What is concomitant polymorphism?
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Concomitant polymorphism refers to the simultaneous crystallization of multiple polymorphic forms of a substance. This phenomenon is often observed in molecular solids due to factors like conformational flexibility, hydrogen bonding variations, and intermolecular interactions. It can be influenced by parameters such as temperature, pressure, and solvent properties, leading to the nucleation of different polymorphs. Concomitant polymorphism poses challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, where controlling the crystallization process is crucial for drug development and patent protection. Techniques like self-assembled monolayers on surfaces have been utilized to guide the nucleation of specific polymorphs, enabling the discovery of novel forms. Understanding concomitant polymorphism is essential for optimizing drug formulations and ensuring product stability and efficacy.
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| Concomitant polymorphism refers to the coexistence of multiple polymorphic forms in a material, where a gradual transition occurs between the different crystal structures rather than an abrupt change. | |
76 Citations | Concomitant polymorphism refers to the coexistence of multiple distinct supramolecular polymer structures, such as slipped and pseudoparallel packing, without interconversion over time, as observed in the study. |
| Concomitant polymorphism refers to the simultaneous formation of two different crystal structures of a compound in the same solvent system, as observed in the synthesis of a β-benzyl-β-hydroxyaspartate analogue. | |
15 Citations | Concomitant polymorphism refers to the coexistence of multiple crystal forms of a substance. In the case of sulfathiazole, it exhibits five known polymorphs due to conformational flexibility and hydrogen-bond synthon variation. |
Related Questions
How to detect concomitant polymorphism?4 answersTo detect concomitant polymorphism, various methods and compositions have been proposed in the literature. One approach involves simultaneously detecting variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in a target nucleic acid by hybridizing it with at least three oligonucleotides. Another method focuses on the simultaneous detection of polymorphisms at multiple loci in a target nucleic acid, offering a comprehensive approach to identifying concomitant polymorphisms. Additionally, the phenomenon of concomitant polymorphism has been observed in both organic compounds and biological systems, highlighting the importance of understanding the structural diversity and stability conditions of polymorphic forms. By utilizing these methods and insights, researchers can effectively detect and characterize concomitant polymorphism in various materials and biological systems.
How to detect concomitant crystal polymorphism?4 answersConcomitant crystal polymorphism can be detected through various techniques. Patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) substrates allow for the generation of multiple crystal forms in a single experiment. Techniques such as PXRD, DSC, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and HSM can be employed for the identification of polymorphic impurities and different crystal phases. For instance, PXRD captures unique diffraction patterns, DSC studies thermal transitions, and infrared and Raman spectra differentiate between crystalline forms. Additionally, a hybrid characterization approach utilizing single-crystal X-ray diffraction, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, and solid-state density functional theory can reveal the transformation between discrete polymorphic forms. These techniques collectively provide a comprehensive understanding of concomitant crystal polymorphism and aid in ensuring the quality and stability of pharmaceutical products.
How is single nucleotide polymorphism and genotype and phenotype linked?4 answersSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genetic variations that involve a change in a single nucleotide within the genome. SNPs are markers that can be used to study the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Understanding this relationship is important for various applications, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and identifying the effects of genetic perturbations. Several papers in the provided abstracts discuss the link between SNPs, genotype, and phenotype. For example, one paper proposes a method that integrates multi-omics data to analyze the effect of SNPs on phenotype. Another paper describes the construction of a Genotype and Phenotype Network (GPN) to analyze the association between multiple phenotypes and SNPs. Additionally, a paper mentions the use of SNPs as markers to detect polymorphism and study genetic variation. Overall, these papers highlight the importance of SNPs in understanding the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
What is a polymorphism?5 answersPolymorphism is the ability of a substance to exist in different crystalline forms. It occurs when one form changes to another due to thermodynamic instability and kinetic permissibility. Polymorphic transitions do not involve chemical reactions and can result in changes in molecular and crystal structures, properties, and performance. Polymorphism is observed in various substances, including both natural and artificial compounds. In the context of energetic materials, polymorphic transitions can occur during their lifetime from design and synthesis to application, and are often accompanied by variations in structures, properties, and performances. Polymorphism is also observed in DNA sequences, where it refers to variations in the DNA sequence that occur with a frequency of 1% or higher. Various methods, such as PCR and DNA sequencing, can be used to analyze gene polymorphism. Polymorphism is important in the pharmaceutical industry, as it can significantly affect material behavior during handling, processing, and storing of drugs.
Genetic polymorphisms that are associated with diabetes?4 answersGenetic polymorphisms associated with diabetes include variations in genes such as WFS1, KCNJ11, ABCC8, HNF1B, INS, GCKR, HNF1A, PCSK1N, HMG20A, CDKAL1, ADIPOQ, MTHFR, IL10, CDKN2B, TRPM5, SLC30A8, and MC4R. These polymorphisms have been found to be linked to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and can be used as markers for predicting the development of the disease. The association between these genetic variations and T2DM has been studied in different populations, including Koreans and residents of Novosibirsk. The use of genetic factors in combination with clinical and metabolic parameters has shown promise in identifying high-risk groups for the development of T2DM and improving risk prediction models. However, further research is needed to validate the association of these genetic polymorphisms with T2DM in different populations and to explore their role in the prediction, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the disease.
What is protein polymorphism?4 answersProtein polymorphism refers to the existence of multiple forms or variants of a protein within a population or species. These variants arise due to genetic mutations that result in differences in the amino acid sequence of the protein. The concept of protein polymorphism has been studied in various contexts. Motoo Kimura and Tomoko Ohta proposed that random genetic drift of neutral mutations in finite populations can account for observed protein polymorphisms. Harry Harris highlighted the extraordinary number of alleles that can be generated from a single gene by separate mutational events, resulting in a wide variety of structurally different protein variants. Helmut Reinke, Heinz Dehne, and M. Hans extended the definition of polymorphism to include low molecular weight compounds. Tanya L. Schneider and Brian R. Linton discussed how analysis of protein structures and mutations can provide insights into protein function and the onset of genetic diseases. Eiko Otaka, Tetsuo Hashimoto, Keiko Mizuta, and Katsuyuki Suzuki emphasized the study of ribosomal proteins as an attractive approach to understanding protein evolution.