Showing papers on "Bioaccumulation published in 1984"

Bioaccumulation of super‐lipophilic chemicals in fish

Abstract: The influence of increasing molecular size and hydrophobicity on bioaccumulation kinetics in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) was investigated for a series of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in comparison with other halogenated aromatic compounds Extremely low clearance rates were characteristic of the higher chlorinated biphenyls and resulted in a linear accumulation in fish For these compounds, in contrast to more soluble chemicals, direct uptake from water appeared to be less efficient than uptake from contaminated food Hexabromobenzene, octachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin and tetradecachloroterphenyl were not accumulated by living fish The importance of food‐chain accumulation (biomagnification) versus direct bio‐concentration is discussed in relation to molecular structure and physico‐chemical properties of organic chemicals

Contaminant effects on fisheries

Abstract: Deals comprehensively with the bioaccumulation, metabolism, and excretion of toxicants by fish. It addresses the tolerance of fish and fish populations to the stress of environmental alterations, and covers the changes in the biochemical and physiological systems associated with exposure to the common toxicants. Includes strategies for rehabilitating disturbed fisheries.

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by bivalves from Lim Fjord (North Adriatic Sea)

Abstract: Trace metal concentrations (Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu) were studied in two different bivalve species of the same age, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lmk., and the oyster Ostrea edulis, Linnaeus, which had been grown in the water of Lim Fjord, North West Yugoslavia (Peninsula Istria), i.e. under the same physicochemical conditions. The study offers a realistic view on the metal accumulation ability of oysters and mussels. The distribution of trace metals over the different organs and the edible parts of the mussels and oysters, collected in June 1979, was determined and is discussed in detail. The results are supported by the determination of the trace metal levels in the dissolved state and in the suspended material in the ambient sea water of the bivalves. Concentration factors for zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in the mussels of: 95 000, 9 100, 1 500 and 4 000; and in the oysters of: 95 500, 30 400, 3 400 and 64 500 were found, respectively. The values were evaluated comparing the metal concentration in the bivalve soft part and the dissolved trace metal levels in the adjacent water.

Bioaccumulation of cadmium in marine organisms

Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) occurs in very low concentrations in open ocean water, averaging about 40 ng/1 in unpolluted surface waters57. Similarly, Eaton43 and Bewers et al.10 suggested the background concentration of Cd for North Atlantic surface waters to be 40–60 ng/1. The level for Pacific oceanic water is 36 ng/119. Increased concentrations have been observed in the Mediterranean, Baltic, and North Sea, where circulation and water mass turnover are limited. Cadmium level in coastal and estuarine water normally is higher, primarily due to weathering and anthropogenic inputs; levels higher by several orders of magnitude have been reported1,13,31,68,82,133.

Bioaccumulation of organic micropollutants from sediments and suspended particulates by aquatic animals

Abstract: Non-polar organic micropollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and some pesticides, which are adsorbed to sediments have a low bioavailability to freshwater and marine animals. Bioaccumulation factors from sediments (concentration in animal/concentration in sediment) of the organic pollutants investigated range from less than 0.1 to about 20, several orders of magnitude lower than bioaccumulation factors from the water for the same compounds. Bioavailability of sediment-adsorbed organic micropollutants is directly related to the solubility of the compound and sediment grain size, and inversely related to sediment organic carbon concentration and animal size. Organic micropollutants adsorbed to sediments are only slightly bioavailable, but sediments in contaminated areas often contain high concentrations of adsorbed pollutants; therefore they represent an important source of contamination of freshwater and marine animals.

The Relationships Between Metal Speciation in the Environment and Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Organisms

Abstract: Recent advances in methodology have resulted in a much better understanding of the speciation of metals in natural waters. However, despite the realization that the speciation of elements is important in terms of bioavailability and toxicity, progress in understanding the relationships between metal levels in organisms and those in the environment has been slow. Furthermore, emphasis has generally been placed on the bioaccumulation and toxicity of dissolved metals, although in many organisms sediment particles or food may be the most important sources. The ability of aquatic organisms to accumulate metals from a number of different sources complicates organismenvironment relationships. In addition, these relationships are markedly influenced by the differing capacities of organisms to metabolise metals. Thus, variations between the toxicities of metals to different species depend not only on the bioavailability of the metal in the environment but also on the physiological state of the organism. It is also important to evaluate speciation of metals within the framework of their roles as essential (for example Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co) or non-essential elements (Hg, Cd, Ag) bearing in mind that some metals can exert beneficial effects at low concentrations and harmful ones at higher levels.

Activity-Based Evaluation of Potential Bioaccumulation from Sediments

Abstract: Sediment bioaccumulation potential evaluations can be improved by a two-level approach. Chemical analysis of sediment interpreted using phase-activity considerations in first-level evaluations would serve as a screen to separate sediments having low potential for bioaccumulation of neutral chemicals from those having high potential. Level-II evaluation, if considered necessary, could then be accomplished using established biological methods to refine the evaluation made in Level-I. 11 refs.

An environmental hazard evaluation of uranium in a Rocky Mountain stream

Abstract: Uranium mining is an important industry in the Rocky Mountain region; however, little is known about the environmental hazards of uranium to fish and other aquatic organisms. Indian Creek, a hard-water stream (200 mg/L as CaCO3) near Gunnison, Colorado, receives periodic discharges of runoff from a uranium mine. In addition, natural springs contribute uranium to the creek. As a result, uranium concentrations in the creek range up to 4 mg/L, concentrations which are potentially toxic to trout based on published toxicity data. Therefore, we conducted a series of studies to analyze the potential toxicity and bioaccumulation of uranium in Indian Creek and downstream waters. A 60-d post-hatch, early life stage toxicity test was conducted with brook trout in water of hardness and alkalinity similar to Indian Creek. Additional tests were performed in soft and hard water (96-h acute toxicity tests) and in water of Indian Creek's quality (48-h acute toxicity tests). Trout from the 60-d test were also analyzed for uranium bioaccumulation. To confirm the results of the laboratory studies, these data were compared with on-site field study data, including surveys of fish and benthic invertebrates, and analyses of uranium levels in trout. The laboratory results indicated that the high hardness and alkalinity of the test water greatly reduced the potential toxicity of uranium to trout. Concentrations estimated to be chronically toxic from the early life stage test were greater than 9 mg/L; whereas the 48-h LC50 was 59 mg/L. Bioconcentration factors for uranium were low, ranging from 1.9 to 4.3. Benthic invertebrate and fish studies conducted in Indian Creek confirmed that current uranium concentrations are not significantly toxic to resident aquatic biota. In-stream bioaccumulation of uranium is also very low, and is comparable to the laboratory-derived values. Our study demonstrated that laboratory toxicity and bioaccumulation tests can accurately evaluate potential in-stream hazards of uranium. To accurately estimate in-stream toxicity and bioaccumulation of metals, it is important that laboratory tests simulate in-stream water quality.

COAL ASH BASIN EFFECTS (PARTICULATES, METALS, ACIDIC pH) UPON AQUATIC BIOTA: AN EIGHT‐YEAR EVALUATION

Abstract: Coal ash effluent effects including particulates, acidic pH excursions, elemental concentrations and bioconcentration in selected organisms have been studied as changes in water quality and densities of benthic macroinvertebrate and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) populations in a swamp drainage system over an eight-year period. Three changes in the ash basin settling system were made between mid- 1973 and January 1982. Initial density of the aquatic biota was altered severely by heavy ash siltation, followed by acidic pH excursions and perhaps overall by elemental concentrations and bioaccumulation. Heavy ash siltation, followed by acidic Ph excursions (mean of 5.5, extreme of 3.5) after the addition of fly ash to the original settling basin system, had the most profound effect on biota. Dipterans (chironomids) and some odonates (Plathemis lydia and Libellula spp.) were resistant to heavy ash siltation, while mosquitofish, which showed no discernible responses to ash siltation, were absent at acidic pH, along with the few previously surviving invertebrate populations. Elemental concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, selenium, and zinc did not appear to limit aquatic flora and fauna on a short-term, acute basis. Long, chronic elemental exposures may have been instrumental in retarding the recovery of all forms of aquatic life in the receiving system. Elemental concentrations (except for arsenic and selenium) in the receiving system were generally one to two orders of magnitude higher than the Water Quality Criteria set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1980) for protection of aquatic life for the minimum and 24-hour mean values. From collective elemental exposures in the receiving system, bioconcentration factors in macrophytes, invertebrates and fish were generally lower than those reported in the literature for laboratory, single elemental concentrations. By 1978, when the new settling basin systems were operating effectively, invertebrate populations were largely recovered, and mosquitofish populations recovered within one year afterward.

Environmental Hazard Profile — Test Results as Related to Structures and Translation into the Environment

Abstract: The “Environmental Hazard Profile” test scheme is described and relative bioaccumulation and biodegradation rates of approximately 100 chemicals belonging to various classes are given Additional accumulation and degradation rates are given for representative benzene, benzoic acid, and phenol derivatives, and for selected aromatic amines, chlorobenzenes, and chlorobiphenyls The “sphere fragmentation” of chemicals is shown on the examples of 3-methylbenzoic acid and acetaldehyde The effects of 2, 4, 6-trichloro- and pentachlorophenol on the biota of outdoor experimental ponds are described

Microbial Accumulation of Insecticides

Abstract: The extensively used insecticides are common contaminants of microbial environments, and their residues are rapidly picked up by the microorganisms. This is particularly important in aquatic environments where these residues are transferred through the food chain to higher organisms, resulting in an ecological hazard. However, it is surprising to find that very little attention has been given to the study of bioaccumulation in microorganisms. Possibly the lack of interest stems from the fact that much attention has been paid to the role of microbial metabolism of insecticides.

Determination of Zinc, Iron and Aluminium in Halophytic Species of the River Sado Estuary—Portugal, by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Abstract: In our research emphasis is placed upon bioaccumulation of Zn, Fe and Al by salt marsh vegetation of coastal areas of River Sado estuary.

Evaluation de la bioaccumulation a l'aide d'un test biologique combine algue‐bacterie

Abstract: This test attempts to demonstrate bioaccumulation by a simple, fast and standardized biological methodology. A culture of the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum is incubated in presence of mercury (HgCl2), PCB and/or industrial effluents. A culture lysate is prepared and analysed with a Microtox apparatus which uses the bioluminescent property of the bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum. The biolumines‐cent reaction is affected proportionally to the toxicity of the lysate. A bioaccumulation potential index is then calculated by comparing the results of this test with those obtained with a lysate from a control culture. For each type of toxic substance tested, the bioaccumulation was also observed using analytical chemistry procedures. Certains masking problems were experimented with mercury. However with PCB and industrial effluents promising results were obtained.

Application of Physicochemical Estimation Methods to Bioaccumulation from Contaminated Sediments. II. Steady-State from Single Time-Point Observations,

Abstract: : In this investigation asiatic clams, Corbicula fluminea, and fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, were simultaneously exposed to industrially contaminated river sediments. A simple kinetics model and physicochemical estimation methods were applied to bioaccumulation of PCB as total di- and total tri-chlorobiphenyls. Results show that residues measured after a short exposure period together with elimination rate constants (k subscript 2) estimated from octanol/water partition coefficients (K subscript ow) can be used to approximate steady-state nonequilibrium tissue concentrations (C subscripts ss). Furthermore, normalization of residue data on tissue lipid content made comparisons of bioaccumulation between these dissimilar species possible.