Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1969"

The Context of Organization Structures

Abstract: Aspects of organizational context that have been held to be relevant to organizational structure were examined. Seven primary concepts of organizational context, viz.: origin and history, ownership and control, size, charter, technology, location and dependence on other organizations, were analyzed and operationally defined scales constructed. These were used as independent variables in a multivariate' regression analysis to predict three underlying dimensions of organization structure previously established. The size of the correlations obtained on a sample of 46 organizations in the English Midlands (0.75 with structuring of activities using size and technology as predictors; 0.75 with concentration of authority using dependence and location as predictors; 0.57 with line control of workflow, using the operating variability scale of charter as a predictor) indicates that these aspects of context are salient for structure. The framework of contextual and structural variables is seen as making possible processual studies on a much more rigorous comparative basis than before.'

Risk, The Pricing of Capital Assets, and The Evaluation of Investment Portfolios

Abstract: THE MAIN PURPOSE of this study is to develop a model for evaluating the performance of portfolios of risky assets. The model begins from the Sharpe-Lintner theory of capital-asset prices, but allows explicitly for the effects of differential degrees of "risk" on the returns of portfolios-a problem which has never been satisfactorily solved. The Sharpe-Lintner results (originally detived in the context of a singleperiod model under the assumption of identical investor horizons) are extended to a multi-period world. In this model investors' horizons may be of different lengths and assets may be traded continuously. In addition, the Sharpe-Lintner ex ante model is extended to include ex post relationships. The resulting model expresses the expected returns on a security (or portfolio) as a function of its level of systematic risk, the risk-free return, and the actual realized returns (instead of the expected future return) on the "market portfolio" over any holding period. Given these results, a measure of portfolio "performance" (which measures only a manager's ability to forecast security prices) is defined as the difference between the actual returns on a portfolio in any particular holding period and the expected returns on that portfolio conditional on the riskless rate, its level of "systematic risk," and the actual returns on the market portfolio. Criteria for judging a portfolio's performance to be neutral, superior, or inferior are established. A measure of a portfolio's efficiency is also derived, and criteria for judging a portfolio to be efficient, superefficient, or inefficient are defined. It is also shown that it is strictly impossible to define a measure of efficiency solely in terms of ex post observable variables. In addition it is shown that there exists a natural relationship between the measure of portfolio performance and the measure of efficiency. The model is then applied to the evaluation of the portfolios of 115 open-end mutual funds in the period 1945-1964. The main results are:

Internal Colonialism and Ghetto Revolt

Abstract: The paper explores the thesis that white-Black relations in America are essentially those of colonizer and colonized. The concept of colonization as a process is distinguished from colonialism as a social system in order to isolate the common features in the experience and situation of Afro-Americans and the colonial peoples. Three contemporary social movements are analyzed in this light: urban riots, cultural nationalism, and ghetto control politics. Some dilemmas within these movements are considered in terms of the ambiguities that exist when colonization has taken place outside of a colonial political context. The essay concludes with a brief discussion of the white role in ghettoization and decolonization.

Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth

Abstract: Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) was an architect, engineer, geometrician, cartographer, philosopher, futurist, inventor of the famous geodesic dome, and one of the most brilliant thinkers of his time For more than five decades, he set forth his comprehensive perspective on the world's problems in numerous essays, which offer an illuminating insight into the intellectual universe of this renaissance man These texts remain surprisingly topical even today, decades after their initial publicationWhile Fuller wrote the works in the 1960's and 1970's, they could not be more timely: like desperately needed time-capsules of wisdom for the critical moment he foresaw, and in which we find ourselves Long out of print, they are now being published again, together with commentary by Jaime Snyder, the grandson of Buckminster Fuller Designed for a new generation of readers, Snyder prepared these editions with supplementary material providing background on the texts, factual updates, and interpretation of his visionary ideasInitially published in 1969, and one of Fuller's most popular works, Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth is a brilliant synthesis of his world view In this very accessible volume, Fuller investigates the great challenges facing humanity, and the principles for avoiding extinction and "exercising our option to make it" How will humanity survive? How does automation influence individualization? How can we utilize our resources more effectively to realize our potential to end poverty in this generation? He questions the concept of specialization, calls for a design revolution of innovation, and offers advice on how to guide "spaceship earth" toward a sustainable futureAnd it Came to Pass - Not to Stay brings together Buckminster Fuller's lyrical and philosophical best, including seven "essays" in a form he called his "ventilated prose," and as always addressing the current global crisis and his predictions for the future These essays, including "How Little I Know," "What I am Trying to Do," "Soft Revolution," and "Ethics," put the task of ushering in a new era of humanity in the context of "always starting with the universe" In rare form, Fuller elegantly weaves the personal, the playful, the simple, and the profound

Some Welfare Aspects of International Migration

Abstract: The welfare implications of factor flows between countries, unlike those of flows of goods, have received very little theoretical treatment to date. It is widely accepted that emigration of highly skilled people constitutes a loss to a country (Oteiza 1965, Perkins 1966) and fairly generally agreed that emigration of unskilled labor can improve the lot of the remaining populace.1 Yet these propositions are not self-evident. Grubel and Scott (1966b) have challenged these views, concluding that, in general, if each person is paid his marginal product, no loss accrues to the remaining population from emigration. Although arguing in the context of a "brain drain," they have analyzed only the effects of a marginal outflow of human capital. When the effects of nonmarginal migration (which the word "drain" suggests) are considered, their conclusions do not hold. (Neither, however, do those generally accepted propositions referred to in the previous paragraph.) Yet the concern over the "brain drain" reflects the fact that nonmarginal flows have been and still are by no means rare. This is true even for unskilled labor.2 The analysis here is carried out under the limiting assumption of classical markets (for both goods and factors) within a country, but (at least for

Political Theory as a Vocation

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to sketch some of the implications, prospective and retrospective, of the primacy of method in the present study of politics and to do it by way of a contrast, which is deliberately heightened, but hopefully not caricatured, between the vocation of the “methodist” and the vocation of the theorist. My discussion will be centered around the kinds of activity involved in the two vocations. During the course of the discussion various questions will be raised, primarily the following: What is the idea which underlies method and how does it compare with the older understanding of theory? What is involved in choosing one rather than the other as the way to political knowledge? What are the human or educational consequences of the choice, that is, what is demanded of the person who commits himself to one or the other? What is the typical stance towards the political world of the methodist and how does it compare to the theorist's?The discussion which follows will seek, first, to locate the idea of method in the context of the “behavioral revolution,” and, second, to examine the idea itself in terms of some historical and analytical considerations. Then, proceeding on the assumption that the idea of method, like all important intellectual choices, carries a price, the discussion will concentrate on some of the personal, educational, vocational, and political consequences of this particular choice. Finally, I shall attempt to relate the idea of the vocation of political theory to these same matters.

Evaluation of our thoughts on secondary plant substances

Abstract: The paper presents and evaluates modern concepts about the role of the secondary plant substances in the host selection of phytophagous insects. It deals with the following main topics: A. The role of nutrients in host selection. B. The concept of utilization in this context. C. The role of the secondary substances as attractants. D. The role of the secondary substances as repellents. The conclusion is reached that host selection is principally guided by the presence and/or absence of secondary substances, and that qualitatively and quantitatively nutrients can play only a very minor part, if one at all, in this context. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG BEWERTUNG UNSERER VORSTELLUNGEN UBER SEKUNDARE PFLANZENSTOFFE Die Arbeit bringt und beurteilt moderne Auffassungen uber die Rolle der sekundaren Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe bei der Wirtswahl phytophager Insekten. Sie enthalt die folgenden Hauptabschnitte: A. Die Rolle der Nahrstoffe bei der Wirtswahl. B. Die Auffassung der Ausnutzung in diesem Zusammenhang. C. Die Rolle der sekundaren Pflanzenstoffe als Attraktants. D. Die Rolle der sekundaren Pflanzenstoffe als Repellents. Es wird die Schlusfolgerung gezogen, das die Wirtspflanzenwahl grundsatzlich von der Gegenwart und/oder dem Fehlen sekundarer Pflanzenstoffe bestimmt wird, und Nahrstoffe, wenn uberhaupt, in diesem Zusammenhang, quantitativ und qualitativ nur eine sehr untergeordnete Rolle spielen konnen.

On the Redox Potentials of Ubiquinone and Cytochrome b in the Respiratory Chain

Abstract: The standard redox potential of ubiquinone in submitochondrial particles is measured by equilibration with the succinatelfumarate system to about 65 mV at pH 7, with the redox ratio, n = 2. The pH dependence is -60 mV/ApH. The lower value measured for bound ubiquinone is discussed in comparison with the value found for isolated ubiquinone (104 to 112 mV, pH 7) determined in ethanol-HC1. In parallel experiments the standard redox potential of cytochrome b was measured to 72.5mV at pH 7. The pH dependence is AE/A pH = 0 at pH 6.8. The relative position of ubiquinone and cytochrome b in the respiratory chain has been under controversy. One basis for understanding the position of the respiratory carriers is their redox potential. Until now the redox potential of isolated ubiquinone was measured in ethanol-1N HCl and extrapolated for pH = 7 [l]. The present study attempts to measure a redox potential of ubiquinone in a submitochondrial respiratory chain preparation utilizing equilibration of ubiquinone with an appropriate substrate couple such as succinate/fumarate. For comparison the redox potential of cytochrome 6 has also been followed by equilibration with the couple succinate/fumarate, a procedure which has been applied for this purpose in earlier studies [2,3]. New measurements of cytochrome b in the present context appear to be necessary since the values reported in the literature vary widely. The reason for these variations may not only reside in experimental inconsistencies, but also in the dependence of the redox potential of cytochrome b on the state of respiratory chain preparation. In this connection it is helpful that apparently both ubiquinone and cytochrome b can be equilibrated with succinate/fumarate, since their redox potentials turn out to be rather close. The present studies were performed on sonic particles from beef heart mitochondria, where it can be assumed that succinate dehydrogenase is accessible to succinate and fumarate without a membrane barrier, in contrast to the situation in intact mitochondria.

Small-Sample Properties of Several Two-Stage Regression Methods in the Context of Auto-Correlated Errors

Abstract: In a linear regression model, when errors are autocorrelated, several asymptotically efficient estimators of parameters have been suggested in the literature. In this paper we study their small sample efficiency using Monte Carlo methods. While none of these estimators turns out to be distinctly superior to the others over the entire range of parameters, there is a definite gain in efficiency to be had from using some two-stage procedure in the presence of moderate high levels of serial correlation in the residuals and very little loss from using such methods when the true ρ is small. Where computational costs are a consideration a mixed strategy of switching to a second stage only if the estimated is higher than some critical value is suggested and is shown to perform quite well over the whole parameter range.

Migration of iron and sulfur within anaerobic sediments during early diagenesis

Abstract: Three diagenetic models based on layered situations are presented to illustrate factors affecting migration of iron and sulfur in recent anaerobic sediments. Two important factors are sharp variation with depth of organic matter content, which is assumed to be the same in each model, and the original concentration of reactive (toward H 2 S) ferruginous material, which is varied between models. Juxtaposed artificial sediments of greatly differing organic matter content undergo quantitative changes in the laboratory predicted by the three models. The experiments also demonstrate quantitatively the general validity of the low iron-content model. The same reasoning applied to layer models can be recast in a three-dimensional context to describe changes in organic-poor sediment surrounding an organic-rich body.

Oscillator Strengths and Rotational Strengths in Hartree-Fock Theory

Abstract: The various expressions for oscillator strengths and rotational strengths are examined within the context of Hartree–Fock theory. They are shown to be inequivalent. The f‐sum rule, rotational sum rule, and the origin dependence of rotational strengths are also examined. It is shown that the time‐dependent Hartree–Fock theory removes the difficulties.

On the Motor Control of Coarticulation in CVC Monosyllables

Abstract: This study was an attempt to account for the motor control of speech production by a model in which discrete phoneme commands are modified according to phonological context by three motor system mechanisms. The model was evaluated by consideration of high‐speed cinelluorograms, and electromyograms from nine articulatory locations, recorded while one subject produced 36 consonant‐vowel consonant monosyllables. The syllables were formed by every possible combination of initial and final consonants /b/, /d/, and /g/, and the syllable nuclei /i/, /u/, /ae/, and /ɔ/. In every possible case, some aspect of the motor control of a later syllable component was influenced by the identity of the previous one. Except in a few cases, some aspect of the motor control of an earlier syllable component was influenced by the identity of the following one. These latter influences were of greater magnitude and complexity, and more reflected in movement, in the initial consonant than in the vowel. Some of the context effects on phonemes could be accounted for by the three motor system mechanisms but a number could not. The results suggested that syllabic factors are influential in the “premotor” command structure of speech, and, in particular, that the CV form is a relatively cohesive component of CVC syllables.

Physiology of the Kidney and Body Fluids.

Abstract: The second edition of Pitts' popular book on renal physiology continues to be the best presentation of the subject presently available. The author has made a substantial effort at adding recent material, particularly the contributions of micropuncture. Some of the chapter bibliographies have been doubled by inclusion of new material. The overall format of the book has been retained which, unfortunately, includes the chapters on renal function in disease and the uremic syndrome. These seem not to have been changed at all and therefore still include a number of highly questionable assertions. These include comments on renoprival hypertension in man, the mechanism of hypoalbuminuria in the nephrotic syndrome, the effects of hyperkalemia, and the types of artificial kidneys now in common use. Pitts' views on these, in a clinical context, are in considerable need of consultation. Nevertheless, we continue to enjoy and esteem this book and to present a

Explicit Solutions to Some Problems of Optimal Stopping

Abstract: Suppose we are allowed to view successively as many terms as we please of a sequence Xi, X2, * * * of independent random variables with common distribution F. We can decide to stop viewing at any time and if we decide to stop at time n, we receive the payoff (Xi + * * * + X, )/n. How should we choose a stopping rule in order to maximize the expected payoff? This problem was introduced [5] in the context of inducing an illusory bias by selectively stopping an ESP experiment. Based on their general theory of optimal stopping rules, Y. S. Chow and Herbert Robbins [9] succeeded in proving that an optimal rule exists when F is a two point distribution. They also proved the intuitively obvious but nontrivial fact that the unique minimal optimal rule is to stop at the first n at which Xi + * * * + X. _ O ,, where ,B, B2, . . . is a sequence of numbers, and gave a way to calculate 0. in principle. Aryeh Dvoretzky [14], and also H. Teicher and J. Wolfowitz [25] then proved that the same results hold for any F with finite second moment (the ,B's depend on F, of course). Dvoretzky also showed that if F has zero mean and unit variance then 0.32 0 is sampled continuously and stopping at time t gets the payoff W (t)/ (a + t). Dvoretzky pointed out that if a > 0 there exists an optimal stopping time. We show that there is a unique optimal stopping time and we find it explicitly: it is the first time r that W (r) = a (a + r)I (the same a as above). The expected payoff under the optimal rule is also given explicitly (Theorem 1). Except for the constant a, the parabolic form of the boundary determining r is easily guessed by using the invariance of W under a change of scale. a can then be determined by using the "principle of smooth fit," due to Herman Chernoff and others for various special problems and treated carefully and in some generality by B. I. Grigelionis and A. N. Shiryaev [18]. However, to prove the optimality of r rigorously we use a different approach, based on the fundamental Wald identity and on the work of Chow, Robbins, and Dvoretzky. The continuous time problem discussed above is basically similar to the familiar Wald sequential probability ratio problem where, again on heuristic considerations of homogeneity, the optimal stopping rule is given in terms of a pair of

Accessibility models and residential location

Abstract: Many residential location models have been developed within the context of long-range transportation planning programs and tend to explain housing consumer behavior largely in terms of minimizing the journey to work. This article questions the preeminence of accessibility in the residential location process and offers empirical evidence that neighborhood considerations are more important to residential locators than accessibility to place of work. It concludes with some recommendations for future modeling activity.

The symptom-context method. Quantitative studies of symptom formation in psychotherapy.

Abstract: REUD’S CLINICAL GROUNDWORK was that of a naturalist: the careful, repeated observation of phenomena. The main locus of F his observation was what the patient was saying as he allowed his thoughts to come freely to mind. Freud’s theory of symptom formation stands on this methodological foundation. Almost all the additions to knowledge of symptom formation have been built by the same method applied in the same way-a single observer of the patient’s flow of thoughts as he expresses them during psychotherapy. Recent contributions using that method have made

Factors of Symptom Distress: Doctor Ratings of Anxious Neurotic Outpatients

Abstract: IN A SERIES of related papers by Mattsson et al,1Williams et al,2and Lipman et al,3a Symptom Distress Check List (SCL), developed by Parloff, Frank, and their coworkers,4,5containing items covering the spectrum of common psychoneurotic complaints, was factor-analyzed, employing the self-ratings of more then 1,500 anxious-neurotic outpatients. These Factors were tested for their sensitivity in discriminating pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic influences within the context of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of meprobamate in which doctor medication attitudes were experimentally manipulated via role-playing techniques.6 Of the five stable and clinically meaningful factors extracted from the patients' selfratings, Somatization and Fear-Anxiety proved most sensitive to main drug effects, whereas the remaining three factors—General Neurotic Feelings, Cognitive-Performance Difficulty, and Depression—were more reliably influenced by the interaction of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic variable in the treatment context.

The Recursive Unsolvability of the Decision Problem for the Class of Definite Formulas

Abstract: A class of formulas of the first-order predicate calculus, the definite formulas has recently been proposed as the formal representation of the “reasonable” questions to put to a computer in the context of an actual data retrieval system, the Relational Data File of Levien and Maron. It is shown here that the decision problem for the class of definite formulas is recursively unsolvable. Hence there is no algorithm to decide whether a given formula is definite.

Tanganyika under German rule, 1905-1912

Abstract: Preface Terminology 1. The argument 2. The Maji Maji rebellion 3. The political context 4. Rechenberg and reconstruction 5. The European challenge 6. White man's country 7. The collapse of the local compromise 8. The age of improvement 9. The new dilemma Bibliography Index.

Adenoviruses: the nature of the virion and of controlling factors in productive or abortive infection and tumorigenesis.

Abstract: Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the various properties of the adenoviruses, such as the nature of virion and the controlling factors in the productive or abortive infection. The dissection of the virion and its component parts, summarized in this chapter, has provided essential markers for the exploration and correlation of these biological variables, the mapping of phage chromosomes, based on deletions in conditional lethal mutants, required the structural and functional identification of phage precursors and subunits, such that each identifiable moiety of the adenovirion will help in relating biological activity to structural and molecular properties of the viral genomes. For a full understanding of the biology of adenovirus infection, as of other virus-cell systems, it is important to recognize that uniformity and synchrony of response is a deliberately created experimental artifact resulting only from high multiplicity infection of competent cells. This type of response may be absent in natural infections, which does not occur under conditions of low multiplicity infection, and may be fundamentally irrelevant in adenoviral tumorigenesis and abortive infection. For the sake of simplicity, any infection with complete adenovirus particles not leading to production of infectious progeny will be defined as “abortive.” The term “complete” in this context, implies that the same virions can induce productive infection in some suitable indicator cell. Hence, these viruses can be characterized, operationally, as host dependent conditionally lethal, either the permissive host cell supplies some function needed for virus replication that the non permissive cell lacks, or the latter imposes a restriction not present in the permissive one. Both alternatives could, in a purely descriptive way, satisfy the need for working hypotheses to explain the various examples of abortive infection with adenoviruses.

The anatomy of judgement : an investigation into the processes of perception and reasoning.

Abstract: The author is concerned with the origin and development of judgment, the relation between inner and outer worlds, the selective and interpretative nature of perception and the role of context or total situation. The book is a reminder of the emotional basis of learning.

The influence of the reading context upon the suppression of nonsense codons.

Abstract: We have examined the response of phage T4 nonsense mutations located at various sites within the same cistron to different suppression agents. A wide range of suppression efficiency is found for both ochre (UAA) and amber (UAG) mutations under conditions where suppression provides a measurement of the amount of chain propagation past the mutated site. We have established a relationship between our measurement-the size of the phage yield-and the amount of rIIB product present in the infection. Our data suggest that the 1000-fold range of variations in yields observed in the rIIB cistron corresponds to a 30-fold range of variation in the level of rIIB product, i.e. in the relative frequency of chain propagation past the various nonsense codons included in our test. From the parallelism of response of any particular mutant to very different suppression mechanisms we conclude that the efficiency of suppression is site specific, that is to say, that the main factor determining the frequency of chain propagation at a nonsense codon by any type of suppression mechanism is the nucleotide sequence adjacent to the nonsense codon (reading context). We propose that the recognition of a natural termination signal involves a sequence longer than a nonsense codon and that nonsense codons outside of their natural environment induce variable termination rates which are reflected in the suppression potential.

Cherokee School Society and the Intercultural Classroom

Abstract: Indian education is one of those phrases whose meaning is not the sum of its component words. Notoriously, "education" is an ambiguous word used to justify, idealize, or to criticize a variety of relationships. In the context where the pupils are members of a lower caste or ethnically subordinated group, education has come to denominate a unidirectional process by which missionaries - or others impelled by motives of duty, reform, charity, and self-sacrifice - attempt to uplift and civilize the disadvantaged and barbarian. Education then is a process imposed upon a target population in order to shape and stamp them into becoming dutiful citizens, responsible employees, or good Christians.

The use of multivariate techniques in the study of skeletal populations.

Abstract: A major problem in taxonomic or evolutionary studies (micro or macro) of populations through their skeletal remains is what to do about single specimens, or samples of half a dozen, or fragments of skeletons. Multivariate analysis makes possible finer distinctions of all sorts than does univariate analysis, including sex and population assignment, allowing such placement objectively when adequate samples of identified populations are available to form the multivariate context. The history and essential nature of multivariate analysis is described briefly, and examples of its application to single specimens (the Fish Hoek and Keilor skulls) are given.

Genetics of symbiosis and nitrogen fixation in legumes

Abstract: Soon after the isolation of nodule bacteria in 1888, differences were recognized in the ability of bacterial strains to form nodules on particular host plants and in the nitrogen-fixing ability of the nodules so formed. These and other symbiotic heterogeneities were attributed, sometimes correctly, to bacterial strain differences, not then thought to be open to formal genetic analysis. The realization that the host plant was an essential component of this variability came only gradually, stimulated by observations of host varietal differences and by the demand for reliable and homogeneous material for experimental work. Only within the last two decades has host variability been studied by plant breeding, and bacterial strain differences by some of the methods of microbial genetics. This review, except for a brief reference to earlier work of some historic interest, will consider only genetic problems open to investigation by these methods. The developmental sequence in all legume nodules is broadly similar. The initial infection phases are followed by the induction of the nodule, the invasion of part of the nodular tissue and culminate in bacteroid formation and nitrogen fixation; the genetics of symbiosis will be considered in this context.

A general theory of relative regular neighborhoods

Abstract: Regular neighborhoods of polyhedra in manifolds have been discussed in many papers, most notably, in the present context, in [W], [H-Z], [H] and [S]. We study regular neighborhoods of X mod Y in Z where (Z, X, Y) is an arbitrary triad of finite dimensional, locally compact polyhedra. When applied to manifolds our theory generalizes previous results in that we make no compactness assumptions and place no restrictions on the polyhedra X and Y to be considered. The paper is organized as follows: 1. Definitions and notation 2. Simplicial preliminaries 3. The uniqueness theorem 4. The characterization of collared subpolyhedra 5. Cone-retracting and collaring regular neighborhoods 6. The stellar neighborhood theorem 7. Relationships between regular neighborhoods 8. Collapsibility and collapsible retractions 9. Regular neighborhoods via collapsibility. V is defined to be a regular neighborhood of X mod Y in Z if there exists a full triangulation (J, K, L; h) of (Z, X, Y) in which V underlies a relative first derived neighborhood, V=hN(K-L, J'). Thus, on the one hand, a given regular neighborhood can be presented in an explicit manner with a fixed triangulation. On the other hand, regular neighborhoods are piecewise linear rather than simplicial objects ("there exists a triangulation") and there are uncountably many regular neighborhoods of X mod Y in Z implicit in the choice of triangulating complex and triangulating homeomorphism. We develop the theory by first exploiting the seeming concreteness (??2-5) and then developing the implicit generality (??6-9). After presenting the basic simplicial data we turn immediately to the uniqueness theorem (3.1). (Existence is automatic.) This asserts that, given two regular neighborhoods of X mod Y in Z, there is an ambient piecewise linear isotopy taking one onto the other and keeping X u Y fixed. The proof is quite direct and carries a great deal of extra information. For example (3.4) if Z is an n-manifold the isotopy can be realized by a sequence of 2n "moves relative to X u Y."

Emphasis and meaning in recall in normal and autistic children.

Abstract: An experiment was designed to investigate the effects of some aspects of phonological and syntactic structure of verbal material on recall in normal and autistic children. It was found that autistic children were impaired in their appreciation of syntactic structure but not of phonological structure. It was also found that there are developmental changes in the influence of these variables. With increasing cognitive development meaningful grammatical context gains in importance whereas the dependence on emphasis decreases.

An augmented state transition network analysis procedure

Abstract: A syntactic analysis procedure is described which obtains directly the deep structure information associated with an input sentence. The implementation utilizes a state transition network characterizing those linguistic facts representable in a context free form, and a number of techniques to code and derive additional logic information and to permit the compression of the network size, thereby allowing more efficient operation of the system. By recognizing identical constituent predictions stemming from two different analysis paths, the system determines the structure of this constituent only once. When two alternative paths through the state transition network converge to a single state at some point In the analysis, subsequent analyses are carried out only once despite the earlier ambiguity. Use of flags to carry feature concordance and previous context information allows merging of a number of almost identical paths through the network.