How myosin help in macrophage polaerization?4 answersMyosin plays a crucial role in macrophage polarization by contributing to intercellular adhesion and phagocytosis processes. Specifically, class 1 myosins, such as myosin 1f, are involved in enhancing intercellular adhesion properties during inflammation, leading to the acquisition of a proinflammatory M1-like phenotype in macrophages. Additionally, myosin 1f is essential for efficient phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets, as it helps in coordinating adhesion turnover during this process. Furthermore, myosin XVIIIA, a low-abundance form of myosin, is tyrosine-phosphorylated after activation of the CSF-1 receptor, potentially influencing its cellular localization and interactions with other proteins, which could impact macrophage differentiation. Overall, myosins contribute significantly to macrophage function by regulating adhesion, phagocytosis, and potentially differentiation processes.
What is the specific marker of macrophage?5 answersThe specific marker of macrophages identified in the research includes FCER1G and TYROBP, validated as strong universal biomarkers for macrophages in human and mouse tissues. Additionally, the biomarker panel for tumor-associated macrophages consists of CD163, MS4A4A, MS4A6A, S100A4, DAB2, and LIPA, enabling prognosis prediction and therapeutic agent discovery in cancer. Furthermore, CTSZ has been found to be expressed specifically in macrophages in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, indicating its role as a marker for these immune cells. These markers play crucial roles in identifying and studying macrophages in various tissues and pathological conditions, highlighting their significance in immunology research.
What are the effects of macrophage activation on lymphocytes?5 answersMacrophage activation can have various effects on lymphocytes. Activated lymphocytes have been shown to interfere with the differentiation of macrophages, suppressing their maturation process. This suppression of macrophage differentiation can be induced by small numbers of activated lymphocytes and can be transmitted by soluble factors or through cell-cell contact, depending on the mode of lymphocyte stimulation. Additionally, macrophages and macrophage products have been found to stimulate responses of T and B lymphocytes in vitro, but when present in high numbers, macrophages can inhibit immune responses of lymphocytes. These inhibitory effects of macrophages are non-specific and can affect various T and B lymphocyte responses to antigens and mitogens. Overall, the effects of macrophage activation on lymphocytes involve both suppression of macrophage differentiation and modulation of lymphocyte immune responses.
How does the M1 macrophage affects the MSCs?5 answersM1 macrophages have been shown to affect mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in several ways. In the myocardial infarction microenvironment, M1-type macrophage-derived exosomes induce apoptosis in MSCs by delivering miR-222 to them. M1 macrophages also promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow MSCs (BMMSCs) better than M0 macrophages, and exosomes derived from M1 macrophages enhance the osteogenic capacity of BMMSCs by activating Akt and increasing RUNX2 levels. However, in the hypoxic environment typically observed in chronic wounds, hypoxia inhibits MSC-induced M1 to M2 macrophage transition, suggesting that hypoxic environments may impede the therapeutic effects of MSCs. Additionally, co-culture of MSCs with M2 macrophages, but not with M1 or M0 macrophages, results in increased MSC mineralization, indicating that M2 macrophages promote the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Overall, M1 macrophages can affect MSCs by inducing apoptosis, promoting osteogenic differentiation, and influencing macrophage polarization.
How is macrophage polarization measured?5 answersMacrophage polarization can be measured using various methods. One approach is to examine the metabolic switch of macrophages by measuring oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Another method involves utilizing AFM-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) to investigate the influence of inducers on the expressed proteins of M1/M2 macrophages. Changes in surface markers, transcripts, or functions are often used to characterize polarization. Additionally, deep transcriptomic profiling can be performed to analyze the global transcriptomic profiles of macrophages during polarization. Tracking changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression, and cell signaling pathways can also provide insights into macrophage polarization.
What is IM macrophage?5 answersIM macrophage refers to an immuno-magnetosome developed by coating a leukocyte membrane on a magnetic nanocluster. This biomimetic IMS exhibits good stability, magnetic controllability, and satisfactory binding avidity to circulating tumor cells while maintaining stealth properties to leukocytes.