Showing papers on "Emulsified fuel published in 2004"

Emissions and Deposit Characteristics of a Small Diesel Engine When Operated on Preheated Crude Palm Oil

Abstract: This paper presents an experimental result carried out to evaluate exhaust gas emissions and deposit characteristics of a small diesel engine when operated on preheated crude palm oil (CPO) and its emulsions with 1%, 2% and 3% water. The test was conducted for 100 h using each of the test fuels with a constant speed of 2700 rpm and 5.50 Nm load. The engine was disassembled after the test to scrape carbon deposits from piston and cylinder heads. Ordinary diesel fuel (OD) scrape was used for comparison purposes. It was observed that preheated CPO reduced exhaust emissions such as containing less CO, HC and PM as compared to OD and CPO emulsified fuels. This is mainly attributed to the fact that preheating of CPO reduces its viscosity to the level of OD that improves the fuel spray and atomization characteristics and produces complete combustion. However, preheated CPO increased NOx emission as compared to OD and CPO emulsified fuels. This is mainly attributed from the deposit characteristic result, and shows that preheated CPO increased the highest fraction of ash deposit as compared to OD and CPO emulsified fuels, which is the reason for increasing NOx emissions. This programme will give useful information for further research and development in selecting the materials for engine parts and compatible lubricants if preheated CPO is used as an alternative to OD.

Effects of a Combustion Improver on Diesel Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics When Using Three-Phase Emulsions as an Alternative Fuel

Abstract: Diesel engines are widely used as the power source for inland and marine transportation, such as trucks, buses, ships, and agricultural and industrial vehicles. However, the pollutants of their emissionsespecially particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)pose a threat to human health as well as our environment. The use of emulsified diesel fuel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines has long been considered to be one of the feasible techniques for reducing pollutant emissions. However, most applications of emulsified fuel are limited to the two-phase water-in-oil (W/O)-type emulsions. The three-phase emulsification technique for preparing oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) or water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) is only applied in the medical, cosmetic, and food industries. This study explores the potential of using O/W/O emulsions with a diglyme additive, as an combustion improver, as a substitute for ASTM No. 2D diesel fuel. Engine performance and combustion characteristics were evaluated as the indicators...

The effect of water emulsified fuel on a motorway-bus diesel engine

Abstract: In this study, the combustion characteristics and durability of a diesel engine using emulsified fuel was investigated. Water was used in oil type emulsified fuel. In order to understand the effect of emulsified fuel in a wide range of engine running conditions, D-13 mode was selected as a test condition, and a durability test was included to understand the long-term effect of water. Combustion pressure in a cylinder, exhaust emissions, specific fuel consumption, sound level and maximum torque were measured. NOx and PM were simultaneously reduced and the specific fuel consumption was increased and decreased at low and high loads, respectively. There was no trouble and any damage on the parts of the cylinder during a 500 hour durability test.

Method for manufacturing an emulsified fuel

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an emulsifier package is disclosed. The method comprises blending a flow of fuel soluble product, a flow of stabilizer, and a flow of water in a mixing vessel to form a mixture. Mixing the mixture in the mixing vessel and recirculating the mixture through the mixing vessel. Lastly, shearing the mixture with a shearing device at a rate of about 27,500 shears per second to about 87,500 shears per second. A method for manufacturing an aqueous fuel emulsion is also disclosed.

Numerical Simulation of the Evolution of the Soot Particle Size Distribution in a DI Diesel Engine Using an Emulsified Fuel of Diesel-Water

Abstract: Soot formation in DI diesel engines is caused by the inhomogeneous mixture of evaporated diesel fuel and air. Locally fuel-rich regions are the origin of soot formation. Even though the higher temperatures during the combustion process assist the oxidation process, the formation of NO x pollutants increases with increasing temperature, which is known as soot-NO x trade-off. One measure to reduce both soot and NO x emissions uses an emulsified fuel where the fuel is replaced by an emulsion of diesel-water in order to homogenise the mixture formation process. The influence of such an emulsion on the pollutant formation was numerically examined using the CFD code KIVA-3V for the flow and the Representative interactive Flamelet model (RIF) for the combustion modelling and combustion turbulence interaction respectively. The diesel fuel was replaced by a surrogate fuel consisting of 70% n-decane and 30% α-methylnaphthalene. For this model fuel, a detailed reaction mechanism with 118 chemical species and 506 elementary reactions including sub-mechanisms for NO x and soot was used. The results of the simulation are in a good agreement with the experimental data. The higher momentum of the injected emulsion and the higher latent heat of water lead to a better mixture formation process and reduced maximum temperatures. Therefore, less soot and less NO x can be found in the exhaust gas. Since the equations of the first two moments of the particle size distribution are solved by the RIF-code, only the global quantities number density and soot concentration can be computed. Indeed, it is preferable to analyse the evolution of the particle size distribution. This was achieved by using the software package PREDICI [1] as a post-processing step. The evolution of the particle size distribution function shows that due to the injection of an emulsion of 49% water, by mass, the distribution function is broadened and its number size density is 60% less than compared to the injection of pure diesel.

Emulsions with a concentrated internal oil phase

Abstract: In a first aspect, the invention concerns oil-in-water emulsions having a concentrated oil phase and comprising defined water-soluble emulsification polymers. In a second aspect, products, such as cosmetic products, are provided, comprising the emulsions.

The Texas Diesel Fuels Project, Part 1: Development of TxDOT-Specific Test Cycles with Emphasis on a “Route” Technique for Comparing Fuel/Water Emulsions and Conventional Diesel Fuels

Abstract: The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) began using an emulsified diesel fuel in July 2002. They initiated a simultaneous study of the effectiveness of this fuel in comparison to 2D on-road diesel fuel, which they use in both their on-road and off-road equipment. The study also incorporated analyses for the fleet operated by the Associated General Contractors (AGC) in the Houston area. Some members of AGC use 2D off-road diesel fuel in their equipment. The study included comparisons of fuel economy and emissions for the emulsified fuel relative to the conventional diesel fuels. Cycles that are known to be representative of the typical operations for TxDOT and AGC equipment were required for use in this study. Four test cycles were developed from data logged on equipment during normal service: 1) the TxDOT Telescoping Boom Excavator Cycle, 2) the AGC Wheeled Loader Cycle, 3) the TxDOT Single-Axle Dump Truck Cycle, and 4) the TxDOT Tandem-Axle Dump Truck Cycle. As is conventional for heavy-duty engines, the first two of these cycles are specified in terms of percent torque and percent engine speed versus time for engine dynamometer testing. The latter two cycles are specified in terms of vehicle speed versus time for chassis dynamometer testing. Due to the torque loss associated with the water in the emulsified fuel, there was concern that conventional means for comparing the two fuels would result in less work performed by the engine over the cycle when operating on the emulsified fuel. The inadequacies of traditional speed versus time test cycles, when applied to heavy-duty vehicles where power-to-weight ratio can change greatly, have been recognized for some time (1, 2). Speed versus distance test routes have been developed using icons as simple driver instructions (3), using free accelerations in a traditional speed versus time environment (4), and using sequences of distanced-based phases (5). For this study, a route technique was developed for testing the dump trucks. The route technique assures equal distances traveled for each micro-trip and for the overall cycle independent of the fuel. For engine dynamometer testing, the same command cycle was used to assure the same work was requested over the cycle independent of the fuel.

Demulsification of emulsions by oscillatory mixing

Abstract: The invention includes a method for demulsification of water-inoil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and mixtures of water-in-oil and oil-inwater emulsions by oscillatory mixing of the emulsions.

Water/hydrocarbon emulsified fuel preparation and use thereof

Abstract: The invention relates to an emulsified fuel, comprising a major fraction of an emulsion of water and liquid hydrocarbons with a weight ratio of water/hydrocarbons of 5 / 95 to 35 / 65, characterised in containing an emulsifying system with at least 15 % by weight of a fatty acid ester and polyoxyalkylated glycerol with at least one component of the group formed by the esters of fatty acids and sorbitan and the products of condensation of a succinic acid or anhydride with at least one amine, polyamine, fatty acid, polyoxyalkylated fatty acid, alcohol, polyoxyalkylated alcohol and mixtures of the above. The invention further relates to a method for production of such an emulsified fuel, a composition of emulsifying additives for such an emulsified fuel, a method for improvement of the thermal stability of an emulsified fuel by means of use such an additive composition, as well as the use of such an emulsified fuel as engine fuel.

연속분사노즐에서 W/O type 초음파 유화연료의 분무특성에 관한 연구

Abstract: To investigate spray of emulsified fuel of ultrasonic-energy-added W/O type, we mixed water with diesel oil by using ultrasonic energy fuel feeding system. We measured the SMD of sprayed droplet to find atomization characteristics of emulsified fuel by using the Malvern 2600 system. In addition, we measured the capacitance value to verify stability of same specimen by using the digital LCR meter, EDC1630. The main results are as follows; 1) The measuring distance increased between one hole nozzle tip and analyzer beam, the more increased SMD increased. 2) The more water content increased, the more capacitance value increased depending on the time. Main Parameters of the study are the amount of water content, 0~30% by 5% in emulsified fuel, and the measurement distance, 10~140㎜ by 10㎜ or 20㎜, between nozzle tip and analyzer beam.

Emulsifier for emulsified fuel

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an emulsifier for an emulsified fuel excellent in time stability and emulsion stability and an emulsified fuel using the emulsifier. SOLUTION: The emulsifier for an emulsified fuel comprises (A) an ester of at least one kind of (a) polyhydric alcohol selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, sorbitan and sorbide and (b) a 9-25C aliphatic monocarboxylic acid. The content of free (a) is 1 mass% of (A). The emulsifier is used for the emulsified fuel. COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Method for producing emulsified oil fuel

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for producing emulsified oil fuel that has high improvement effect of fuel consumption efficiency and high dispersion stability. SOLUTION: In this method for producing the emulsified fuel, 5 to 50 % wt. of water or vegetable oil and fuel oil are mixed by means of a stirring machine 1. This stirring machine 1 can relatively rotate and is equipped with: the first member 2 and the second member 3 both of which opposing to each other at a prescribed interval; a flowing pass formed between these opposing members 2, 3; the projection parts 6, 7 arranged in circular rings that constitute a part of the opposing faces; and the indents 82 and 83 that desposed between the projection parts 6, 7, and constitute a part of the flow pass are prepared. The mutually proximal indents 82 on the rotor side and the indents 83 on the stator side are overlapped in the position of the same axis direction and are opened as they oppose to each other. COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Continuous manufacture of high internal phase ratio emulsions using relatively low-shear and low-temperature processing steps

Abstract: Methods for continuously producing HIPR silicone in water emulsions are disclosed. The methods use low shear devices, and thus the temperature of the emulsions is kept low, while enhanced particle size and viscosity are obtained.

Combustion device provided with emulsified fuel supply system

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a combustion device provided with an emulsified fuel supply system wherein burdens of air supply and exhaust utilities are small, capable of carrying out the operation of the combustion device responding to a regulation value on the basis of an actual combustion state and a concentration of a harmful matter in exhaust gas. SOLUTION: The emulsified fuel supply system has an emulsified fuel supply device supplying emulsified fuel, a boiler 73 burning the emulsified fuel, a detecting means 83 for detecting an exhaust gas temperature in the boiler 73, and an exhaust gas analyzing means 85 for detecting CO or NOx in the exhaust gas exhausted from the emulsified fuel combustion device. It is provided with a controller 87 adjusting a moisture content in the emulsified fuel on the basis of a detection value of the temperature detecting means 83 and/or an analysis value of the exhaust gas analyzing means 85. COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Seizure preventing method when using emulsified fuel

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a seizure preventing method when using emulsified fuel, preventing seizure when using the emulsified fuel for a diesel engine. SOLUTION: When the emulsified fuel emulsified by mixing water and emulsifier into liquid fuel is used for the diesel engine, the mixture rate of the emulsified fuel to water is controlled to increase with the temperature rise of engine cooling water. COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Pseudo ternary diagrams of pesticide microemulsion systems

Abstract: In application of pesticide formulations, use of microemulsion systems offer several advantages over conventional systems such as wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates (EC's), oil in water emulsions (O/W emulsions), water in oil emulsions (W/O emulsions) and aqueous suspension concentrates. Microemulsion systems are preferred for their long-term thermodynamic stability, low viscosity and ultimate economy. Microemulsion system also enables the usage of the least expensive solvent such as water. Formulation of agrochemical microemulsion is not a straightforward process. However, the pseudo ternary plot is a convenient mean of determining the compositions of microemulsion, macroemulsion and solubilized systems. Identification of specific regions in a pseudo ternary plot makes it possible to arrive at economical composition for microemulsion and solubilized systems. Such compositions gave maximum stability with the optimum usage of surfactants. These microemulsion and solubilized systems when diluted with the inexpensive solvent such as water gave macroemulsion and microemulsion respectively, which were stable over an extended period of time. This paper provides the basis for a simple procedure for the preparation of microemulsion systems employing water, oil, surfactant and cosurfactant.

Emulsion fuel oil additive and manufacturing method thereof

Abstract: The invention relates to an emulsion fuel oil additive for mixing fuel oil and water to form emulsion fuel oil, wherein the emulsion fuel oil additive comprises, an emulsifier for forming water-in-oil type emulsion fuel oil with the fuel oil and the water, a combustion adjuvant for accelerating the ignition of the emulsified fuel oil, a stabilizing agent for proceeding a chemical reaction at specific temperature to form an interfacial film between the water-oil phase interface of the emulsion fuel oil, an anti-oxidizing agent for preventing the long term storage deterioration of the emulsion fuel oil, and an accelerating agent for accelerating the emulsification between the fuel oil and the water and the formation of interfacial film to the stabilizer.

Controlling device for internal combustion engine

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To secure successful combustion when emulsified fuel is used. SOLUTION: In an internal combustion engine using emulsified fuel containing water in fuel, fuel content ratio indicating ratio of fuel ingredient in the emulsified fuel to total quantity of the emulsified fuel is calculated. Operation control parameters of the engine is calculated with using the fuel content ratio. COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Clean combustion device for off-quality oil fuel

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a clean combustion device for off-quality oil fuel, preventing the production of dioxine by giving accurate neutralizing reaction to harmful gas generated during combustion of off-quality oil and utilizing its heating calories while removing the harmful gas. SOLUTION: A combustion furnace is provided with a first burner for injection combustion of normal fuel oil and a second burner for injection combustion of fuel oil together with outside air. A normal fuel supply device and an off-quality fuel supply device are connected to the fist burner via a change-over device. A compressed air supply device and an emulsified fuel supply device for emulsifying the normal fuel mixed with a surface active agent and water are connected to the second burner. When a temperature in the furnace is 800°C or higher with normal combustion using the first burner, the combustion of emulsified fuel using the second burner is carried out together therewith. furthermore, when a temperature in the combustion furnace is 1,000°C or higher, the change-over device is operated for the combustion of the off-quality fuel using the first burner. COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Emulsified fuel and its manufacturing method

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide stable emulsified fuel with a large water content and enduring long preservation. SOLUTION: The emulsified fuel is manufactured by mutually mixing hydrophobic liquid fuel of a rate of 20-70vol.pts. and water of a rate of 80-30vol.pts. in states of clusters of five micrometers or less. COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Natural surfactant for emulsified fuel and emulsified fuel containing the same

Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided are a natural surfactant for emulsified fuel, which is used for preparing an emulsified fuel significantly reducing generation of unnecessary smoke, poisonous gas, harmful gas and the like, and an emulsified fuel containing the same. CONSTITUTION: The natural surfactant is esterified canola oil prepared by (a) reacting canola oil with diethanol amine under argon atmosphere and heating it for 1 hour at a temperature of 180°C; and (b) after adding sodium methoxide to the step (a), heating it for 4 hours. The emulsified fuel comprises 5-15 wt.% of water, 5-26 wt.% of natural surfactant, 3-12 wt.% of co-surfactant and 36-86.2 wt.% of diesel fuel.

Method for burning emulsified fuel oil

Abstract: A method of burning emulsion fuel oil, having the advantages of excellent combustion efficiency and fuel saving effect, by selectively burning only a portion having a better emulsification state among the emulsion fuel oil, including a fuel oil additive composition mixed with water using a circulating system. The emulsification state of the fuel oil is maintained at a predetermined level using the circulating system.

Neavy emulsion fuel oil in use for ship and preparation method

Abstract: A heavy emulsified fuel oil for ship is prepared from oiticica oil (70-90 wt.%), light fractional oil (20-10 wt.%), heavy fractional oil (0-20 wt.%) and emulsifier through proportionally mixing, stirring, and high-shear emulsifying.

Emulsion fuel, preparing process and uses thereof

Abstract: The invention discloses an emulsified fuel, its preparing process and use, wherein the composition of the condensed emulsifier fuel's raw material (a) is, 0.1-1 (v)% anionic surface active agent, water 0.1-1 (v)%, and liquid fuel for the rest. The composition of (b) is water of 0.7-2.5 times of (a). The preparation process comprises, dissolving the anionic surface active agent into distilled water, agitating, filling liquid fuel into water solution of the emulsifying agent, forming the condensed emulsifier fuel's raw material through agitating, adding in 0.7-2.5 times of water to the condensed emulsifier fuel's raw material, agitating, thus obtaining the emulsified fuel of the invention.

A Study on the Various Characteristics of Ultrasonic-Energy-Added W/O Type Emulsified Fuel ( I ) - attaching importance to stability and spray characteristics -

Abstract: This study is concerned about the characteristics of ultrasonic-energy-added W/O type emulsified fuel. The distilled water was mixed with diesel oil by using ultrasonic energy fuel feeding system and then the SMD of sprayed droplets was measured to find out atomization characteristics of emulsified fuel by using the Malvern 2600 system. The capacitance value was measured to verify stability of the same specimen by using the digital LCR meter, EDC1630 additionally. The main results are as follows; 1) The more measuring distance increases between one hole nozzle tip and analyser bearm, the more SMD increases. 2) The more water content increases, the more capacitance value increases depending on the time. Main Parameters of the study are the amount of water content by 5% in emulsified fuel, and the measurement distance, by 10mm or 20mm between nozzle tip and analyser beam.

Apparatus for producing water-in-oil emulsified fuel and supplying the same

Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is a device for producing and supplying water-in-oil type emulsion fuel which produces a uniform emulsion fuel by emulsifying heavy oils such as a bunker-A oil, a bunker B oil, a bunker C oil and continuously keeps the uniform state of the produced emulsion fuel until the emulsion fuel is burned in a burning device. CONSTITUTION: The device comprises an additive storing tank(12) storing an additive preventing the separation of oil and water of the water-in-oil emulsion fuel when keeping at a high temperature, an emulsion fuel tank(14) supplying the water-in-oil emulsion fuel to an outside burning device through an emulsion fuel supply line (Le), an additive injecting pump(21) connected to an exit of the additive storing tank to intermittently supply the additive according to the determined capacity, a B-C oil injecting pump(25) connected to the rear end of the additive injecting pump and an outside B-C oil storing tank to intermittently supply the additive and the B-C oil according to the determined capacity, a first mixer(32) connected to the rear end of the B-C oil injecting pump to mix the B-C oil and the additive, a water cut-off automatic valve(29) connected to the outside water source to intermittently supply water according to the determined capacity, a second mixer(36) connected to the rear end of the first mixer and the rear end of the water cut-off automatic valve to uniformly mix the fuel oil of the mixture of the B-C oil and the additive with water, a circulating pump connected to the rear end of the second mixer and the lower end of the emulsion fuel tank to mix the fuel oil supplied from the second mixer and the emulsion fuel supplied from the emulsion fuel tank and continuously supply the mixture, a circulating part heater(43) connected to the rear end of the circulating pump to keep the mixed fuel oil at a constant temperature and a third mixer(45) connected to the rear end of the circulating part heater to emulsify the fuel oil supplied from the circulating part heater to uniform and fine particles and supply the emulsified fine particles to the emulsion fuel tank.

The Study on Preparation and Combustion of Diesel-Methanol Micro-Emulsified Fuel

Abstract: According to emulsification and micro-emulsification theories, oleic acid is chosen as the surfactant to prepare micro-emulsified fuels. Engine fueled with micro-emulsified fuels gets higher power output and thermal efficiency, higher NO_X emission, lower soot emission than diesel. By delaying fuel injection time lower emissions are obtained. NO_X emission largely decreases and soot keeps the same. Due to the high latent heat of methanol and the micro-explosion effect of emulsified fuel, the ignition delay of the fuels are longer than that of diesel at small load but almost the same at heavy load. When the proportion of methanol in the fuels increases, the peak heat release rate of premixed combustion increases.

A Study on the Various Characteristics of Ultrasonic-Energy-Added W/O Type Emulsified Fuel (II) - attaching importance to micro-explosion of single droplet and chemical characteristics -

Abstract: To investigate characteristics and micro-explosion of single-droplets of emulsified fuel, water is mixed with diesel oil by using ultrasonic energy fuel feeding system. The fuel characteristics is analysed through H-NMR spectrum and micro-explosion phenomena of the emulsified fuel is also investigated. The life times of droplets of conventional diesel fuel, ultrasonic energy added diesel fuel and emulsified fuel we obtained additionally. According to this study, the micro-explosion phenomena of single-droplets happen in atmospheric pressure condition, a curve form of emulsified fuel's life tim is different from diesel fuel's one and the change of chemical structures is a cause of ultrasonic-energy-added diesel fuel effect.