oxygen in an electrolytic solution of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) holds promise for diverse industrial applications. The process of electroreduction of bicarbonate solutions can lead to the production of valuable products like formate, which can be utilized in formate/formic acid fuel cells, offering a battery-like system with higher energy density than conventional lithium batteries. Additionally, the reduction of bicarbonate-rich carbon capture solutions into chemicals like CO can be achieved efficiently, surpassing other electrolyzer configurations in terms of current density and voltage efficiency. Furthermore, the use of bipolar membranes in the reduction of CO2 to CO from bicarbonate solutions can significantly enhance faradaic efficiency, simplifying the separation of reduction products from unreacted CO2, thus finding potential applications in various industries.
How is the Gallus Gallus domesticus shell extraction process?
4 answers
The extraction process of the Gallus Gallus domesticus shell involves removing the inner membrane before analyzing the organic components within the eggshell. Methods for membrane removal include plasma ashing, sodium hypochlorite, or acid treatment, with plasma ashing being suitable for subsequent SEM analysis. On the other hand, the extraction methods discussed in other contexts focus on different materials. For instance, the extraction method of chestnut shell coloring matters involves using a mixing solution of alcohol and inorganic acid to extract the coloring matters, which are then obtained by drying the precipitates. Similarly, an extraction method for DNA of pen shells includes steps like grinding shells, decalcifying shell powder, proteopepsis, and separating impurities to obtain DNA samples for molecular biology experiments.
How does interlayer modification thin film composite membrane effect the forward osmosis performance?
5 answers
Interlayer modification of thin film composite (TFC) membranes significantly impacts forward osmosis (FO) performance. Studies have shown that incorporating materials like MXene nano-sheets, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and a mix of graphene oxide, dopamine, and humic acidinto the TFC membranes enhances their properties. These modifications lead to improved membrane characteristics such as increased hydrophilicity, reduced mass transfer resistance, and optimized water flux while maintaining low reverse solute flux. The modified membranes exhibit better osmotic separation, reduced internal concentration polarization, and enhanced membrane performance overall. By altering the structural and chemical properties of the active selective layer, interlayer modifications play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of FO processes.
When is gel fraction high 90%?
5 answers
The gel fraction is considered high when it reaches 90% or more. In the context of encapsulation materials for photovoltaic modules, a gel content between 65% to 90% is crucial to ensure proper lamination and long-term durability. Similarly, in the entrapment of flavors and fragrances, a copolymer hydrogel can entrap these substances in amounts up to 90% of the total formulation. Achieving such high gel fractions is essential for the functionality and performance of various materials, whether in photovoltaic applications or fragrance encapsulation. Therefore, maintaining a gel fraction of 90% or higher is a significant parameter in ensuring the effectiveness and quality of the materials being utilized.
What opinion if use uv absorbance resin on roof?
5 answers
Using UV absorbance resin on roofs can significantly enhance their durability and weather resistance. UV stabilizers like hindered piperidine derivatives and UV-absorbing monomers can protect roofing materials from long-term exposure to sunlight, preventing discoloration and deterioration caused by UV rays. Incorporating pigments that increase reflectivity in the resin coating can further improve the overall performance of the roofing material. Additionally, the use of UV-absorbing polymers with high E308/E524 ratios and titanium dioxide particles can create a UV-absorbing polymeric composition suitable for producing transparent films with UV protection. Overall, utilizing UV absorbance resin in roofing materials can enhance their longevity, surface hardness, marring resistance, and interlaminar adhesion while maintaining excellent weatherability.