Showing papers on "Brine published in 1985"

The dielectric properties of brine in sea ice at microwave frequencies

Abstract: The dc conductivity and complex dielectric constant at frequencies of 7.50, 9, 11, 30, and 40 GHz of 16 samples of sea water brine in equilibrium with sea ice with freezing temperatures ranging from - 2.8\deg C to -25.0\deg C have been measured. The data is analyzed to yield parameters occurring in a Debye relaxation equation so that the dielectric constant of brine may be calculated throughout the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Evaluation of hot brine stimulation technique for gas production from natural gas hydrates

Abstract: This paper demonstrates how thermally efficient production of natural gas can be accomplished by use of hot brine to dissociate, solid, gas hydrated deposits in the earth. This brine stimulation technique is similar to single well steam stimulation and involves injection of available hot geothermal brine into a reservoir containing gas hydrates, thus causing dissociation of hydrates into gas and water, followed by production of natural gas generated due to hydrate dissociation. Several advantages to using this technique are discussed and include: lower energy requirements for reservoir heating and hydrate dissociation, reduced heat losses, higher gas production, and improved thermal efficiency.

Electrolytic process for production of gaseous hydrogen chloride and aqueous alkali metal hydroxide

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the production of gaseous hydrogen chloride and aqueous alkali metal hydroxide from brine, utilizing an electrolytic cell containing a hydroxyl ion producing cathode and a gaseous hydrogen chloride producing hydrogen-consuming gas anode. Brine is fed to the anolyte compartment of the cell while alkali metal hydroxide is removed from the catholyte compartment of the cell, and gaseous hydrogen chloride is removed from the gaseous side of the hydrogen-consuming gas anode.

Chemical and isotopic characteristics of brines from three oil- and gas-producing sandstones in eastern Ohio, with applications to the geochemical tracing of brine sources

Abstract: Chemical and isotopic characteristics of selected inorganic constituents are reported for brines from the Berea Sandstone of Mississippian age, the "Clinton" sandstone (drillers term) in the Albion Sandstone of Silurian age, and the Rose Run sandstone (informal term) in the equivalent of the Knox Dolomite of Cambrian and Ordovician age in 24 counties in eastern Ohio. Ionic concentrations of dissolved constituents in brine from the three sandstones generally fall in the following ranges: (in millimoles per kilogram of brine): Na, Cl >_ 1,000; 100 >. Ca, Mg <1,000; 1 ^ K, Br, Sr, Li, Fe, S04 <100; Mn, Zn, Al, I, HC03 , Si02 <1. Mean ionic concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, K, 804, and Br, and mean values of density and dissolved solids are significantly different at the 95-percent confidence level in each sandstone. Only potassium has a unique concentration range in each sandstone (millimoles per kilogram): 0.3 12 (Berea), 13 57 ("Clinton"), and 81 92 (Rose Run). For applications involving brine contamination, selected concentration ratios are identified as potential indicators for geochemical tracing of brines having some history of dilution. The K:Na ratios work best for identifying the source sandstone of an unidentified brine. These ranges are K:Na, 0.0002 0.0185 (Berea); 0.0073 0.0238 ("Clinton"); 0.0230 0.0462 (Rose Run). Other constituent ratios may prove useful for differentiating one brine from the other two. "Clinton" and Rose Run brines have no statistical difference in mean values for Ca:Mg, Na:Ca, Na:Cl, Mg:K, Ca:K, Cl:Ca, MgrBr, and Na:Br. These ratios, in combination with K:Br and Cl:Br, may be used to identify Berea brines. With respect to isotopic characteristics of hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfate sulfur, a moderate range of &D (-48.0 to -13.5 permil) and 6 180 (-5-45 to -1.25 permil) indicate a meteoric water origin for the water matrix in Ohio brines. 6D and 6 180 values are not useful for differentiating brines from the three formations. The 6 S (S04 2 ~) values for Ohio brines range between +4.6 to +28.4 permil. The heaviest sulfate sulfur is in brine from the Cambrian and Ordovician Rose Run sandstone. A single Berea brine sample was determined to have the lightest 634 S (S04 2 ~) value. "Clinton" brines have 5 S (S04 2 ~) intermediate between those of the Rose Run and Berea sandstones. Sulfur isotopes may have utility for differentiating the isotopically heavy sulfate found in brines from the isotopically light sulfate found in oxidizing ground water.

Corrosion inhibitor for heavy brines

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for reducing the corrosive effects of a heavy brine upon a metal by admixing a quantity of a selected corrosion inhibitor with the brine solution. The corrosion inhibitor can comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of a monovalent or divalent salt of erythorbic acid, a molybdate salt, ferrous gluconate and sodium gluconate. The brine solution can contain potassium, sodium, calcium or zinc halide salts. The corrosion inhibitor can be used in drilling, completion, packer and workover fluids.

Solution mining of trona or nahcolite ore with electrodialytically-produced aqueous sodium hydroxide

Abstract: A cyclic solution mining method that uses aqueous sodium hydroxide for recovering valuable alkali values, preferably as soda ash, from subterranean deposits of trona or nahcolite, even when such deposits are NaCl-contaminated. The aqueous sodium hydroxide mining solvent is generated via electrodialysis of a recirculating sodium chloride brine stream. Hydrogen chloride that is also generated in the cell's operation is neutralized with aqueous sodium carbonate, to regenerate sodium chloride brine that is recirculated to the electrodialysis cell as brine feed.

Gelled aqueous compositions

Abstract: Disclosed are gelled aqueous compositions in brine solutions having a salt concentration from about 1% to about 10% at a pH of about 3 to about 11 having (a) a water thickening amount of an anionic partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and (b) a water-soluble cationic polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin in an amount sufficient to cause gelation and form the gelled composition. The compositions are useful in the recovery of oil and gas by fracturing and in enhanced oil recovery.

Gelled aqueous compositions

Abstract: Disclosed are gelled aqueous compositions having (1)(a) a water thickening amount of an anionic or nonionic water soluble polymer in fresh water or brine solutions at a pH of greater than 10; (b) a water thickening amount of an anionic water soluble polymer having carboxylate functionality and a cellulose backbone in brine solutions at an acidic pH; or (c) a water thickening amount of (i) an anionic water soluble polymer having carboxylate functionality and a cellulose backbone or (ii) a copolymer of sodium acrylate having from about 10% to about 90% acrylate content, in brine solutions at neutral to about 10 pH; and (2) a water soluble cationic poly(diallylamine)-epichlorohydrin resin in an amount sufficient to cause gelation and form the gelled composition The compositions are useful in the recovery of oil and gas by fracturing and as a matrix plugging agent in enhanced oil recovery

Influence of Sodium Tripolyphosphate on the Binding and Antimicrobial Properties of Reduced NaCl‐Comminuted Meat Products

Abstract: The binding and antimicrobial properties of comminuted meat products were evaluated at varying levels of NaCl and of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). The meat batters were inoculated with Clostridium sporogenes spores (10/g) either before (cans) or after (vacuum packages) thermal (70°C) processing. Product binding was inferior when the NaCl level was reduced to 1.1% (50% reduction). STPP increased pH by 0.17-0.23 units and restored binding of low NaCl products. During storage (20°C) microbial growth and product spoilage were more rapid with decreasing brine level, irrespective of presence or absence of STPP.

High temperature stable aqueous brine fluids viscosified by water-soluble copolymers of acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonic acid salts

Abstract: An aqueous brine fluid is disclosed which contains a high salt concentration and a water-soluble copolymer of acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonic acid salts which serves to increase the viscosity thereof, particularly at elevated temperatures of above about 300° F. These fluids are particularly useful as fluids for drilling operations.

Apparatus and method for controlling temperature and humidity within an enclosure

Abstract: Apparatus for humidity and temperature control of the air in an enclosure comprising brine-vapor-air direct heat exchanger apparatus disposed in communication with an enclosure and a brine reservoir arranged to store brine and to be exposed to naturally occuring temperature gradients for desired conditioning of the brine. The temperature gradients may be relatively short term, such as day-night or may be longer term, such as summer-winter.

Method for liquifying chloride-based heavy brine well completion fluids

Abstract: The invention provides a method to liquify a heavy brine completion fluid containing chlorides. The combination of a persulfate and hydrogen peroxide was found to be more effective than either compound alone, or than a peroxygen plus an activator.

Process for reducing the concentration of suspended solids in clarified geothermal brine

Abstract: A process for reducing the concentration of fine, residual solids still remaining suspended in clarified geothermal brine overflow from a primary brine clarification stage in which hot, flashed, silica-rich geothermal brine, containing suspended silicious material, is gravity separated, comprises flowing the brine overflow from the primary clarification stage into a closed secondary clarifier vessel having an internal reaction well. Capacity of the secondary clarifier vessel provides a brine residence time in the vessel of between about 45 and about 150 minutes, the brine residence time in the reaction well being between about 10 and about 20 minutes. Brine in the vessel is blanketed with steam flashed from the brine to exclude air from the vessel. In the reaction well, the brine is contacted with a flocculating agent, preferably a cationic polyacrylamide having a molecular weight of at least about 1 million, in an amount of between about 0.25 and about 2 parts per million. An underflow slurry of silicious material and brine is discharged from the bottom of the vessel, an amount of such underflow slurry is recirculated back into the reaction well causing the solids concentration in the well to be between about 0.5 and about 3 weight percent. A secondarily clarified brine overflow from the secondary clarifier vessel has a concentration of fine, silicious material remaining suspended therein that is substantially reduced over the concentration of such material suspended in the brine overflow from the primary clarification stage.

Development of New Refrigeration System and Optimum Geometry of the Vapor Condenser for Pharmaceutical Freeze Dryers

Abstract: Features of a new refrigeration system called “Triple Heat Exchange Trap” system are that an array of the vapor condenser plates serves as a heat exchanger with three effects: heat transfer between water vapor and refrigerant(1), between water vapor and brine(2), and between refrigerant and brine(3). The condenser plate array also acts as brine cooler for shelf cooling. Since its development in 1980, this new system has been employed for more than 60 sets of phermaceutical freeze dryers, ensuring accurate temperature control, stabilized operation and high efficiency. In observing ice build-up patterns on the condenser and deterioration of the condenser capability through ice building, it was confirmed that comparing the observations with simplified mathematical model, both experimental and theoretical values are nearly equal.

Conductance and fluorescent probe studies of sodium dodecyl sulfate/n-butyl alcohol/toluene brine microemulsions

Abstract: (SDS), n-butyl alcohol, toluene, and 2.5% NaCl brine. We detected three patterns of microemulsion conductance as a function of toluene volume fraction and an interesting minimum in the pyrene excimer formation as a function of brine volume fraction. Our results imply that there are, at least, three types of microemulsions: water continuous, oil continuous, and bicontinuous. The last type forms in the vicinity of the three-phase region where the microemulsion is the middle phase. In this region, the water-to-oil ratio in the microemulsion is close to unity. In addition we suggest the existence of a water-continuous microemulsion at high toluene volume fractions in which the structure is a network of water-swollen inverse surfactant bilayers containing large discrete oil domains.

Selective recovery of zinc from metal containing brines

Abstract: Zinc is extracted from an aqueous zinc containing brine (3) by contacting the brine with an organic reagent (5) consisting essentially of an extracting agent comprising a quaternary amine salt, a phase modifier, and an organic diluent so as to form a zinc amine complex (7) whereby a substantial portion of the zinc ions in the brine is transferred to the organic phase. The quaternary amine salt is a methyl triakyl ammonium chloride herein the alkyl groups contain from 8 to 10 carbon atoms. The zinc amine complex (7) is then contacted with an aqueous strippant (11) comprising a solution of sodium sulfate in water so as to form a sulfated quaternary amine salt whereby a substantial portion of zinc in the zinc amine complex is stripped therefrom and transferred to the aqueous phase as an aqueous zinc chloride solution (13) from which zinc may be recovered by electrowinning or chemical precipitation.

Control of sulfates in membrane cell chlor-alkali process

Abstract: Method of addition of calcium ions to salt-depleted brine prior to resaturation, wherein the concentration of sulfate impurity is controlled. The invention relates to a process for the electrolysis of aqueous alkali metal chloride solutions to produce chlorine and high purity alkali metal hydroxide solutions.

Clarification of high density brine fluids

Abstract: A process for clarifying a high density brine based fluid involves flocculating suspended solids from the spent brine based fluid, separating flocculated solids from the fluid and filtering the fluid. Suspended solids are flocculated using a particulate filter aid such as a diatomaceous earth and a water-soluble polymer. Clarified brines can be reused in well drilling and completion fluid applications.

Performance and application of titanium alloys in geothermal brine service

Abstract: Documented Field corrosion performance of various titanium alloy materials exposed to geothermal wellhead brines and separated fluids is reviewed. Extensive laboratory testing in hot synthetic geothermal and natural brine media confirms titanium's overall excellent suitability for geothermal brine service with respect to general, pitting, crevice, and stress corrosion. Recommendations and guidelines for successful, cost effective applications, involving direct geothermal brine contact, are presented with emphasis on proper titanium alloy selection.

Method and apparatus for freezing food

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prepare a frozen fish having excellent quality such as the resistance to meat cleavage, in a short freezing time with reduced energy consumption, by uniformizing the temperature of the fish from the surface to its core part prior to the cooling of the fish to the ultimate freezing temperature. CONSTITUTION:A just-caught tuna having a body temperature of 20-25 deg.C is put into a main brine tank 1 containing chilled sea-water and is precooled to a body temperature of about 5-10 deg.C. The sea-water is discharged (11) from the tank 1 leaving only the fish bodies in the tank. The brine composed mainly of CaCl2 and chilled to <=-40 deg.C is supplied from the auxiliary brine tank 2 to the main tank 1. The low-temperature brine in the tank 1 is returned (10) to the auxiliary tank 2 when the temperature at the core part of the tuna body reaches the temperature between the freezing point (-2 deg.C) and the maximum ice crystal forming point (15 deg.C) (i.e. the maximum ice crystal forming temperature zone). When the temperature of the body is uniformized to its core part in the above state, the low-temperature brine in the tank 2 is introduced (8, 9) again into the tank 1, and the tuna body is frozen at the ultimate freezing temperature (-35 deg.C) to obtain a frozen tuna body resistant to meat cleavage.

Refrigerant evaporator for a refrigeration system

Abstract: An evaporator for a refrigeration system is formed as a heat exchanger consisting of a horizontal container (1) with longitudinal tubes (2) traversed by a heat transfer medium, for example water or brine. The container is provided with collection chambers (4, 5) for the tubes at the ends of the inlet and outlet of the heat transfer medium. The liquid refrigerant is passed in through an inlet (8) at one end of the container and is discharged through an outlet (9) at the top of the container at the other end thereof. Somewhere in the centre of the container, the container is divided into two parts by means of a vertical partition (10) so that the first part of the container operates as a so-called flowing evaporator, in which the refrigerant boils up around the tubes. The vertical partition operates as a spillway for the boiling liquid refrigerant, of which a certain part, by means of the boiling, flows over the upper edge of the partition. In this way it is ensured that oil in the refrigerant is forwarded with the evaporated refrigerant back to the compressor.

Flocculants for brine-containing systems

Abstract: Aqueous dispersions of solids are readily flocculated in high brine-containing aqueous media using polymeric anionic flocculants containing from 5 to about 20 weight percent of repeating units containing a carboxyl group, e.g., sodium acrylate.

Investigations on the Role of Surface Layers in HLW Glass Leaching

Abstract: A corrosion test series was performed to clarify the role of reaction product layers on the corrosion of a simulated HLW borosilicate glass in a salt brine under hydrothermal conditions. The layers were unprotective at 200°C. At 120°C, slight protective effects ocurred when the leachant contained dissolved reaction products. The consequence for the long term behaviour between 120 and 200°C is a constant glass dissolution rate.

Method and device for storing heat energy by ice making

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a cooling device capable of being operated with a substantially constant efficiency under a load out of peak or a peak load by a method wherein the same brine is employed commonly in a freezing heat exchanger, an ice storing tank and heat exchanger. CONSTITUTION:The size of the ice storing tank 40 may be a size insufficient for supplying the total cooling load of an installation 80. Cooled fluid is taken out of the heat exchanger 64 through a conduit 68 and is supplied to the coil 78 of the installation 80 to provide necessary cooling. All or a part of the heated brine in the conduit 70 is supplied to the conduit 90 to send it to the top of the freezing heat exchanger 10. The brine may be cooled without forming ice during flowing through the freezing heat exchanger under operation. The cooled brine is taken out of the freezing heat exchanger through the conduit 30 to supply it to a receiving tank 32 and is taken out of the same heat exchanger through the conduit 100 to supply it to the bottom of the ice storing tank 40. The cooled brine, taken out of the tank 40 through the conduit 58, is sent by a pump 60 to the conduit 62 to supply it into the heat exchanger 64 and is utilized for cooling.

Continuous two-stage vacuum process for recovering bromine

Abstract: A highly efficient continuous process for the winning of bromine from a bromide-containing brine which increases overall bromine recovery efficiency, decreases chlorine requirements, decreases waste-brine neutralization, improves steam recovery, increases capacity and significantly reduces total amount of steam necessary for bromine recovery over prior art. This is accomplished by operating a two-stage subatmospheric apparatus comprising a steaming out tower and a secondary flash chamber. The steaming out or contact tower is operated near the vapor pressure of the feed brine so that only stripping steam is required to remove elemental bromine from the brine. The second stage or secondary flash chamber is operated at a lower pressure than the stage one steaming out tower and enables recovery of bromine, steam and chlorine from the waste bromide-depleted brin or tail brine which might otherwise to be lost. The subatmospheric pressure operation of the two stages also reduces the operating temperature of the process which reduces side reaction effects and thus neutralization requirements prior to disposal of waste brine. Additionally, the overall capacity of the apparatus is greatly increased by reducing steam requiremnts from that required with conventional steaming out towers.