Showing papers on "Cancer cell published in 1975"

Alpha-lactalbumin production in human mammary carcinoma

Abstract: Alpha-Lactalbumin was isolated from mature human milk and utilized as an immunogen in rabbits. A radioimmunoassay was developed that was capable of detecting nanogram quantities of the antigen. Alpha-Lactalbumin synthesis was detected in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) cultivated as a continuous cell line in vitro. Other human carcinoma epithelial cell lines (throat and cervix) failed to react in this assay. The ability to synthesize alpha-lactalbumin by breast carcinoma cells appeared to be independent of the addition of prolactin to the culture medium.

Surfaces of Normal and Transformed Cells

Abstract: Considerable data implicate events at the cell surface as having a primary role in the growth, development, and communication of normal animal cells and in the multiplication of cancer cells. For example, surface changes are of particular relevance in determining whether neoplastic cells provoke a host immune response and whether they survive or succumb to that response. Surface characteristics are also at least partially involved in the ability of cancer cells both to establish a primary growth site and to metastasize to secondary sites. A variety of additional factors are involved in each case, but progress in distinguishing neoplastic from normal cell surfaces will surely help to understand and to combat the development and growth of neoplastic cells.

Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies of cells in effusions

Abstract: The transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) features of cancer cells and benign cells from human effusions were described. Both in the TEM and the SEM the following cell types were indentified; mesothelial cells, histiocytes, lumphocytes, eosinophilic leukocytes, neutrophilic leukocytes, plasma cells, erthrocytes and cancer cells. The ultrastructure of malignant cells originating from cancers most commonly metastisizing to the serous body cavities was described in detail. Both the TEM and the SEM clearly demonstrated fundamental differences between the surfaces of the cancer cells and benign cells in body cavity fluids: cancer cells were covered by numerous microvilli, while non-neoplastic cells were not. The approach described in this paper can be used for purposes of cytologic diagnosis in difficult preselected cases and may also have some important theoretical implications.

Detection of Antibody and Complement Complexed in Vivo on Membranes of Human Cancer Cells by Mixed Hemadsorption Techniques

Abstract: Summary The mixed hemadsorption (MHA) techniques demonstrated antibody and complement fixed in vivo to the surface of human cancer cells. Tumors from 12 cancer patients and normal tissues from 5 cancer patients and 8 patients with cerebrovascular or cardiac diseases were collected from biopsy and autopsy for in vitro testing. Antiserum to human whole immunoglobulins and antiserum to human C3 were used in the MHA techniques. Positive MHA patterns were demonstrated on the surface of cancer cells by both methods. Positive reactions ranged from 12 to 32% in mixed hemadsorption for antibody detection and from 10 to 34% in mixed hemadsorption for complement component 3 detection. Normal tissues obtained from cancer patients or from patients who died of causes other than cancer rarely exhibited distinct MHA reactivity. Collectively, the data suggest that most human cancers are antigenic in the autologous host and that tumor-associated antigens of cancer cells react in vivo with their humoral antibody to fix complement.

Development of Media for Isolation and Cultivation of Human Cancer Cells

Abstract: The advances in our knowledge of the growth, nutrition, and metabolic requirements of established tissue cell cultures (Rothblat and Cristofalo, 1972) have not solved the problems of developing permanent cell cultures from human solid tumor tissues. There has been little progress in our knowledge of the mechanisms by which cancer cells can become adapted to survive in vitro.

In vitro transformation of hamster cells by herpes simplex virus type 2 from human prostatic cancer cells.

Abstract: A cell-associated herpes simplex virus type 2 found in a human prostatic carcinoma induced in vitro transformation of hamster embryo cells. The transformed cells (YW-74) have been shown to be hamster cells by karyotype analysis. Their epithelial morphology and growth pattern, which are different from the parental cell, have remained stable through cell passages. The presence of herpesvirus antigens in the transformed cells was determined by specific immunofluorescence and colony inhibition tests. Immunofluorescence staining with specific anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 serum showed an intense and distinctive nuclear and perinuclear fluorescence in about 95% of the transformed cells. In addition, exposure of these transformed cells to herpes simplex virus type 2-sensitized lymphocytes resulted in inhibition of growth and colony formation, while no effect was seen with nonsensitized lymphocytes. Both observations are consistent with the involvement of herpesvirus type 2 in the transformation event. This virus, which does not produce a lytic infection and is not found either in extracellular spaces or supernatant fluid of the transformed cell cultures, is unique in the fact that it is cell associated, noncytopathogenic, and capable of transforming cells in vitro, and its antigens are clearly demonstrated in the transformed cells.

Placental Alkaline Phosphatase: Regulation of Expression in Cancer Cells

Abstract: Activation of embryonic genes is being recognized as a genuine manifestation of neoplasia. Amongst the products of such activation are the fetal proteins, which have already been discussed, and now we arrive at the subject of this session, which is enzyme proteins. The latter fall into two categories: the carcinoplacental enzymes and those originating from nontrophoblastic tissues. The carcinoplacental enzyme that has been studied most extensively is the Regan isoenzyme 1. and its variant forms.\"'; Discovered in bronchogenic cancer in 1967, it was soon established as a placental isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase whose expression was widespread in human cancer in contrast to the early experiences with a,-fetoprotein (restricted to hepatoma) and with CEA (restricted to GI cancer). It now appears that the latter two proteins share with the Regan isoenzyme a wider distribution in tumors and also, with the introduction of ultra-sensitive methods for their detection, it is clear that more than minimal amounts of each may be shown to exist in noncancerous individuals. These individuals usually exhibit a variety of proliferative disorders such as in ulcerative colitis, liver cirrhosis, etc. In fact there is little doubt that in healthy individuals minimal amounts of embryonic proteins are being released continuously. Clearly, in proliferative and neoplastic conditions as compared to nonproliferative ones, one may postulate either an enhancement of activation or loss of control of expression of embryonic proteins. What is the nature of these controls? Do they operate at the transcriptional level, at the translational level, or as post-translational phenomena? Are they integrated into one or more compartments of the cell cycle? How is activation enhanced? The answers to these questions are less likely to come from studies on cancer' patients than from the investigation of populations of cancer cells under controlled conditions. To this end, we have chosen to study HeLa cells, which we had shown (in 1969) to produce Regan isoenzyme.; In view of the known heterogeneity of HeLa cells with respect to karyo-

Induction of metastasizing carcinoma in rats and their biological characteristics.

Abstract: Induction of a spontaneously metastasizing carcinoma in rats was attempted. Four-week-old Sprague-Dawley female rats were thymectomized or/and splenectomized and fed 200 mg (20 mg×10) of 3-methyicholanthrene from 7 weeks of age. In addition to these treatments, the early-appearing tumors were excised in order to select by isoimmunity the late-appearing ones that were less antigenic. The latter were easily transplanted into normal syngeneic female rats with metastasis to remote organs. This metastasizing capacity of the tumor became an inherent character in syngeneic normal rats from generation to generation of transplantation. With one of these tumors (MRMT-1) many cancer cells were histologically detected in circulating blood 3 days after tumor transplantation and arrested in capillary beds of lungs. The spontaneous metastasis to lymph nodes and lungs was macroscopically found within several weeks after tumor transplantation.

Antigens associated with chemically induced intestinal carcinomas of rats.

Abstract: Rabbits were immunized with extracts of primary or grafted intestinal adeno-carcinomas induced by carcinogenic drugs in inbred rats. After absorption with normal tissue extracts, the antisera were able to recognize three tumor-associated antigens. Two of them were glycoproteins, present in cancer cells but also, in trace amounts, in mucous cells of the normal digestive tract. The third antigen is not detectable in the normal digestive system, but present in normal spleen; on im-unofluorescence, it is not located in the cancer cells, but in polymorphonuclear cells infiltrating the tumor. None of the three antigens cross-reacts with human carcinoembryonic antigen, or human or rat alphafetoprotein. On the other hand, one of the glycoprotein antigens is immunologically related to the human blood group A substance.

Human prostatic tumors in conditioned animals and culture.

Abstract: A nude mouse colony has been established with a capacity of over 1000 mice. These mice have been injected with human prostatic tumors. A spleen injection method has been developed which enables us to follow the growth of tumor cells in the animal for short periods of time and to assess the effects of hormones on this growth. We have also studied the behavior of several animal cell lines in culture and in nude mice as possible models for a hormone-dependent human prostatic tumor. By using nude mice, we have been able to show that apparent "normal" revertants of cancer cells are actually antigenic variants which can be used to immunize animals against the original tumor cells. A melanoma cell line has been developed whose growth appears to be markedly enhanced by androgens. Rat ovarian cell lines have been developed whose growth and viability are hormone dependent in vivo and in vitro.

The Problem of Cancer Immunotherapy in Perspective

Abstract: The basic premises underlying cancer immunotherapy are (a) that cancer cells possess cancer-specific transplantation-like antigens, and (b) that their host is capable of mounting an immune response to these antigens that results in the rejection of the cancer cells as a homograft.

Biochemistry of Cancer Cells

Abstract: There is no doubt that cancer cells differ from their normal cell counterparts. What scientists want to identify is the biochemical change (or changes) that produces their altered properties and behavior. The problem is important because identification of such a change may mean that it can be prevented or reversed and malignancy cured. The solution, however, is also elusive, even though it has been the target of considerable scientific enterprise, much of which, during the last 5 years, has been directed at changes in cell membranes following transformation (the conversion of normal cells to cancer cells).

[Theoretical aspects of fighting cancer recurrence (author's transl)].

Abstract: The noticeable improvement in the supply of glucose and oxygen to surviving cancer cells located far from the capillary region (primarily very slowly proliferating or non-proliferating cancer cells) can be taken as the main reason for cancer recurrence in the wake of successful tumour treatment with destruction of a high percentage of cancer cells. On the basis of theoretical and experimental research work on substrate supply, cell kinetics and therapy mechanisms in the intercapillary region, therapeutic steps are formulated which act on cancer cells situated at a greater distance from the capillaries and, therefore, against the genesis of cancer recurrence as such.

Allogeneic inhibitory activity of regional lymph node cells in the mouse isografted with methylcholanthrene-induced tumor.

Abstract: In mouse bearing progressive cancer a decrease was present in the allogeneic inhibitory activity of T-lymphocytes, which constitutes the core of immunological surveillance system in mammalians. For tests, methylcholanthrene-induced tumor (MC-tumor) was isografted subcutaneously on the back between scapulae of C3H mice, and the lymphocytes were prepared from the regional axillary lymph nodes removed from these mice at 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks after grafting. These lymph nodes cells were cultured together with 40-fold numbers of allogeneic JTC-11 cells derived from Ehrlich cancer cells in a culture medium containing 2.0% (v/v) PHA for 24 or 48 hours. The proliferation rate of JTC-11 cells (increased numbers) at weekly interval was considered the allogeneic inhibitory activity of lymph node cells. As a result it was demonstrated that in the early stage after tumor transplantation, i.e., in the first or second week, regional lymph node cells showed a strong allogeneic inhibitory activity, as in the case with lymph-node cells from normal mice, but at progressive stage of cancer, i.e., the third or fourth week when tumors were larger, such activity was completely lost. It seems that mice with progressive cancer showed a decrease of allogeneic inhibitory activity, i.e., a disruption of homeostasis was present.

膵・胆道・十二指腸癌の細胞診

Abstract: The cytologic morphology was studied with the patients of pancreatic, duodenal and biliary cancer and the histopathologic bases of the cancer cells were analysed. Duodenal-drainage smears of the patients were found to contain two different types of cancer cells or cancer cell groups;One is characteristic with crowded cancer cell groups consisting of mutnal included cancer cell group, mucus producing cancer cells, less prominent nucleoli, and granular agglutinations of chromatins.These cancer cells are chiefly exfoliated from papillary cancer proliferating in the intraductal space of the pancreaticoduodenal biliary tracts.The other is an anaplastic cancer cell freely separated or a small cancer cell group showing loose cohesion.In most cases, enlarged nucleoli, increased chromatin contents and stiffened nuclear membrane were observed. Thesespecimens of anaplastic cancer cells were obtained from anaplastic tubular or medullar types of the cancer proliferating mainly into the surrounding tissues around the ducts.

Chapter 14. Antineoplastic Agents

Abstract: Publisher Summary Antineoplastic agents highlight the nature of the cancer cell. The alkylating agents or certain quinone derivatives have proved useful in cancer therapy. The structural modification of alkylating agents is based increasingly on the information concerning their metabolic activation. Thus, because the antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide is dependent on its enzymatic oxidation in the liver, a Fenton oxidation product, 4-peroxycyclophosphamide, was evaluated and found markedly active against H. Ep. #2 cells in vitro and leukemia L-1210 in vivo. Further , agents that interfere with the availability or cellular utilization of amino acids continue to hold interest in cancer chemotherapy. Human lymphoblastic leukemia cells in culture demonstrate an absolute requirement for L-cysteine, whereas normal human lymphoid cells in culture do not, “cysteine scavenging” was suggested as a possible selective anti-tumor approach. Therefore, α-methylenebutyrolactone derivative is potentially capable of combining with intra cellular or extra cellular cysteines were synthesized. Among cyclic nucleotides, 9- (β- D -arabinofuranosy1) guanine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate proved to be markedly cytotoxic to various tumor cell lines in vitro. Numerous new antibiotics with activity against various experimental tumors have been isolated. Among these are vermiculine, a nine-membered lactone, produced by P. vermiculatum , two antibiotics produced by P. stipitatum and an azamino acid found in cultures of S. candidus .