Showing papers on "Azadirachta published in 1989"

Isolation and characterization of an antimalarial agent of the neem tree Azadirachta indica.

Abstract: The isolation and structure elucidation of gedunin [1], the antimalarial agent of Azadirachta indica, are reported. Its 1H- and 13C-nmr spectra were assigned by using one- and two-dimensional nmr spectroscopy, especially homonuclear and heteronuclear COSY, nOe difference, and COLOC experiments.

Spectroscopic and biological investigation of nimbolide and 28-deoxonimbolide from Azadirachta indica.

Abstract: The reisolation of nimbolide [1] from Azadirachta indica of Tanzanian origin and the isolation and structure elucidation of a new limonoid, 28-deoxonimbolide [2], from the same plant source are reported. For the first time, unambiguous 1H- and 13C-nmr assignments of compounds 1 and 2 are presented, as well as their in vitro cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines.

Azadirachtin as a larvicide against the horn fly, stable fly, and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

Abstract: Effects of azadirachtin, a triterpenoid extracted from neem seed, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., were similar to those of insect growth regulators against the immature stages of the born fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and the house fly, Musca domestica L. When an ethanolic extract of ground seed was blended into cow manure, LC50 and LC90's for larval horn flies were 0.096 and 0.133 ppm azadirachtin, respectively. An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) had an LC50 for larval horn flies of 0.151 ppm and an LC90 of 0.268 ppm. For larval stable flies, the EC formulation had an LC50 of 7.7 ppm and an LC90 of 18.7 ppm azadirachtin in manure. Against larval house flies, the LC50 and LC90 were 10.5 and 20.2 ppm, respectively. When the EC formulation was administered orally to cattle at a rate of greater than or equal to 0.03 mg azadirachtin per kg of body weight per day or when ground neem seed was given as a daily supplement of greater than or equal to 10 mg seed per kg body weight, horn fly development in the manure was almost completely inhibited. In contrast, ground seed mixed in cattle feed at the rate of 100-400 mg seed per kg of body weight per day caused less than 50% inhibition of stable flies in the manure.

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss): organisms affected and reference list update

Abstract: Presentation d'une compilation de la litterature sur le margousier incluant des citations et des tableaux qui listent les organismes animaux affectes par les substances tirees de la plante

Structurally novel diterpenoid constituents from the stem bark of Azadirachta indica(meliaceae)

Abstract: Studies in the neutral fraction of stem bark of Azadirachta indica(neem) have resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of three new diterpenoids, margolone (1a), margolonone (2a), and isomargolonone (3a). The structure of these compounds has been established as 12-methyl-7-oxopodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-13-carboxylic acid, 12-methyl-3,7-dioxopodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-13-carboxylic acid, and 13-methyl-3,7-dioxopodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-12-carboxylic acid respectively, through chemical transformations and spectral studies. These diterpenoids showed antibacterial activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and represent the first isolation of podocarpane derivatives with carbon substituents at both C-12 and C-13.

Evaluation of Azadirachta indica leaf extract for hypoglycaemic activity in rats

Abstract: Water soluble fractions separated from the crude leaf extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. lowered hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin diabetes. Systematic fractionation of the concentrates led to the isolation of flavonol glycosides, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside.

Cultivation of Neem ( Azadirachta indica , Meliaceae) in Saudi Arabia

Abstract: What is probably the world’s largest neem (Azadirachta indica) plantation is on 10 sq km in the Plains of Arafat, Saudi Arabia, where 50,000 trees have been planted recently. The project, designed to provide shade to the ca. 2 million Muslim pilgrims who camp there annually for “Haj” rites, has economic potential. Pest-control materials, soap, toothpaste, and pharmaceutical products are among items that could be produced for home consumption and export. Introduced into the country more than 40 yr ago, the tree has acclimated itself remarkably well to the local hot and arid conditions. La Culture du Neem (Azadirachta indica,Meliaceae)en Arabie Seoudite. La plus grande plantation de neem (Azadirachta indica) entourne dix kilometres carres dans les Plaines d’Arafat, Arabie Seoudite, ou 50.000 arbres ont etes plantes recemment. Le projet, cree pour fournir ombrage aux 2 millions de pelerins musulmans qui y campent annuellement pour les rites de “haj,” a potentiel economique. Les articles que l’on pourra produire pour consommation domestique et exportation incluent les materiels pour regler des pestes, le savon, le dentifrice, et les produits pharmaceutiques. Introduit au pays il y a plus que 40 ans, l’arbre s’est adapte remarquablement bien a la chaleur locale et aux conditions arides.

Occurrence of VAM associations in different plant species of the Indian desert

Abstract: Vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infections were examined in 17 different Indian desert tree species. The intensity of infections varied among the species. Maximal infection of roots was recorded for Azadirachta indica, Acacia tor‐tilis, and A. aneura while A. catechu had the lowest rate of infection. Glomus and Gigaspora were the common VAM genera found associated with roots. The VAM infections were common in Opuntia spp. and Euphorbia spp. and the infection rate (30–100%) in these species was comparatively higher than in trees. The VAM infection of Azadirachta indica (neem tree) was observed on roots to 250 cm depth. The intensity of VAM infections varied with the availability of water. The deep‐rooted growth habit along with VAM infections of desert vegetation may be a survival mechanism in competition for water and nutrients with shallow‐rooted and fast‐growing plant species.

Fruit Maturity And Interrelated Effects of Temperature and Container on Longevity of Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) Seeds

Abstract: Fruits of neem were collected at different intervals of maturity. Physiologically mature seeds with maximum germination capacity and longevity were obtained 10 to 12 weeks after flowering (late July to early August) when some of the fruits turned yellow and started falling on the ground. This period coincided with peak green weight, size and a fully grown embryo enclosed in bard fibrous endocarp. Seeds were also stored at room temperature, 15°C and 5°C in sealed polythene bags, perforated polythene bags, perforated cardboard boxes (seeds wrapped in blotters) and over silica gel in desiccators. It was found that sealed containers and low temperature (5°C) are responsible for rapid deterioration of seeds while well aerated containers inhibited deterioration upto certain extent at room temperature and 15°C till 6 months.

Two new terpenoids from root bark of Azadirachta indica

Abstract: Studies in the chemical constituents of root bark of Azadirachta indica have resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of a new tetranortriterpenoid, nimbilin, along with a new aromatic diterpene, nimolinin. The structures of these compounds have been established through chemical transformations and spectral studies

Erste Untersuchungen zur insektiziden Wirkung methanolischer Blatt- und Rindenextrakte aus dem Philippinischen Niembaum Azadirachta integrifoliola Merr. im Vergleich zu Extrakten aus Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) und Melia azedarach L.

Abstract: First investigations of insecticidal effects of methanolic extracts from the leaves and bark of the Philippine neem tree, Azadirachta integrifoliola Merr., and comparison of these effects to those of extracts from Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) and Melia azedarach L. Crude methanolic extracts from the leaves and bark of Azadirachta integrifoliola, A. indica and Melia azedarach were compared in biotests using Epilachna varivestis as the test insects. Leaf extracts were applied in Petri dishes at concentrations of 50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm; in one experiment, also of 800 ppm. In causing the mortality of test insects during their metamorphosis, and inducing morphogenetic defects in adults, such as malformed hindwings, the leaf extracts of A. integrifoliola were superior to those from M. azedarach. The extracts from A. indica leaves were least effective. The same sequence of effectiveness was observed in cage tests, but higher concentrations (800 ppm) were needed to obtain effects comparable to those in Petri dishes. The A. indica extract was only slightly effective at this concentration. Crude methanolic extracts from the bark of the three species of Meliaceae were somewhat different in efficacy to those from the leaves. Concentrations of 200 and 400 ppm from A. integrifoliola and A. indica extracts were about equally effective, whereas the same concentrations of M. azedarach extracts had no effect and even that of 800 ppm was only slightly effective. The symptoms caused by extracts of A. integrifoliola on larvae and pupae were identical to those of A. indica and M. azedarach, including, for instance, dark thoracic spots on fourth instar larvae of E. varivestis. The possible potential of A. integrifoliola as a source of growth-regulating natural pesticides in high rainfall areas of the tropics is discussed. Zusammenfassung Methanolische Rohextrakte aus Blattern und Rinde des Philippinischen Niembaumes Azadirachta integrifoliola wurden erstmalig auf insektizide Wirkungen untersucht und mit solchen aus A. indica und Melia azedarach verglichen. In einem Petrischalentest wurden Blattextraktkonzentrationen von 50, 100, 200 und 400 ppm, in einer Versuchsvariante auch von 800 ppm angewendet. Im Hinblick auf metamorphosestorende Wirkungen und morphogenetische Defekte bei adulten Kafern, wie misgebildete Hinterflugel, waren die Blattextrakte von A. integrifoliola besser als die von M. azedarach. A. indica-Extrakte hatten die geringste Wirkung. Die gleiche Reihenfolge bezuglich der Wirksamkeit wurde in Kafigtesten festgestellt, wo Konzentrationen von 800 ppm benotigt wurden, um vergleichbare Wirkungen zu den Petrischalentesten zu erzielen. Der A. indica-Blattextrakt war bei dieser Konzentration nur schwach wirksam. Rohextrakte aus der Rinde der 3 Meliaceen-Arten zeigten im Vergleich zu den Blattextrakten eine teilweise unterschiedliche Wirkung. Konzentrationen von 200 und 400 ppm von A. integrifoliola und A. indica waren etwa gleich effektiv, wahrend die gleichen Konzentrationen von M. azedarach-Rindenextrakten keine Wirkung zeigten und sogar 800 ppm nur eine geringe. Die von den A. integrifoliola-Extrakten bei Bohnenkafern hervorgerufenen Symptome waren mit denen der A. indica-Auszuge identisch. Es kann daher angenommen werden, das es sich um gleiche oder verwandte Wirkstoffe handelt. Das mogliche Potential von A. integrifoliola als Quelle wachstumsregulierender naturlicher Insektizide in regenreicheren Gebieten der Tropen wird diskutiert.

Controlling wood damaging insects with neem oil - or an extract with low polarity hydrocarbon, esp. effective against bark beetles

Abstract: The use of an oil (A) pressed from the seeds or fruits of Azadirachta indica or Melia azederach (neem tree), opt. formulated with usual liq. carriers, for control of wood-damaging insects is new. Alternatively, an extract (A') obtd. from (A) using a low polarity hydrocarbon solvent is used. Pref. extractants for prepn. of (A') are petroleum ether or n-hexane. USE/ADVANTAGE - The treatment is esp. used to control bark beetles, e.g. of the Ips genus (e.g. I. calligraphus), Pityogenes Chalcographus or Xyloterus lineatus. (A) are natural materials with little or no toxicity towards plants and warm-blooded animals (contrast lindane and pyrethroids currently used). Active ingredients from neem tree seeds are already known for control of insects on crops,. fungi, nematodes and mites, and also for treatment of malaria, worms, skin lesions, ulcers, syphilis, snake bites and oral diseases.

Response of Ootheca bennigseni (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Extracts from Neem

Abstract: Various formulations of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) extract were evaluated under field and greenhouse conditions to examine the effects of foliar beetle, Ootheca bennigseni Weise, a serious pest of beans and other legumes in many parts of Africa. At concentrations of 2.0 and 4.0%, neem formulations from seed kernels deterred O. bennigseni from feeding bean leaves. None of the neem formulations protected bean plots completely. However, formulations of neem seed kernel extract resulted in lower foliar damage and less incidence of O. bennigseni than other formulations. In most instances, untreated leaves were severely damaged, whereas leaves protected with neem extracts were not attacked or were only slightly damaged. Residual effectiveness of various neem extracts varied considerably; residual activity was shorter with lower concentrations. In greenhouse studies, 1.0% aqueous leaf and seed kernel extracts were highly active as an antifeedant against O. bennigseni , which consumed little or none of the leaves. In free-choice experiments, bean seedlings treated with 1.0 and 2.0% neem seed kernel extracts were well protected. Because of their effectiveness, safety for the environment, lower cost, availability, and easy preparation, neem extracts have great potential in protecting beans against foliar beetles on beans.

Controlling agent of termite

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain controlling agent of termite exhibiting excellent moth- proofing effect and high safety containing extract of neem as active ingredient. CONSTITUTION: Bark, leaf, twig, fruit and seed of neem (means as margosa, crape fern and Melia azadirachta) as evergreen trees inhabiting centering around Himalaya district in India are dried and finely cut, then extracted with organic solvent or water-containing organic solvent by an ordinary method. Carrier, dispersant, emulsifier, coating film-forming agent or wettable powder, etc., containing 0.1-80wt.%, preferably 0.3-50wt.% said neem extract is suitably mixed and prepared by the ordinary method to afford the objective substance. Shape of liquid agent, solid agent, paint, adhesive, emulsion, suspension, powder or air spray, etc., is able to be prepared and applied by a method such as dispersing, spraying, coating or plastering. COPYRIGHT: (C)1991,JPO&Japio

Phytotherapeutic effect of some plant leaves on Meloidogyne javanica infecting tomato plants

Abstract: Phytotherapeutic effect of some plants leaves, viz., Calotropis procera, Ricinus communis and Azadirachta indica and their paired combinations on the growth of tomato and Meloidogyne javanica infection showed that the plant growth (height and weight) in all the treated plants increased significantly over control with subsequent reduction in the nematode population. However, castor (40 g/kg soil) was the most effective in reducing M. javanica in tomato over control (gall index, second-stage juveniles, number of egg masses/g root and eggs/egg mass).

Vermin-proofing sheet

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide a vermin-proofing sheet containing neem extract or neem powder, utilizable as a vermin repellent sheet for house, clothes and horticulture, having high vermin-proofing activity and high safety to vertebrate. CONSTITUTION:Extract or powder of neem (Azadirachta indica; a tree of family Meliaceae generally called as Indian neem or neem tree) is included in a sheet of wood, chip, paper, nonwoven cloth, woven cloth, foamed synthetic resin sheet, etc. The amount of the active component is >=0.001%, preferably >=0.01% based on the paper in the case of extract and is >=0.005%, preferably >=0.05% in the case of powder. Since the neem extract is an excellent sheet additive having high safety and free from odor, the sheet containing said extract can be safely used even in a place relating to dietary life, e.g., kitchen.

Diterpenoids from the Root Bark of Azadirachta indica

Abstract: From the root bark of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) two new diterpenes nimbilicin and nimbocidin have been isolated and their structures established through chemical and spectroscopic methods.

Leaf blight of some hardwood species in Assam and Meghalaya and its control in the nursery.

Abstract: The paper gives an account of leaf web-blight of Melia azedarach Linn., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Cassia nodosa Ham, Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn. And Derris robusta Benth. Caused by Rhizoctonia solani anamorph of Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk and leaf blight of Engelhardtia spicata Blume caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (LIB.) de Bary. These diseases are recorded for the first time in India. The Rhizoctonia web blight was highly destructive in the nursery. It damaged the foliage as well as killed the heavily infected young seedlings. M. azedarach and A. indica were highly susceptible to the disease and the damage to the foliage was to the extent of 80-90%. Obviously, this had perceptible impact on the growth of the seedlings in these two species. The existence of more than one strain of the pathogen in the forests at Burnihat is emphasized. The disease may be kept under check by avoiding dense sowing of seed and removal of the infected seedlings as soon as the disease appears in the bed. In case of M. azedarach and A. indica which are highly susceptible to the disease, it is recommended that these two species be raised in pathogen, presumably soil borne, is easily carried to the plant parts close to the ground through splashing and thus it is likely to cause heavy damage to the susceptible species raised in beds. However, the chances of infection through splashing are very much reduced if the seedlings are raised in polypots. Moreover, it has been found that A. indica when raised in polypots at Burnihat was almost free from the disease.

Effect of salinity on growth of fast growing tree [Azadirachta indica, Anacardium occidentale, Pithecellobium dulce, Tamarindus indica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Leucaena leucocephala]

Abstract: This pot experiment was conducted to elucidate the effect of salinity levels on growth of fast growing perennial trees at Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University between March 1987 to April 1988. Four salinity levels i.e. 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 % NaCl (dry weight basis) were applied to Yasothon soil. Six kinds of tree at seedling stage were used; they were Sadao (Azadirachta indica), Cashew nut (Anacardiun occidentale), Makam-tet (Pithecellobium dulce), Tamarind (Tamarindus indica), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), and Giant leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala). Results indicated that Makam-tet and Tamarind were the most tolerant to salt. They could grow at 0.4 % NaCl without much harmful effect. Eucalyptus was the next one, which could grow at 0.4 % NaCl but with a great effect while both Giant leucaena and Sadao could not survive at 0.4 % NaCl. The most sensitive to salt was Cashew nut tree which expressed toxicity symptoms even at the level of 0.2 % NaCl. However, no tree could survive at 0.6 % Nacl.