Showing papers on "Gauge boson published in 1973"
TL;DR: In this paper, the renormalization-group equations are derived for Yang-Mills theories and the parameters that enter into the equations are calculated to lowest order and it is shown that these theories are asymptotically free.
Abstract: Asymptotically free gauge theories of the strong interactions are constructed and analyzed. The reasons for doing this are recounted, including a review of renormalization-group techniques and their application to scaling phenomena. The renormalization-group equations are derived for Yang-Mills theories. The parameters that enter into the equations are calculated to lowest order and it is shown that these theories are asymptotically free. More specifically the effective coupling constant, which determines the ultraviolet behavior of the theory, vanishes for large spacelike momenta. Fermions are incorporated and the construction of realistic models is discussed. We propose that the strong interactions be mediated by a "color" gauge group which commutes with SU(3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(3). The problem of symmetry breaking is discussed. It appears likely that this would have a dynamical origin. It is suggested that the gauge symmetry might not be broken and that the severe infrared singularities prevent the occurrence of noncolor singlet physical states. The deep-inelastic structure functions, as well as the electron-positron total annihilation cross section are analyzed. Scaling obtains up to calculable logarithmic corrections, and the naive light-cone or parton-model results follow. The problems of incorporating scalar mesons and breaking the symmetry by the Higgs mechanism are explained in detail.
1,232 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of spontaneous $T$ violation is presented, where the total Lagrangian is assumed to be invariant under the time reversal and a gauge transformation (e.g., the hypercharge gauge), but the physical solutions are not.
Abstract: A theory of spontaneous $T$ violation is presented. The total Lagrangian is assumed to be invariant under the time reversal $T$ and a gauge transformation (e.g., the hypercharge gauge), but the physical solutions are not. In addition to the spin-1 gauge field and the known matter fields, in its simplest form the theory consists of two complex spin-0 fields. Through the spontaneous symmetry-breaking mechanism of Goldstone and Higgs, the vacuum expectation values of these two spin-0 fields can be characterized by the shape of a triangle and their quantum fluctuations by its vibrational modes, just like a triangular molecule. $T$ violations can be produced among the known particles through virtual excitations of the vibrational modes of the triangle which has a built-in $T$-violating phase angle. Examples of both Abelian and non-Abelian gauge groups are discussed. For renormalizable theories, all spontaneously $T$-violating effects are finite. It is found that at low energy, below the threshold of producing these vibrational quanta, $T$ violation is always quite small.
966 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors made a systematic search for theories of interacting heavy vector mesons which have unitarily bound trees and found that the only such theories are spontaneously broken gauge theories.
Abstract: We have made a systematic search for theories of interacting heavy vector mesons which have unitarily bound trees. In simple cases (four vector mesons and one scalar particle) the only unitarily bound models are spontaneously broken gauge theories. Evidently, a unitarity bound, which controls high-energy behavior, imposes internal symmetry on heavy-vector- boson interactions.
225 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the use of GIAO does not necessarily lead to the expected current conservation, due to the constrained nature of the gauge invariance provided by the use.
Abstract: The well‐known relationship between gauge invariance and current conservation is exhibited within the usual quantum mechanical formalism. It is then shown that the use of Gauge Invariant Atomic Orbitals does not necessarily lead to the expected current conservation. The reason is found to lie in the constrained nature of the gauge invariance which is provided by the use of GIAO's. It is concluded that this invariance is, of itself, no argument in favor of their use.
129 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors classify, according to the number of independent gauge fields, Poincare gauge invariant theoretical frameworks of describing gravity into three categories, i.e., the spin tensor S and the energy-momentum tensor T, resulting in the response equation of matter to gravity with the gravitational field strengths, D′ and F, coupled to the former tensors T ν μ ; μ =D′ μλν T μλ +F +F ρμλ, where the right-hand side represents spin force densities
60 citations
TL;DR: Branching ratios and production cross sections for the heavy leptons which occur in a class of spontaneously broken gauge theories of weak interactions are calculated in this article, where several examples of such theories are constructed.
Abstract: Branching ratios and production cross sections are calculated for the heavy leptons which occur in a class of spontaneously broken gauge theories of weak interactions. Several examples of such theories are constructed.
59 citations
57 citations
TL;DR: The Higgs mechanism can serve to implement baryon conservation via an extension of the local weak-electromagnetic gauge group by a local factor U(1) without conflict with the E\"otv\"os experiments.
Abstract: The Higgs mechanism can serve to implement baryon conservation via an extension of the local weak-electromagnetic gauge group by a local factor U(1) without conflict with the E\"otv\"os experiments.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Cabibbo angle was explained under the assumption that strong interactions are locally gauge invariant, whereas weak and electromagnetic interactions are governed by another local gauge group.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered symmetry-breaking effects due to inequalities in the masses of the gauge bosons and proposed a new model for the weak and electromagnetic interactions of leptons and hadrons.
Abstract: SU(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) and chiral SU(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) models for the weak and electromagnetic interactions of leptons and hadrons are proposed. The usual quark model for hadrons as well as the usual Cabibbo rotation scheme is assumed. Symmetry-breaking effects due to inequalities in the masses of the gauge bosons are considered. By making a simple choice of the gauge boson masses based on the $U$-spin subgroup of SU(3), the undesired $|\ensuremath{\Delta}S|=2$ weak nonleptonic transitions can be completely eliminated and the undesired $|\ensuremath{\Delta}S|=1$ neutral current semileptonic transitions drastically suppressed. These models can reproduce the ordinary phenomenological weak interaction but are sufficiently flexible to give the possibility of interesting new effects for neutral leptonic and semileptonic processes, as well as to allow the possibility of an over-all arbitrariness in normalization for the effective nonleptonic interaction. Another consequence of the present scheme is the existence of very heavy leptons. A brief discussion of including the strong interactions in a grand unification is also presented.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the SU(3) classification for hadrons, in the presence of the known low-lying multiplets, is led to models of the following nature: before spontaneous breakdown, we have two commuting gauge groups, hadronic and leptonic.
Abstract: If we insist on SU(3) \ensuremath{\bigotimes} SU(3) classification for hadrons, in the presence of the known low-lying multiplets, we are led to models of the following nature: Before spontaneous breakdown, we have two commuting gauge groups, hadronic and leptonic. This divides such models into three sectors: hadrons, leptons, and a third unconventional set of (presumably high-mass) scalar mesons which serve to connect the two "known" worlds. Spontaneous breakdown induces appropriate masses and all usual strong, weak, and electromagnetic couplings. Intimate connections are seen between these three fundamental forces.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that it is possible to find a class of non-polynomial gauge theories in which all ultraviolet divergences and their attendant ambiguities are suppressed.
TL;DR: In this article, the mechanics of charged particle motion are presented in a fivedimensional form compatible with the five-dimensional Kaluza theory of the electromagnetic field, and the role of generalized momenta is clarified.
Abstract: The mechanics of charged particle motion is presented in a five‐dimensional form compatible with the five‐dimensional Kaluza theory of the electromagnetic field. Gauge dependence is given an intrinsic geometrical interpretation and the role of generalized momenta is clarified. The theory is a new example of a mechanical system with constraints and offers an interesting exercise in canonical quantization with a nonstandard Poisson bracket.
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of gauge invariance in relation to approximate calculations of molecular properties is considered, and it is shown that these difficulties are not avoided by making a unitary transformation to a formalism which is independent of the electromagnetic field potentials.
TL;DR: In this article, non-leptonic weak interactions are investigated in unified gauge theories and a large enhancement of parity violation in nuclei relative to conventional Cabibbo theory is indicated.
TL;DR: In this article, the possibility of enlarging the gauge symmetry of the dual resonance models is considered by studying the structure of SU(2,2)- [or SO(4,2)] invariant dual models.
Abstract: The possibility of enlarging the gauge symmetry of the dual resonance models is considered by studying the structure of SU(2,2)- [or SO(4,2)] invariant dual models. $n$-point functions based on the degenerate representations of SU(2,2) are worked out in detail, and a condition under which these amplitudes are dual is specified. Dual models based on the nondegenerate representations are also discussed. Through a physical interpretation of the characteristics which emerge, a possible connection between the dimension $N\ensuremath{-}1$ of the hadronic matter and the gauge-symmetry group $\mathrm{SO}(N, 2)$ is pointed out.
TL;DR: In this article, a theory is formulated in which massive neutral vector bosons are coupled to a conserved current, and the scalar particles are excluded by using a Gupta-Bleuler-type subsidiary condition which requires the use of an indefinite-metric space.
Abstract: A theory is formulated in which massive neutral vector bosons are coupled to a conserved current. The scalar bosons are excluded by using a Gupta-Bleuler-type subsidiary condition which requires the use of an indefinite-metric space. There are two different versions of the theory. One version exhibits manifest covariance and simple Feynman rules that are readily renormalized, but is burdened by unitarity problems. The other version is not manifestly covariant, involves reference to special Lorentz frames, and requires nonlocal operators. It is however manifestly unitary and probabilistically interpretable, since the sum of all transition probabilities = 1, and all probabilities are separately positive semidefinite. The two versions are related by a theorem which demonstrates that $S$-matrix elements are identical in the two versions, except for singular cases such as occur in wave-function renormalization terms. This identity also extends to the Proca theory, although, unlike the Proca theory, the theory treated in this work permits vector bosons to be massive, without requiring it; therefore no singularities or consistency problems arise in its $M\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ limit. The allowed nontransverse mode in this theory physically behaves like longitudinally polarized Proca bosons. The gauge invariance of this theory is discussed and compared with the gauge invariance of quantum electrodynamics.
TL;DR: In this article, an alternative to the Cabibboob theory in the context of a renormalizable gauge model of weak and electromagnetic interactions is presented. And the strangeness-changing hadronic weak current is assumed to be V+A.
TL;DR: In this paper, the form factors and the magnetic moment of leptons were evaluated by dispersion-theoretic techniques, taking into account the new particles introduced in the gauge theory of weak interactions.
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that the relationship between masses and coupling constants, usually considered a manifestation of the remnant of the symmetry, can be obtained directly from renormalizability and unitarity requirements.
Abstract: It is argued that gauge theories with the Higgs-Kibble mechanism do not involve the spontaneous breaking of physical symmetries. The relationships between masses and coupling constants, usually considered a manifestation of the remnant of the symmetry, can be obtained, at least in the Abelian-Higgs model, directly from renormalizability and unitarity requirements.
TL;DR: In this paper, the amplitude for v μ v e elastic scattering has been calculated to fourth order in R gz gauge in the framework of the Weinberg-Salam model to verify renormalizability and gauge invariance.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was suggested that the mass of the hypothetical unit-spin charged particle mediating the weak interactions is \ensuremath{\sim}53 BeV].
Abstract: It is suggested that the mass of the hypothetical unit-spin charged particle mediating the weak interactions is \ensuremath{\sim}53 BeV.
TL;DR: In this article, the isospin-changing component of the total second-order radiative-correction operator in a special class of unified gauge theories, with strong interactions taken into account to all orders, was studied, and the contribution of the weak interactions amounts only to providing an effective cutoff to the electromagnetic contribution.
Abstract: We study the isospin-changing component of the total second-order radiative-correction operator in a special class of unified gauge theories, with strong interactions taken into account to all orders, and show that the contribution of the weak interactions amounts only to providing an effective cutoff to the electromagnetic contribution.
TL;DR: In this paper, spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries by non-linear realizations involving scalars is used to obtain a gauge-invariant massive-vector-meson formulation.
TL;DR: For the Weinberg-Salam model of leptons, a comparison between the subtraction constants in the unitary and renormalizable gauge is made in this article, where it is shown that second-order corrections in muon decay are the same in both gauges.
TL;DR: In this article, the contribution of W ± particles to the form factors of leptons in the gauge theory of weak interactions is discussed in detail, by dispersion-theoretic techniques.