Showing papers on "Big Five personality traits published in 1976"
TL;DR: An analysis of the controversy between the traits model and the interactional model suggests that the trait model is limited as a basis for use in description and prediction of behavior and as a general basis for personality research.
Abstract: Four basic models in personality research (trait psychology, psychodynamics, situationism, and interactionsim) are reviewed and compared with respect to (a) types of laws sought, (b) determinants of behavior, (c) units of analysis, (d) the consistency vs specificity issue, (e) ontogenetic development of behavior, and (f) research strategies and populations sampled An analysis of the controversy between the trait model and the interactional model suggests that the trait model is limited as a basis for use in description and prediction of behavior and as a general basis for personality research Empirical results support an interactional view of behavior, in which actual behavior is determined by a continuous and multidirectional interaction between person variables and situation variables The issues and research on situational determinants of behavior are reviewed, and the need for more systematic psychological studies of situations is stressed Major features of the interactional model of personality are discussed, and the necessity of developing methods for investigating continuous interaction processes is emphasized (3 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
694 citations
TL;DR: The relationship between perceived risk and personality measures believed to influence information processing was examined using correlational analyses by as mentioned in this paper, who found that perceived risk measures were positively related to a number of anxiety measures and negatively related to self-esteem and risk taking.
Abstract: The relationships between perceived risk and personality measures believed to influence information processing were examined using correlational analyses. Perceived risk measures were positively related to a number of anxiety measures and negatively related to self-esteem and risk taking. No significant patterns of relationships were found between perceived risk and rigidity or between perceived risk and perceptual measures previously related to such traits as tolerance for ambiguity, ego control, and rigidity. The construct validity of psychophysical perceptual measures of the personality traits of anxiety and rigidity was not supported.
102 citations
94 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that item overlap has contributed significantly to previous failures to find evidence for the differential heritability of personality traits as measured by the California Psychological Inventory.
Abstract: Personality test data from the California Psychological Inventory were collected on 99 pairs of identical and 99 pairs of fraternal adult male twins. Heritabilities were computed for all 18 scales and compared to the heritabilities for “pure” scales with overlapping items omitted. Two of the pure scales. Responsibility and Femininity, had zero heritabilities, whereas all of the full scales had moderate to high heritabilities. It was concluded that item overlap has contributed significantly to previous failures to find evidence for the differential heritability of personality traits as measured by the CPI. CPI items were classified into genetic or environmental categories and separate factor analyses of items in these categories revealed more differences than similarities in factor structure. The genetic personality factors included Conversational Poise, Compulsiveness, and Social Ease. Environmental factors included Confidence in Leadership, Impulse Control, Philosophical Attitudes, Intellectual Interest, and Exhibitionism. Compared to the genetic factors, each of the environmental factors accounted for only a very small percentage of the variance.
92 citations
TL;DR: The theory of work adjustment as mentioned in this paper provides a model for conceptualizing the interaction between individuals and work environments, and the major sets of variables used in the theory are abilities and needs, ability requirements and reinforcer systems to describe work environments and satisfactoriness, satisfaction, and tenure to describe outcomes of the interaction.
Abstract: The theory of work adjustment (Dawis, England, and Lofquist, 1964; Dawis, Lofquist, and Weiss, 1968; Lofquist and Dawis, 1969) provides a model for conceptualizing the interaction between individuals and work environments. The major sets of variables used in the theory are abilities and needs to describe work personalities, ability requirements and reinforcer systems to describe work environments, and satisfactoriness, satisfaction, and tenure to describe outcomes of the interaction. Prediction of the work adjustment outcomes utilizes the concept of correspondence between work personalities and work environments. The theory thus formalizes the matching model that psychologists have used in such applied problem areas as vocational guidance, vocational counseling, and personnel selection. The theory does place added emphasis on needs, reinforcers, and the outcomes of satisfaction. Nevertheless, these aspects of the theory, taken alone, would seem to present work adjustment as a fixed state of affairs that does not accommodate change. They deal solely with work personality structure and with work environment structure. THE LARGEST COLLECTION OF JOBS ON EARTH
85 citations
TL;DR: A majority of clinicians who have worked intensively with borderline patients have been shifting in recent years from a supportive approach inspired by Knight’s earlier work to modified psychoanalytic techniques or psychoanallytic psychotherapy for most patients, while still considering a nonmodified psychoanalysis the optimal treatment for all cases.
Abstract: PINION REGARDING THE TREATMENT of borderline pathol0 ogy remains divided. At one extreme are those who would follow Zetzel’s (1971) approach, which implies that borderline pathology is related, at least in an important part, to defective development of ego functions and therefore requires a supportive psychotherapeutic approach. At the other extreme are those who would consider a nonmodified psychoanalysis the optimal treatment for all cases (Segal, 1967). A majority of clinicians who have worked intensively with borderline patients have been shifting in recent years, it seems to me, from a supportive approach inspired by Knight’s earlier work (1953a, 1953b) to modified psychoanalytic techniques or psychoanalytic psychotherapy for most patients, while still
82 citations
81 citations
TL;DR: Results of a sequential study of 19 personality factors suggest that stability within generations appears to be the rule, albeit combined with many differences between successive population cohorts and subject to transient secular trends.
Abstract: Theoretical positions for and against a stability model for adult personality traits are examined. Results of a sequential study of 19 personality factors over a 7-year period and with participants ranging in age from 22 to 84 years suggest that stability within generations appears to be the rule, albeit combined with many differences between successive population cohorts and subject to transient secular trends. A typology of 13 possible models is offered to account for the different developmental trends observed for the various personality factors.
70 citations
61 citations
60 citations
TL;DR: A longitudinal twin study was conducted to determine whether personality traits with significant heritability in adolescence remain so in adulthood as mentioned in this paper, and the results raise important questions for the interpretation of twin research and the understanding of genetic influences on personality development.
Abstract: A longitudinal twin study was conducted to determine whether personality traits with significant heritability in adolescence remain so in adulthood. A subsample of a group of twins who had been administered in Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the California Psychological Inventory in adolescence was readministered the same two inventories 12 years later. The subsample was found to be representative of the sample from which it was drawn. Different patterns of significantly heritability were found for the two ages studied: Several personality traits demonstrated evidence of significant heritability in either adolescence or adulthood, while others demonstrated evidence of significant heritability at both ages. In addition, genetic influences on the change from adolescence to adulthood were found for several personality traits. The results raise important questions for the interpretation of twin research and the understanding of genetic influences on personality development.
TL;DR: While personality has some influence on cognitive performance, the declines with age in performance on some cognitive tasks are not mediated by personality.
Abstract: The relation between three cognitive ability factors - Information Processing Ability (IPA), Manual Dexterity (MD), and Pattern Analysis Capability (PAC) - and three personality dimensions - Anxiety, Extraversion, and Openness to Experience - were examined in three age groups. Subjects were 969 male volunteers ranging in age from 25 to 82. Subjects high in anixety scored lower on all three cognitive factors; subjects open to experience scored higher on IPA and PAC; and introverted subjects scored higher on PAC. Most of these effects remained when the education and socio-economic status were held constant in covariance analyses. Older subjects performed less well than younger ones on MD and PAC, but not on IPA. While personality has some influence on cognitive performance, the declines with age in performance on some cognitive tasks are not mediated by personality. Language: en
TL;DR: A longitudinal study of the maturing of 68 professional and managerial men provided adolescent and adult test, questionnaire, and interview data about their personalities and competence that were predictive of their vocational adaptation as mentioned in this paper.
01 Sep 1976
TL;DR: A review of current literature on the relation of aptitudes to learning outcomes under different instructional methods or conditions is presented in this article, where abilities include abilities (general, fluid- analytic, crystallized) and personality traits (anxiety, achievement via independence and achievement via conformity).
Abstract: : A review of current literature on the relation of aptitudes to learning outcomes under different instructional methods or conditions. Included are: aptitude-instructional treatment interaction studies, notes on new methodological problems, and studies of individual differences in laboratory learning arrangements. Aptitudes emphasized include abilities (general, fluid- analytic, crystallized) and personality traits (anxiety, achievement via independence and achievement via conformity). Complex interactions among ability, personality, and instructional treatment variables are demonstrated. Implications for further research are discussed. (Author)
01 Aug 1976
TL;DR: This article used a longitudinal study of a national sample of white males to compare the roles of two types of mental ability and two aspects of personality (conformity and ambition) using a path model of the educational and early occupational attainment processes.
Abstract: This paper attempts to clarify how socialization and mobility processes are related, using a longitudinal study of a national sample of white males. The roles of two types of mental ability (creativity and intelligence) and two aspects of personality (conformity and ambition) are contrasted using a path model of the educational and early occupational attainment processes. The model views social-psychological variables as mediating social-structural variables: significant others respond to a boy on the basis of his abilities and social origins. Others' responses affect personality, and personality in turn mediates educational and occupational attainment.
TL;DR: In this article, individual difference variables predictive of autocratic and democratic leadership styles for males and females were identified for the Sargent and Miller Leadership Questionnaire (SMLQ).
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to isolate individual difference variables predictive of autocratic and democratic leadership styles for males and females Subjects completed a battery of personality examinations and the Sargent and Miller Leadership Questionnaire The results of two stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated differences which may be predicted for male and female democratic leader behaviors, but none which may be predicted for differences in autocratic leader behaviors
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TL;DR: A conceptual perspective of counterpart descriptors for each MMPI clinical scale is developed so that apparently contradictory sets of behaviors for elevated scores on any given scale can be viewed on a continuum from adaptive to maladaptive behavior.
Abstract: Effective psychological services require recognition of a client's strengths as well as weaknesses. Personality tests such as the MMPI, however, focus attention upon the abnormal and deviant attributes of personality. Therefore, a psychologist should have an understanding of various adaptive behaviors that may be indicated by moderately elevated MMPI scale scores. Because most of the literature deals with the pathological ramifications of scale elevations, the authors developed a conceptual perspective of counterpart descriptors for each MMPI clinical scale. These descriptors are presented so that apparently contradictory sets of behaviors for elevated scores on any given scale can be viewed on a continuum from adaptive to maladaptive behavior. An armamentarium of MMPI personality traits should include positive as well as negative considerations to provide a fully comprehensive basis for the formulation of realistic assessments of human potentialities.
TL;DR: The authors view Briquet's syndrome as a set of behaviors arising from personality traits and suggest that examination of the genesis and treatment of the condition be shifted to a characterological approach.
Abstract: The authors describe a case of Briquet's syndrome in a man and discuss the relationship of that condition to personality features. They view Briquet's syndrome as a set of behaviors arising from personality traits and suggest that examination of the genesis and treatment of the condition be shifted to a characterological approach.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Undergraduate coeds from the University of California, Santa Barbara were used as subjects and a multivariate step-wise discriminative analysis was used to examine the 16 personality factors for statistical differences between the 5 groups.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the personality traits of four groups of intercollegiate female athletic competitors and one group of noncompetitive students. Undergraduate coeds (N = 55) from the University of California, Santa Barbara were used as subjects in this investigation. Of these subjects, 41 were members of intercollegiate athletic teams and were divided into four sports groups representing basketball (N = 13), gymnastics (N = 6), tennis (N = 9), and swimming (N = 13). The fifth group did not participate in a sport and was designated as the control group (N = 14). The ages of the subjects ranged from 18 to 24 yr. Both forms A and B of the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, as well as a personal information questionnaire, were administered to all subjects. A multivariate step-wise discriminative analysis was used to examine the 16 personality factors for statistical differences between the 5 groups. A post hoc F matrix was calculated on those variable...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors attempted to find unique patterns of personality traiits which are associated with various performance styles using Canonical correlation analysis, three separate performance styles were extracted from the data along with sets of personality traits.
TL;DR: The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, administered to 24 outstanding U.S. female athletes who were competitors in the 1972 Olympic Games, appears to be a promising personality measure to assess achievement motivation.
Abstract: The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) was administered to 24 outstanding U.S. female athletes who were competitors in the 1972 Olympic Games. The resulting EPPS group profile strongly points to the essential normality of these competitors. Within the framework of a well-balanced needs profile, the two highest group needs scores were in the realm of achievement and autonomy. Thus, these prominent athletes demonstrated the kind of personality profile anticipated from a group of women with seemingly high needs for achievement and self-accomplishment. The EPPS, therefore, appears to be a promising personality measure to assess achievement motivation.