Showing papers on "Computer-assisted translation published in 1986"
Patent•
22 Aug 1986TL;DR: In this paper, a machine translation system for automatically translating Japanese into a target language was proposed, where the number of rules for the syntactic analysis are only the square of the number number of parts of speech.
Abstract: This invention relates to a machine translation system for automatically translating Japanese into a target language. Conventional translation systems have drawbacks such as low processing efficiency because of the necessity of cumbersome pre-editing process etc. In the machine translation system of the invention, the syntactic analysis which is a principal process in machine translation comprises the following steps: picking up an analysis rule corresponding to the combination of words from a part-of-speech matrix table that describes analysis rules corresponding to combinations of interlinked and interlinking words in order to recognize the presence of a syntactic link; successively stacking the words in which a syntactic link is recognized to be established as a partial analysis tree; and outputting an analysis tree corresponding to the original on the basis of the stacked partial analysis trees. Therefore, the number of rules for the syntactic analysis are only the square of the number of parts of speech. Unlike the prior art, therefore, there is no need of the pre-editing process, and Japanese in any style can be efficiently translated.
49 citations
25 Aug 1986
TL;DR: This paper presents a recent advance in multi-lingual knowledge-based machine translation (KBMT), which provides for separate syntactic and semantic knowledge sources that are integrated dynamically for parsing and generation.
Abstract: Building on the well-established premise that reliable machine translation requires a significant degree of text comprehension, this paper presents a recent advance in multi-lingual knowledge-based machine translation (KBMT). Unlike previous approaches, the current method provides for separate syntactic and semantic knowledge sources that are integrated dynamically for parsing and generation. Such a separation enables the system to have syntactic grammars, language specific but domain general, and semantic knowledge bases, domain specific but language general. Subsequently, grammars and domain knowledge are precompiled automatically in any desired combination to produce very efficient and very thorough real-time parsers. A pilot implementation of our KBMT architecture using functional grammars and entity-oriented semantics demonstrates the feasibility of the new approach.1
26 citations
Patent•
10 Feb 1986TL;DR: In machine translation from a first language text to a second language text such as an English text, if information necessary for the translation is not directly expressed or is not sufficiently hinted at in the first-language text, such information is requested by the translation machine to supplement the first language during inputting or pre-editing thereof as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In machine translation from a first language text such as a Japanese text to a second language text such as an English text, if information necessary for the translation is not directly expressed or is not sufficiently hinted at in the first language text, such information is requested by the translation machine to supplement the first language during inputting of the first language text or pre-editing thereof.
24 citations
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: The analysis phase in an indirect, transfer and global approach to machine translation is studied, which can be described as exhaustive, depth-first and strategically and heuristically driven, while the gran~nar used is an augmented context free grammar.
Abstract: The analysis phase in an indirect, transfer and global approach to machine translation is studied. The analysis conducted can be described as exhaustive (meaning with backtracking), depth-first and strategically and heuristically driven, while the gran~nar used is an augmented context free grammar. The problem areas, being pattern matching, ambiguities, forward propagation, checking for correctness and backtracking, are highlighted. Established results found in the literature are employed whenever adaptable, while suggestions are given otherwise.
16 citations
25 Aug 1986
TL;DR: A solution to one of the problems of machine translation, namely the translation of idioms is described within the theoretical framework of the Rosetta machine translation system.
Abstract: This paper discusses one of the problems of machine translation, namely the translation of idioms. The paper describes a solution to this problem within the theoretical framework of the Rosetta machine translation system.Rosetta is an experimental translation system which uses an intermediate language and translates between Dutch, English and, in the future, Spanish.
15 citations
NEC1
TL;DR: The current status of the VENUS translation system, and the basic idea for the system development are introduced.
14 citations
TL;DR: Some techniques of linguistic engineering for accomplishing translation are described, and it is suggested that the present barely satisfactory approach involving sentence-by-sentence translation will eventually be improved by incorporating the results of research on analyzing discourse.
14 citations
IBM1
TL;DR: This paper describes a prototype English-Japanese machine translation (MT) system developed at the Science Institute of IBM Japan, Ltd. that currently aims at the translation of IBM computer manuals based on a transfer approach.
Abstract: This paper describes a prototype English-Japanese machine translation (MT) system developed at the Science Institute of IBM Japan, Ltd. This MT system currently aims at the translation of IBM computer manuals. It is based on a transfer approach in which the transfer phase is divided into two sub-phases: English transformation and English-Japanese conversion. An outline of the system and a detailed description of the English-Japanese transfer method are presented.
10 citations
TL;DR: Both the ATLAS-I and ATLAS II translation mechanisms are explained and the system aims at high quality multilingual translation.
9 citations
TL;DR: In view of the current increasing interest in artificial intelligence, the importance of the work described by Simon and Newell cannot be overstated.
Abstract: Dartmouth project and would have learned of IPL-II there if not before. Herbert Stoyan (1956-1959) has In view of the current increasing interest in artificial intelligence, the importance of the work described by Simon and Newell cannot be overstated. They were participants in the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence in 1956 and almost certainly spoke of IPL-II and its ability to operate on lists, which Jean Sammet (1969) refers to as “one of the most significant events that has ever occurred in programming. ‘I John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nat Rochester, and Claude Shannon organized the Stoyan, Herbert. 1956-l 959. Ear/y LlSP History. University speculated on the effect of the Newell and Simon work
TL;DR: The implementation of a translator from the algorithm description language ALDES to Common LISP is described, which is the language of the SAC-2 computer algebra system.
Abstract: We describe the implementation of a translator from the algorithm description language ALDES to Common LISP. ALDES is the language of the SAC-2 computer algebra system. We indicate why this translation is beneficial. By giving examples we also show how the translation was made.
TL;DR: A survey of the current machine translation systems is given, which includes not only activities in Japan, but also abroad, especially European, US and Canadian activities, and various mechanisms of structural transformations in the transfer and generation processes are explained.
PARC1
TL;DR: It is entirely reasonable to suppose that, if large sums of money are spent on machine translations, it will be with the clear expectation that what is being purchased is principally development and engineering, and that the result will contribute substantially to the solution of some pressing problem.
Abstract: Large expenditures on fundamental scientific research are usually limited to the hard sciences. It is therefore entirely reasonable to suppose that, if large sums of money are spent on machine translations, it will be with the clear expectation that what is being purchased is principally development and engineering, and that the result will contribute substantially to the solution of some pressing problem. Anyone who accepts large (or small) sums on this understanding is either technically naive or dangerously cynical. It may certainly be that I. machine translation could provide a valuable framework for fundamental research; 2. texts in highly restricted subsets of natural language could be devised for particular puposes and texts in translated automatically; 3. computers have an important role to fill in making translations; 4. translations of extremely low quality may be ac-ceptible on occasions. However, 1. the fundamental research is so far from applicability , 2. the language subsets are so restricted, 3. the useful computer technologies are so different from machine translation, 4. the quality of the translations that can be produced of natural texts by automatic means is so low, and 5. the occasions on which those translations could be useful are so rare, that the use of the term in these cases can only result in confusion if not deception. A determined attempt was made to bring machine translation to the point of usability in the sixties. It has become fashionable to deride these as "first generation" systems and to refer to what is being done now as belonging to the second or third generation. It should surely be possible for those who think that the newer systems can succeed where the earlier ones failed, to point to problems that have been solved since the sixties that are so crucial as substantially to change our assessment of what can be achieved. We know a good deal more about programming techniques and have larger machines to work with; we have more elegant theories of syntax and what modern linguists are pleased to call semantics ; and there has been some exploratory work on anaphora. But, we still have little idea how to translate into a closely related language like French or German, English sentences containing such words as "he", "she", "it", "not", "and", and "of". Furthermore, such work as has been done on these problems has been studiously ignored by all those currently involved in …
TL;DR: The development of Japanse-to-English translation systems is described, and methodologies for evaluating translation results are discussed, with particular emphasis on techniques necessary for translation between Japanese and English.
25 Aug 1986
TL;DR: A parser is a key component of a machine translation (MT) system and if it fails in parsing an input sentence, the b~ system cannot output a complete translation.
Abstract: I. Introduction A parser is a key component of a machine translation (MT) system. If it fails in parsing an input sentence , the b~ system cannot output a complete translation. A parser of a practical MT system must solve many problems caused by the varieties of characteristics of natural languages. Some problems are caused by the incompleteness of grammatical rules and dictionary information, and some by the ambiguity of natural languages. Others are caused by various types of sentence constructions, such as itemization, insertion by parentheses and other typographical conventions that cannot be naturally captured by ordinary linguistic rules.
TL;DR: In evaluating any MAT or translator aid, the user needs to consider the overall process from speed to type of text to audience.
TL;DR: A minicomputer-based translation system (TRANSOFT) that employs word order rearrangement followed by word-for-word translation and resolution of ambiguities based on context was applied to an entire medical textbook written in German and to short medical texts written in French, Italian, Spanish and Turkish.
25 Aug 1986
TL;DR: T h e f o ] l o w i n e a r t i c l e p r e s e n t s a p r o t o t y p e for t h e m a c h : i n E t r a n s l a t i o n o f E n g l i s h i n t o F r e n c h .
Abstract: T h e f o ] l o w i n e a r t i c l e p r e s e n t s a p r o t o t y p e : for t h e m a c h : i n e t r a n s l a t i o n o f E n g l i s h i n t o F r e n c h . T h e s t u d y was c a r r i e d o u t o v e r a p e r i o d o f n i n e m o n t h s , f o l : l o w i n ? a s i x m o n t h s p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y , u n d e r c o n t r a c t w i t h t i l e B u r r o u g h s C o m p a n y a n d u s i n g a m i c r o c o m n u t e r o f t i l e B20 s e r i e s .