Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1984"

Econometric Models for Count Data with an Application to the Patents-R&D Relationship

Abstract: This paper focuses on developing and adapting statistical models of counts (nonnegative integers) in the context of panel data and using them to analyze the relationship between patents and R & D expenditures. Since a variety of other economic data come in the form of repeated counts of some individual actions or events, the methodology should have wide applications. The statistical models we develop are applications and generalizations of the Poisson distribution. Two important issues are (i) Given the panel nature of our data, how can we allow for separate persistent individual (fixed or random) effects? (ii) How does one introduce the equivalent of disturbances-in-the-equation into the analysis of Poisson and other discrete probability functions? The first problem is solved by conditioning on the total sum of outcomes over the observed years, while the second problem is solved by introducing an additional source of randomness, allowing the Poisson parameter to be itself randomly distributed, and compounding the two distributions. Lastly, we develop a test statistic for the presence of serial correlation when fixed effects estimators are used in nonlinear conditional models.

Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach

Abstract: Preface to the second edition. Introduction. 1. Knowledge in context 2. Theory, observation and practical adequacy 3. Theory and method I: abstraction, structure and cause 4. Theory and method II: types of system and their implications 5. Some influential misadventures in the philosophy of science 6. Quantitative methods in social science 7. Verification and falsification 8. Popper's 'falsificationism' 9. Problems of explanation and the aims of social science. Notes and references. Bibliography. Index

Groups in context: A model of task group effectiveness.

Abstract: Deborah L. Gladstein This study tests a comprehensive model of group effectiveness with 100 sales teams in the communications industry. Results indicate that traditional theories of group effectiveness match the implicit theories of team members. These theories account for 90 percent of the variance in team satisfaction and self-reported effectiveness but none of the variance in the teams' sales performance. The findings suggest that theories of group effectiveness need to be revised to include the way in which teams manage interactions across their boundary and the impact of the organizational context.

The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program: Historical Context, Major Objectives, and Study Population Characteristics

Abstract: The National Institute of Mental Health multisite Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program is described in the context of four previous psychiatric epidemiologic surveys that included a combined total of 4,000 subjects from Stirling County, the Baltimore Morbidity Study, Midtown Manhattan, and the New Haven third-wave survey. The ECA program is distinguished by its sample size of at least 3,500 subjects per site (about 20,000 total); the focus on Diagnostic Interview Schedule--defined DSM-III mental disorders; the one-year reinterview-based longitudinal design to obtain incidence and service use data; the linkage of epidemiologic and health service use data; and the replication of design and method in multiple sites. Demographic characteristics of community and sample populations are provided for New Haven, Conn, Baltimore, and St Louis.

The Hawthorne effect: A reconsideration of the methodological artifact.

Abstract: Reviews the literature on the Hawthorne effect (HE) which originated out of the studies at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company. This effect is generally defined as the problem in field experiments that Ss' knowledge that they are in an experiment modifies their behavior from what it would have been without the knowledge. An examination of the Hawthorne studies conducted 50 yrs ago does not reveal this “effect” probably because there were so many uncontrolled variables. HE is inconsistently described in contemporary psychology textbooks, and there is lack of agreement on how the effect is mediated. Controls for the HE in current field research (mostly in education) took several forms, each designed for different purposes. In 13 studies designed to produce HEs, only 4 using adult Ss were successful. It is suggested that most persons in any clearly identified situation define the context for their behavior and respond accordingly; the necessity to ascertain Ss' view of the experiment requires different procedures than those typically used to control for HEs in the past. It is concluded that better articulation of how to adapt postexperimental questioning procedures to a diversity of experimental settings is needed. (68 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

Structural evolution of extensional basin margins

Abstract: A new model for the structural development of extensional basins is outlined. The model suggests a close similarity in geometry between faults in high extension basins such as the North Sea and those in contractional zones. The geometric analogues are discussed and where necessary new terms are introduced to describe the structural style in the context of basin formation. Parallels are noted between contractional and extensional systems in deep crustal control on ramp and flat deformation zones which are now being interpreted from deep reflection work, e.g. MOIST and COCORP. The model is based on interpretation of industry seismic records particularly in the North Sea, and on field analogues of extensional faulting in the Basin and Range province of Nevada.

Market Power and Transferable Property Rights

Abstract: The appeal of using markets as a means of allocating scarce resources stems in large part from the assumption that a market will approximate the competitive ideal. When competition is not a foregone conclusion, the question naturally arises as to how a firm might manipulate the market to its own advantage. This paper analyzes the issue of market power in the context of markets for transferable property rights. First, a model is developed that explains how a single firm with market power might exercise its influence. This is followed by an examination of the model in the context of a particular policy problem--the control of particulate sulfates in the Los Angeles region.

Extranodal malignant lymphoma arising from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.

Abstract: Four cases of extranodal malignant lymphoma, one each arising in the stomach, salivary gland, lung, and thyroid, are described. These cases have many clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features in common, and it is proposed that this is because they share a common pattern of histogenesis from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Clinical features of MALT-derived lymphomas include a tendency to remain localized for prolonged periods, and, thus, to be responsive to locally directed therapy. Histologically, this group of tumors is characterized by a noninvasive lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate within which foci of follicle center cells (FCC) can be seen invading epithelial structures, forming lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate lesions. Immunohistochemistry reveals monotypic cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (CIg) in the plasma cells serving to highlight the CIg-negative lymphoepithelial lesions. The clinical and histopathologic features of these lymphomas can be understood in the context of the behavioral characteristics and morphology of MALT.

Market Segmentation, Self-Selection, and Product Line Design

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to develop a theory of market segmentation based on consumer self-selection. The extant theory is based on the third-degree price discrimination model of Pigou, central assumptions of which are that the firm can directly address individual segments and isolate them. By using consumer self-selection, I am relaxing these assumptions. In the context of a monopolist designing a product line, I show that this relaxation has significant implications for how the products and prices are chosen and what they look like. In particular, segments may be aggregated even though there are no economies of scale. Furthermore, consumer self-selection enables us to model “cannibalization” and competition among firms.

Geometric structures for three-dimensional shape representation

Abstract: Different geometric structures are investigated in the context of discrete surface representation. It is shown that minimal representations (i.e., polyhedra) can be provided by a surface-based method using nearest neighbors structures or by a volume-based method using the Delaunay triangulation. Both approaches are compared with respect to various criteria, such as space requirements, computation time, constraints on the distribution of the points, facilities for further calculations, and agreement with the actual shape of the object.

Genetic Revolutions, Founder Effects, and Speciation

Abstract: Are new species formed in rare catastrophes, distinct from the normal processes of phyletic evolution? Or does reproductive isolation evolve gradually, as a by-product of the divergence of gene pools? Mayr (120-124) has argued the former, holding that speciation usually results from genetic revolutions triggered by founder effects: An isolated population, small in numbers and in geographic extent, colonizes a new area. Both changes in selection pressures and genetic drift result in the rapid shift of many genes to a new, coadapted combination, which is reproductively isolated from the ancestral population. Carson (27, 29, 3 1) and Templeton (I175-180), among others, have put forward similar models. This cluster of theories is woven from many strands; we will try to tease these apart in order to find out precisely which processes may be involved in speciation by founder effect. By placing them in the context of other models, we will argue that, although founder effects may cause speciation under sufficiently stringent conditions, they are only one extreme of a continuous range of possibilities. Complete geographic isolation is unnecessary; absolute coadaptation between "closed" systems of alleles is unlikely; and divergence may be driven in a variety of ways, without the need for drastic external changes. Reproductive isolation is most likely to be built up gradually, in a

A Spectral Representation for Max-stable Processes

Abstract: The elements of an arbitrary max-stable sequence are exhibited as functionals of a 2-dimensional Poisson point process. The result is extended to a continuous time max-stable process that is continuous in probability. We define an analogue of a stochastic integral appropriate for this context.

Pre- and postlexical loci of contextual effects on word recognition

Abstract: The context in which a word occurs could influence either the actual decoding of the word or a postrecognition judgment of the relatedness of word and context. In this research, we investigated the loci of contextual effects that occur in lexical priming, when prime and target words are related along different dimensions. Both lexical decision and naming tasks were used because previous research had suggested that they are differentially sensitive to postlexical processing. Semantic and associative priming occurred with both tasks. Other facilitative contextual effects, due to syntactic relations between words, backward associations, or changes in the proportion of related items, occurred only with the lexical decision task. The results indicate that only associative and semantic priming facilitate the decoding of a target; the other effects are postlexical. The results are related to the different demands of the naming and lexical decision tasks, and to current models of word recognition.

The limiting pressure on a circular pile loaded laterally in cohesive soil

Abstract: In the analysis of the undrained loading of laterally loaded piles an important quantity is the ultimate lateral resistance at depth to purely horizontal movement. If the soil is modelled as a perfectly plastic cohesive material then the calculation of this quantity reduces to a plane strain problem in plasticity theory, in which the load is calculated on a long cylinder which moves laterally through an infinite medium. An exact calculation of the load on such a cylinder is presented. If this load is non-dimensionalized with respect to the soil strength and the diameter of the pile, it is found that the load factor varies between for a perfectly smooth pile and for a perfectly rough pile. This result is discussed in the context of previous calculations for the lateral load capacity of piles and is compared with approximate calculations using cavity expansion theory and a wedge failure near the soil surface. La resistance laterale limite en profondeur au seul mouvement horizontal represente un parametre im...

Stagnation, income distribution and monopoly power

Abstract: The deceleration in the rate of industrial growth in the Indian economy since the middlesixties, initially interpreted by some as a temporary downward deviation from trend, hasnow come to be generally accepted as reflecting long-run tendencies towards stagnation.Several explanations for these tendencies have been offered. Bhagwati and Desai (1970)and Bhagwati and Srinivasan (1975) have focused on inefficiencies and the misallocationof resources arising from industrial policies pursued by the government. Others,Chakravarty (1974), Raj (1976) and Vaidyanathan (1974) among them, have emphasisedthe sluggishness of agricultural growth which is alleged to have retarded industrial growthby limiting markets and the supply of wage goods and raw materials. A third view, reflectedin Srinivasan and Narayana (1977) for example, has put the blame on a slackening of invest-ment demand due to lower public investment, but does not explain why public investmentfell, or why its fall restrained industrial growth. Finally, there is the explanation, put forthin Bagchi (1970, 1975, 1982), in Nayyar (1978) and in parts of Mitra (1977), that inequali-ties in income distribution have resulted in a limited demand for industrial goods, reducedincentives for investment, and therefore reduced growth. This view seems to suggest apositive relation between growth and income equality which is opposed to the generallyaccepted idea, derived from Cambridge growth models, that higher growth requires greaterinequality.The purpose of this paper is to examine the last explanation by considering the inter-action between growth and income distribution in an underdeveloped economy with thehelp of a simple macroeconomic model. The model is a stylisation of the Indian economy,so that we will be able to use the model to assess the argument that a deceleration in therate of growth of the Indian industrial economy could have been caused by an unequaldistribution of income. The argument will not be made that this income distributional con-straint is the binding constraint on industrial growth: the model will merely examine theinternal consistency of the argument that a bad income distribution could explain stagnation(in the sense of reduced growth), and show that in the Indian context, as in other similarcontexts, this argument can be put forward in explaining 'stagnation'.Our argument is first presented with a highly simplified schematisation of the Indianeconomy, which we shall call the basic model. The economy modelled produces only one

Heuristic and analytic processes in reasoning

Abstract: A general two-stage theory of human inference is proposed. A distinction is drawn between heuristic processes which select items of task information as ‘relevant’, and analytic processes which operate on the selected items to generate inferences or judgements. These two stages are illustrated in a selective review of work on both deductive and statistical reasoning. Factors identified as contributing to heuristic selection include perceptual salience, linguistic suppositions and semantic associations. Analytic processes are considered to be context dependent: people reason from experience, not from inference rules. The paper includes discussion of the theory in comparison with other contemporary theories of human inference, and in relation to the current debate about human rationality.

The Sociology of Conversion

Abstract: This essay reviews recent research on religious conversion, particularly within the context of "new" religious movements. It addresses three fundamental issues pertinent to the study of conversion: first, the conceptualization and nature of conversion; second, the analytic status of converts' accounts; and third, the causes of conversion. The chapter concludes with a proposed agenda for subsequent research on conversion and related topics.

Point mutations close to the AUG initiator codon affect the efficiency of translation of rat preproinsulin in vivo

Abstract: To determine whether sequence context influences the ability of an AUG triplet to be recognized as an initiator codon by eukaryotic ribosomes, single nucleotide changes were introduced near the translational start site in a cloned preproinsulin gene Maximum synthesis of preproinsulin occurred when a purine, preferably adenosine, was located three nucleotides upstream from the initiator codon Adenosine is found most frequently in that position in natural mRNAs

Nonanalytic Cognition: Memory, Perception, and Concept Learning

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents evidence that challenges major points in the usual, divergent treatment of perception, categorization, and episodic memory. Perceptual and categorical processing cannot be assumed to depend on high-level units that change only over many trials and that are relatively independent of context. The effect of attentive processing need not be the systematically discarded information about surface characteristics; many perceptual and conceptual judgments depend upon nominally irrelevant information about a source and format. Both generalizing and explicitly episodic memory tasks can be accomplished in several ways. The analytic extreme, emphasized in a usual cognitive framework, depends solely on relevant information. A nonanalytic procedure depends on tightly integrated combinations of relevant and irrelevant information. Perceptual identification and conceptual judgments are no less variable or context dependent than explicit memory for episodes. The chapter discusses the effects on perception and categorization of manipulations that have traditionally been employed in investigations of explicit episodic memory tasks.

Bootstrapping a Regression Equation: Some Empirical Results

Abstract: The bootstrap, like the jackknife, is a technique for estimating standard errors. The idea is to use Monte Carlo simulation based on a nonparametric estimate of the underlying error distribution. The main object of this article is to present the bootstrap in the context of an econometric equation describing the demand for energy by industry. As it turns out, the conventional asymptotic formulas for estimating standard errors are too optimistic by factors of nearly three, when applied to a particular finite-sample problem. In a simpler context, this finding can be given a mathematical proof.

The State and Political Theory

Abstract: Martin Carnoy clarifies the important contemporary debate on the social role of an increasingly complex State. He analyzes the most recent recasting of Marxist political theories in continental Europe, the Third World, and the United States; sets the new theories in a context of past thinking about the State; and argues for the existence of a major shift in Marxist views.Originally published in 1984.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Learning Vocabulary Through Reading

Abstract: This study examined the hypothesis that new vocabulary knowledge can be acquired through incidental learning of word meanings from context. Fifth graders of two reading abilities read passages containing unfamiliar words. Students were randomly assigned to different numbers of context presentations: 0, 2, 6, or 10 passages read over several days. Half of the unfamiliar words were informally taught before their appearance in the passages. Word meanings were learned from context, and more frequent presentation in context increased learning. Also, better readers profited more from context than did less skilled readers, and prior exposure (informal teaching) resulted in greater learning. Vocabulary effects were also observed on a measure of reading comprehension. Whether incidental learning accounts for vocabulary growth is discussed.

Mental map in wild chimpanzees: An analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking

Abstract: The mental map of wild chimpanzees is analyzed in the context of their transports of clubs and stones used for cracking two species of nuts of different hardness,Coula edulis andPanda oleosa, in the Tai National Park (Ivory Coast). For the harderPanda nuts, they transport the harder hammers, i.e., almost exclusively stones, hammers of greater weight, and the transports are longer than forCoula nuts. The analysis made for the transports forPanda nuts shows that they seem to remember the location of stones and to choose the stones so as to keep the transport distance minimal. The chimpanzees seem to possess an Euclidian space, which allows them to somehow measure and remember distances; to compare several such distances so as to choose the stone with the shortest distance to a goal tree; to correctly locate a new stone location with reference to different trees; and to change their reference point so as to measure the distance to eachPanda tree from any stone location. They also combine the weight and the distance. The wild chimpanzees of the Tai National Park seem to possess concrete operation abilities in spatial representation.

Judgement of act-outcome contingency: The role of selective attribution

Abstract: In the first experiment subjects were presented with a number of sets of trials on each of which they could perform a particular action and observe the occurrence of an outcome in the context of a ...

The Emotional Impact of End-Stage Renal Disease: Importance of Patients' Perceptions of Intrusiveness and Control

Abstract: The emotional impact of the intrusiveness of illness and patients' reduced control over several aspects of life were examined in the context of end-stage renal disease. A sample of thirty-five hemo...