Showing papers on "Effluent published in 1970"

Vascular aquatic plants for mineral nutrient removal from polluted waters

Abstract: Aquatic plants have potential as feedstuffs in certain nations, but the economics of harvesting and processing would prohibit their direct utilization as a forage in technologically advanced nations. However, nutrient pollution is accelerating rates of eutrophication of natural waters in many areas. Aquatic plants produce large standing crops and accumulate large amounts of nutrients. Systems based on the harvest of aquatic plants have potential application in removing nutrients from effluents and natural waters.

Ammonium removal from secondary effluents by selective ion-exchange

Abstract: Early in the developing science of water pollution control, the presence of ammonia in groundand surface water supplies was regarded as a strong indication of recent pollution (1). Klein (2) has stated that am monia concentrations of greater than 0.2 mg/1 are a strong indication of pollution by wastewater. More ex plicitly, McKee and Wolf (3) state that: "The generally accepted limit for free ammonia for sanitary purity of water supplies is between 0.05 and 0.10 mg/1. Excess of this value ren ders the water suspect of recent pollu tion." While ammonia-nitrogen is commonly observed in surface waters, it is not found in groundwaters ex cept in small amounts under anaerobic conditions (4). As water quality science progressed, it became apparent that the presence of ammonia in water has far more seri ous implications than merely serving as an index of recent pollution. It was demonstrated that:

Method and apparatus for denitrification of treated sewage

Abstract: Method and apparatus for denitrification of aqueous nitrate-containing solutions. Specifically the invention provides for denitrification of the effluent from an activated sludge sewage treatment process. Effluent from the settling zone of an activated sludge sewage treatment process containing nitrogen compounds such as nitrates and nitrites, is passed through a deep bed filter, the filter media of which has been innoculated with bacteria that converts the nitrogen compounds to nitrogen gas. The filter, in addition to removing the nitrogen compounds, removes any suspended solids from the settling zone effluent, so that the final effluent from the filter is concurrently clarified and denitrified. By controlling the backwash of the filter, bacteria is retained thereon so as to enable continuous use of the filter for denitrification.

Filtration of Treated Sewage Effluent

Abstract: Effluent used in this investigation was obtained from a pilot scale activated sludge treatment plant, operated at a solids retention time of ten days. Particulate matter in the effluent was characterized by measurement of suspended solids, particle size and distribution, and particle charge and charge distribution. Although a number of removal mechanisms are operative, straining was found to be the principal mechanism responsible for the removal of particulate matter. The size and distribution of the influent particles, their floc strength, the size of the medium, the filtration rate, and amount of material arrested within the filter must be considered in the development of equations which can be used to describe the time-space removal of particulate matter within a granular filter. Equations were developed to predict filter performance as a function of these variables for the conditions studied. These equations can also be generalized for cases where straining is not the principal removal mechanism.

Iodine in the environment.

Abstract: This report evaluates the possibility that atmospheric iodine (I) can make a significant contribution to I nutrition and concludes that the combustion of gas and oil can increase atmospheric H. Sedimentation treatment of water supplies extracts some I from raw water, and sewage plants concentrate I and return it to the environment via sewage effluent. The I cycle in nature is discussed, and it is concluded that minute amounts of I usually are present in the atmosphere but are not usually in significant enough amounts to contribute substantially to bodily I requirements.

Wastewater treatment system

Abstract: In a shipboard system, wastewater is withdrawn from a storage tank and is comminuted to reduce the size of waste solids. Coagulant is added, and the wastewater is centrifuged. Solid wastes are incinerated. The liquid wastes are disinfected and dissolved organic material is adsorbed in activated carbon. An effluent of tertiary quality is discharged.

Hydrogen purification and recycle in hydrogenating heavy mineral oils

Abstract: Heavy mineral oils with high nitrogen contents are hydrogenated in two stages, with gas effluent from only the first stage being scrubbed to remove ammonia and then sent to the second stage with hydrogen makeup, the gas effluent from the second stage being recycled without scrubbing as the hydrogen feed for the first stage, the first stage effluent undergoes separation in two high pressure zones to produce light liquid hydrocarbons as a product of the process.

Chemical coagulation of carbon treated waste water

Abstract: A process for separating water from sewage includes the steps of subjecting raw sewage to a primary treatment for removing certain suspended solids and thereafter passing the effluent up through a column containing an activated carbon bed under anerobic biological conditions with sufficient velocity to expand the activated carbon bed. Subsequent to adsorbent contacting, effluent from the activated carbon column is then treated with a mixture of chemical flocculants to coagulate the suspended solids and bind the sulfides with a soluble salt to inhibit or prevent the escape of noxious hydrogen sulfide. Floc is allowed to form and is separated from the supernatant.

Treating liquid waste effluent

Abstract: The liquid waste effluent from a sewage or plant waste treating plant is subjected to the shearing action of a wire brush wheel turning at high speed to break up minute particles of organic material present in said effluent before the latter is sterilized and aerated for discharge at a suitably low B.O.D. and bacteria count levels.

A Visual Demonstration of the Beneficial Effects of Sewage Treatment for Phosphate Removal on Particulate Matter Production in Waters of Lakes Erie and Ontario

Abstract: Filtered samples of raw sewage, biologically treated sewage, and sewage treated chemically for phosphate removal were added to unfiltered waters from lakes Erie and Ontario, and particulate residues (PR) on Millipore filters photographed after incubation in light for 10 and 30 days. PR levels in the sewage-enriched flasks were least in the case of sewage treated for removal of phosphates. Addition of phosphate to the phosphate-depleted effluent increased its PR generating ability to that of raw and biologically treated sewage. The removal of phosphates from sewage wastes thus appears to eliminate their fertilizing effect.

Variability of Waste Treatment Plant Performance

Abstract: Time series techniques are used to analyze the variability in waste treatment plant performance of eight municipal plants. Statistical analyses of the data indicate a range in the coefficient of variation of secondary effluent BOD from 0.2 to 1.1. The coefficient of variation tends to increase as plant treatment levels increase. Power spectrum analyses show the presence of five-day-on and two-day-off oscillations for several plants. For one plant, the amplitude of this weekly oscillation is about 20% of the mean load. Cross-spectral analyses indicate a tendency for plug flow conditions across the primary treatment step. Coherencies are significant between raw influent and primary effluent but are insignificant between raw influent and secondary effluent indicating some statistical independence. Linear system analyses permit estimation of effects of this load variability on stream quality. Inputting the waste load discharge spectrum into a nondispersive stream indicates that DO variations of 1.0 mg per l appear possible in medium-size rivers (flow = 1,000 mgd).

Evaluation of Anaerobic Denitrification Processes

Abstract: Nitrified municipal wastewater effluent was passed upward through an anaerobic filter containing gravel media to effect denitrification. Using methanol as a supplementary carbon source for the denitrifying bacteria, 90% nitrogen removal was obtained with a detention time as short as 1.5 hr in pilot plant studies. Further laboratory studies were conducted using fiber media in upflow and horizontal flow filters. The highly porous fiber media performed comparably to the gravel media in the upflow filter; however, media configuration and poor flow distribution limited the success of the horizontal flow filters. The anaerobic filter process has several advantages over other methods of denitrification. These are low initial and operating cost, simplicity of operation, long solids retention times, and absence of any sludge recycle or disposal equipment. The major operating cost for the process is for the methanol. The quantity required increases with increasing dissolved oxygen and nitrate nitrogen and decreasing effluent BOD. The total cost, not including the cost of nitrifying the secondary effluent and reaerating the denitrified effluent, may run as low as $12.00 per million gallons.

Flotation of solids from waste waters

Abstract: In a method for the removal of waste solids from industrial and municipal waste water in flotation apparatus, the improvement comprising; blending into the waste water, prior to flotation, a sufficient amount of flotation agent and flocculant to effect rapid flotation of the waste solids from the waste water, passing the blended mixture thus formed into the flotation apparatus, removing the waste solids from the flotation apparatus as scum, and removing the remaining waste water from the flotation apparatus as effluent. Microballoon agents and flocculant polymers are utilized.

The influence of meatworks effluents on soil and plant composition.

Abstract: Effluent irrigation schemes operated by three meatworks have been investigated both for changes induced in soils and for effects on plant composition. The effluents contained significant amounts of nitrogen, chlorine, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and sulphur. Irrigation of pasture with organic-rich effluents for 15 years raised nitrogen levels and increased base saturation of the topsoils. Potassium and sodium accounted for the main increases in exchangeable bases. Analysis of white clover leaves for 23 elements showed that irrigation with effluent raised the levels of nitrogen, potassium, sulphur, and phosphorus, but lowered levels of manganese, copper, and strontium. In ryegrass, effluent irrigation raised the levels of nitrogen and potassium, but lowered levels of boron, manganese, and strontium.

BOD Mass Balance and Water Quality Standards

Abstract: To establish appropriate water quality controls, the magnitude of the gross pollution load of a basin should be known. Usually it is not. Mathematical modeling of basinwide BOD relationships can be greatly facilitated by applying known equations on a basis of BOD mass loading rather than of BOD concentration. The necessary hydrologic basis includes travel time dye tests, data as to slopes and distances, and computation of travel times for all parts of the basin at various stages. Treatment plant and instream BOD records are essential. The basic BOD removal parameter must be computed and adjusted for different conditions. The remaining computations require a computer but are not especially difficult. The principal reservation as to accuracy of the results consists of the allowance that must be made for nitrogenous BOD. Applications of this method to three New Jersey basins indicate that in each case the recorded BOD data from treatment plants account for less than half of the total pollution loading entering the stream. The policy implication is that it is inappropriate to plan water quality standards and programs of corrective measures on the assumption that recorded effluents constitute the only major source of pollution.

On-site incinerator

Abstract: An on-site incinerator for the burning of refuse without pollution utilizes a first combustion chamber for burning refuse to produce a disposable solid residue and an incompletely combusted gaseous effluent. Gaseous effluent from the first combustion chamber is intimately mixed with air in a mixing zone before its entry into a secondary combustion chamber wherein the combustion of gaseous effluent is completed, and the resulting inert effluent is discharged.

Process for reduction of water pollution due to domestic and industrial wastes

Abstract: A PROCESS FOR REDUCTION OF WATER POLLUTION DUE TO DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES, FOR EXAMPLE, WASTE FROM DE-INKED PULP MAKING PROCESSES, COMPRISING THE TREATMENT OF SUCH WASTES IN TWO MAIN STAGES TO PRODUCE A MODIFIED PRIMARY-SECONDARY SLUDGE WHICH HAS A CONSISTENCY OF 2025% SOLIDS, AND IS STABLE AND ODOR FREE, AS SUCH USEFUL FOR LAND FILL. THE SOLE LIQUID EFFLUENT IS FROM THE SECONDARY STAGE WHICH IS 85%-95% FREE OF POLLUTANTS, CALCULATED AS POUNDS OF BOD OF THE INITIAL DE-INKING WASTES, THUS RESULTING IN A 7 TO 20-FOLD DECREASE IN POLLUTANTS.

Temperature effects on the sorption of radionuclides by freshwater algae.

Abstract: The heavy waters of the reactor effluent streams within the Savannah River Plant area transport very low concentrations of fission and activation products through miles of natural streambeds and swamps to the Savannah River. This study emphasizes the effects of environmental factors on the sorption of radionuclides by representative species.

Method of removing unreacted materials remaining in urea synthesis effluent by plural stage distillation and co2 stripping

Abstract: UREA SYNTHESIS EFFLUENT FROM WHICH THE MAJOR PORTION OF UNREACTED CARBON DIOXIDE AND AMMONIA HAVE BEEN REMOVED, IS COMPLETELY STRIPPED OF THE REMAINING UNREACTED MATERIALS BY PASSING THE EFFLUENT THROUGH A COLUMN HAVING A RECTIFICATION ZONE MAINTAINED AT A GAUGE PRESSURE OF 0 TO 5 KG./CM.2 AND A HEAD TEMPERATURE OF 60* TO 120*C., A HEATING ZONE MAINTAINED AT 100* TO 140*C. AND A STRIPPING ZONE WHEREIN CARBON DIOXIDE IS INTRODUCED AT THE RATE OF 0.01 TO 092 MOL PER MOL OF UREA CONTAINED IN THE EFFLUENT, WHEREBY THE UNREACTED MATERIALS ARE COMPLETELY REMOVED FROM THE UREA SYNTHESIS EFFLUENT. D R A W I N G

Production of propylene and aromatic compounds from liquid feed streams

Abstract: Propylene and aromatic compounds are produced in significantly higher yields from liquid hydrocarbon feed streams by subjecting the feed stream to a low severity thermal cracking process. The effluent from the low severity thermal cracking process is separated into a stream comprising C8 and lighter components and a stream containing the C8 and heavier components. The stream containing the C8 and heavier components is thereafter subjected to a thermal hydrocracking process.

Virus Inactivation during Phosphate Precipitation

Abstract: Phosphate removal from aqueous solutions by precipitation with calcium and aluminum results in large poliovirus Type I and bacteriophage T2 removals. Tests conducted in distilled water-phosphate solutions and filtered domestic wastewater effluent are described. The Freundlich isotherm is used to predict the removal of the two viruses from distilled water solutions. The pH during precipitation affects poliovirus removals. The mechanism of removal is believed to be mostly by chemical adsorption with some physical sorption occurring simultaneously. This is concluded from the inability to recover all viruses from the sludge. The sludge represents a potential health hazard and must be carefully handled. Virus removals are greater in distilled water-phosphate solutions than in wastewater treatment plant effluent. Results are extended to full scale treatment plants indicating that virus removals in excess of 98% and 92% may be expected from precipitation processes using aluminum or calcium, respectively.

Chapter IX The Measurement of Oxygen Absorption and Carbon Dioxide Evolution in Stirred Deep Cultures

Abstract: Publisher Summary The measurement of oxygen (O 2 ) consumption and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) evolution as features of microbial metabolism and their relationship, along with dissolved O 2 tension, creation of microbial substance, substrate utilization or product formation, is of importance in understanding and controlling microbial processes The CO 2 and O 2 concentration in the effluent air stream are a measure of the metabolic rate of the process, and therefore continuous analysis is of great value as a supervisory tool As well as analyzing the effluent gas from aerobes for CO 2 and O 2 and that from anaerobes for CO 2 , it is also necessary to know the inlet air rate in aerobic cultures and the effluent gas rate in aerobic and in anaerobic cultures Effluent gas rate in aerobic cultures can be calculated if the inlet air rate and the analysis of the effluent gas are known The Orsat apparatus is described (along with the Haldane apparatus) in a British Standard (British Standards Institution, 1952) that deals with the analysis of flue gases It is cited as “the best known apparatus for the determination of CO 2 , O 2, and CO where a high degree of accuracy is not required” There are two methods for the continuous analysis of O 2 in gases, both of which depend on the paramagnetic properties of O 2 gas In fermentation work, the magnetic wind instrument appears to be less in favor than the Pauling type In the Pauling type, a dumb-bell formed by two hollow glass spheres is suspended on a taut fiber in a magnetic field

Means for automatically operating sewage treatment units

Abstract: Means are provided for operating the sewage treatment units described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,476,250 and 3,460,677 completely automatically. Two timed operating cycles are employed. A purifying chemical is injected to the purified effluent from a chemical dispenser. The dispenser is filled from a hopper. It is necessary only to add purifying chemical to the hopper when a signal is activated indicating that the hopper is empty.

Process for coking pumpable animal and dairy wastes

Abstract: Animal and dairy wastes are converted to deodorized coke suitable for use as fertilizer or soil conditioner, an aqueous odor-free effluent having low chemical oxygen demand and reduced phosphorus content and an odorless gas suitable for discharge to the atmosphere. The wastes are coked in the liquid phase under pressure to produce wet coke and a malodorous, gas-containing effluent high in chemical oxygen demand. The wet coke is treated with pressurized hot air to remove liquids therefrom and the air stream is mixed with the effluent and the mixture is oxidized, brought into heat exchange relationship with incoming wastes and then discharged.