Showing papers on "Dominance (ethology) published in 1968"

The Employment of Wives, Dominance, and Fertility

Abstract: Using survey data collected in predominantly lowerand middle-income neighborhoods of San Juan, Puerto Rico, the author tests three propositions. (1) Participation in the labor force is associated with increased influence by the wife in family decision-making, particularly with respect to having additional children. (2) This increased influence in decision-making is associated with lower fertility among working women. (3) The negative relationship between laborforce status and fertility is stronger among wife-dominant and egalitarian families than among husband-dominant couples. Empirical support is present for each proposition.

An experimental approach to the problem of latent aphasia: right and left "non-aphasic" brain-damaged patients compared

Abstract: Summary Twenty-two patients with lesions in the left (dominant) hemisphere but without clinical evidence of aphasia were submitted to sensitive tests, designed to detect “latent” language defects on the expressive and the receptive side, and chosen keeping in mind the possibility of easy application at the patient's bedside. The performance of these patients was compared to that of right brain-damaged patients and to that of controls of comparable age and education. Three tests were applied: 1) the Token Test, a test designed to detect slight receptive disturbances, 2) a Word Production Test, 3) an Object Naming Test involving relatively uncommon names. On the Token Test there was a significant difference between left brain-damaged patients and the other groups. On the Word Production Test there was no difference between left and right brain-damaged patients, but the two groups performed significantly worse than the controls. There was no significant difference between the three groups on the Object Naming Test. From these results it could be inferred that our group of left hemisphere-damaged patients were significantly impaired on the receptive side, while retaining normal expression. But for several reasons—including clinical experience which tends to demonstrate that with the lesions in the left hemisphere which give aphasia, expression is nearly always more impaired than comprehension—we tend to assume that the demonstrated difference between comprehension and expression simply reflects the degree of sensitivity of the tests used in this research. It is suggested that expressive tests could have a sensitivity comparable to the Token Test if they took into account the qualitative alterations of expression which remain somehow obscured and unnoticed when the only basis for grading is a purely quantitative score.

Dominance behavior in socially isolated rats

Abstract: Male rats, socially isolated from 14–90 days of age, were found to be dominant over socially raised littermates when competing for food. The effect was attributed to the development of a response hierarchy during isolation which favored winning in the particular competition situation used in the present study.

The Dominance-Submission Hierarchy in the Social Behavior of the Domestic Chicken

Abstract: (1968). The Dominance-Submission Hierarchy in the Social Behavior of the Domestic Chicken. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 112, No. 2, pp. 205-226.

Social dominance and motivational variables in rats

Abstract: White rats’ social dominance patterns were observed in a straight runway dominance apparatus. The results indicate that the dominance pattern is stable only if other conditions are equal. If the motivational level is unequal, the rat with the higher level of motivation dominates in the situation.

Dominance in monkeys: Sex differences

Abstract: Eight female rhesus monkeys were paired under laboratory conditions for the purpose of dominance determinations. Data from a previous identical study with males were compared with the data obtained here. Males showed a significantly higher incidence of vocalization, fighting and avoidance. Dominance in males seems to depend primarily on the aggressive initiative of the dominant animal. In females, dominance appears to be determined primarily by the initiative of the subdominant animal in avoiding the dominant one.

Sphere dominance, role orientation, and diagnosis.

Abstract: It was proposed that the psychiatric diagnosis assigned to a patient is related to particular life styles as inferred from specific symptom constellations. 2 aspects of life style as expressed in symptomatology were investigated: sphere dominance, that is, preferred mode of expression in thought, action, or affect; and role orientation, that is, predominant attitude toward self and others, such as \"turning against the self,\" \"turning against others,\" and \"avoidance of others.\" Results based on 521 Ss indicate that sphere dominance and role orientation in combination predict assigned diagnosis to a substantial degree. These findings suggest that various aspects of psychopathology may be investigated more fruitfully in terms of style variables than in terms of traditional diagnoses.

Dominance‐Submissiveness and Competition in a Mixed‐Motive Game*

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted, in which female subjects with either low scores (22–33) or high scores (42–51) on the MMPI Dominance scale were playing a mixed-motive game against a simulated partner. Prior to the experiment, subjects met in pairs consisting of two high or two low scorers, or of one high and one low scorer, and were led to believe that they were paired with one another in the game. Actually, the preprogrammed ‘other player’ used an identical strategy against all subjects, initially simulating a vacillation between cooperation and competition, and then switching to a high degree of competitiveness. During the last-mentioned part of the experiment, dominant subjects responded somewhat more competitively to the simulated partner than did submissive subjects. Secondly, in both experiments, subjects with low dominance scores who met with a similar person prior to the game were subsequently less competitive than subjects in other pairs.

Sex and dominance behavior in the rat

Abstract: Twenty male rats competed against 20 females under survival motivation. In each pair (male vs female) the competitor that forced its opponent back to escape from the underwater tube was considered to be the dominant one of the pair. Nine males and 10 females were dominant, indicating that in the survival competition the males and females do not differ significantly in dominance behavior. The results are in accord with those of Warren & Maroney (1958) who reported that dominance behavior of the rhesus monkey is not related to sex.

Social Relationships and Aggression in Rhesus Monkeys

Abstract: LABORATORY and field investigations have indicated that many primates, particularly macaques and baboons, regulate their feeding, sexual and other social interactions in accord with predetermined dominance relationships. These have been found to be quickly formed,1quite stable,2and, with few exceptions,3highly resistant to reversal.4,5Kawai6,7attempted to resolve observed differences between dyadic and group dominance by positing two forms: basic rank, determined by "physiological factors such as weight, physical strength, etc," and dependent rank, dependent on kinship and other relationships to nearby conspecifics. For example, Maslow8noted that a previously submissive female rhesus viciously attacked a dominant male when a third animal was present, only to revert to submissiveness when her ally was removed. Our own experiments were undertaken to investigate further the influence of relative familiarity and gender in the formation of group alliances and subsequently altered dominance interactions. Experiment 1 Subjects.—These were 11

A measure of interpersonal dominance

Abstract: Adolescent males, both delinquent and nondeliquent, were used in the development of a task in which two Ss first make separate decisions, then a joint decision regarding a number of paired photos of girls' faces. The task was developed in order to facilitate and encourage controlled experimentation in the study of interpersonal dominance.

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Cerebral Dominance and Intelligence.

Abstract: A battery of tasks designed to measure both the direction and the degree of cerebral dominance was assembled. Care was taken to insure that items were included which tested not only preference, but also control and function laterality: in addition, tasks measured not simply handedness, but also laterality of foot, eye, and ear. A scoring system was devised which appropriately weighted the tasks and assigned a differential score termed the Index of Cerebral Dominance. The ICD, along with the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale, was adminis­ tered to 100 subjects, arranged into 5 groups of 20 subjects each. Groups included (1) individuals with superior intelligence, with no brain damage; (2) individuals with average intelligence, with no brain damage; (3) individuals with retarded intelligence, with no brain damage; (4) individuals with average intelligence, with brain damage; (5) individuals with retarded intelligence, with brain damage. The presence or absence of brain damage was determined after surveying results of psychological and neurological examinations. Results indicated a correlation of .81 between intelligence scores and ICD scores, for subjects with no brain damage. The corre­ lation was .43 for individuals with brain damage. Both of these correlations were significant, as was the difference between the correlations. These results were interpreted as support for the hypotheses that there is a significant relationship between cerebral dominance and intelligence, and that such a relationship is more

Social dominance and learning in the domestic chicken

Abstract: It has been suggested that rank on the social dominance order is related to “intelligence” or the ability to learn of the domestic chicken. When dominance is assessed by pair comparison procedures and learning is measured by performance in a 3 cul-maze in Rhode Island Reds raised either communally or in social isolation for any of three durations (15, 30, or 81 days), dominance rank is unrelated to learning ability.

The Deep Quandary in Billy Budd

Abstract: T WO recent critics of Herman Melville's Billy Budd have come to conclusions infinitely removed from each other. John Bernstein finds the story to be "a call to rebellion, not only philosophical rebellion but violent revolution if necessary," for "the authority represented by men like Vere and Nelson ... can only be effectively opposed by active rebellion." On the other hand, Edward H. Rosenberry, in his declared "attempt to end the war" over Billy Budd,2 vigorously seeks to establish Melville's book as a case for the dominance of established law over individual choice. He contends that "the

Conditioned fighting and dominance in pigeons

Abstract: Dominance was observed in a loft of eight racing homer pigeons, four cocks and four hens. The cock and the hen lowest in dominance as defined by frequency of displacements were conditioned to peck another pigeon in a pigeon chamber. The birds were returned to the loft and dominance was again recorded. No change in the dominance was observed as a function of the conditioning. This result is compared to previous reports of generalization of conditioned fighting.

Ear dominance in preschool children.

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate ear dominance of preschool children with special attention co its occurrence in conjunction with other aspects of dominance. Thirty-seven children were studied to determine whether a preference could be demonstrated in their use of hand, foot, eye, and ear. Ss ranged in age from 2 yr. and 2 mo. to 5 yr, and 4 rno. Each child was observed in several situations and simple tests were 11sed.l If a child did not show decisive and/or consistent preference he was recorded as showing uncertain dominance for that aspect. Of 37 Ss, 30 (81% ) demonstraced ear dominance, 22 (70.33% ) of them for the right ear. Only 20 Ss (54.06%) were found to have established dominance in all four aspects; 13 or 65% of these were completely right dominant (RH,RF,RE,RE). Eighteen of these 20 Ss or 90% demonstrated parallel dominance (RH,RF,RE,RE or RH,RF-LE,LE). Of the seven children with mixed dominance five or 71.43% were parallel dominant (RH,RF-LE,LE). In conclusion, within the limitations of the study, ear dominance is demonstrated by children of preschool age. Ear dominance appears as early as the third year of life (before age three). Ear dominance, like other aspects of dominance, is preponderantly right. Further stitdy seems appropriate with larger groups. The tendency toward sensory (eye-ear) and motor (hand-foot) agreement, the relation of hearing acuity and preference, and the relationships of eye and ear dominance as associated with reading and other communication problems need further exploration.

Dominance-Deference Patterning in Thai Students

Abstract: (1968). Dominance-Deference Patterning in Thai Students. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 281-282.