Showing papers on "Gentiana published in 2014"
TL;DR: The use of hairy root cultures as an excellent alternative for the production of pharmaceutically important metabolites in less time period with ensured quality of raw materials is shown.
Abstract: Gentiana scabra is commonly known as ‘Longdan’ is an important herb in traditional Chinese medicines, commonly used for the treatment of inflammation, anorexia, indigestion and gastric infections. Iridoids and secoiridoids are main bioactive compounds which attributed to the pharmacological properties of this plant. The use of hairy root cultures as an excellent alternative for the production of pharmaceutically important metabolites in less time period with ensured quality of raw materials. An efficient hairy root culture system of Gentiana scabra and influence of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the production of gentiopicroside, swertiamarin and loganic acid constituents were described. Leaf explants were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which induced hairy roots up to 21%. The transformed hairy root lines were confirmed by PCR using rolB and rolC gene-specific primers. Among various solid and liquid media, B5 liquid medium resulted maximum root biomass (36- fold higher) in 4-weeks. Quantitative analysis showed loganic acid was 6.6- fold higher in the presence of zeatin (1 mg/l) and gentiopicroside accumulation was 1.8- fold higher in the presence of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 1 mg/l), as compared to the roots of plants grown in greenhouse. On the other hand, 1.4- and 2.5- fold higher gentiopicroside and swertiamarin were observed in the presence of 1.0 mg/l NAA as compared to commercial Gentiana herb No. 2. The result also showed iridoid and secoiridoid contents affected greatly by age, physiology and growing environment of the plant. The use of hairy root cultures is an excellent alternative to harvesting natural or in vitro grown plants to produce pharmaceutically important metabolites in less time with ensured quality.
36 citations
TL;DR: Recon reconstructed phylogenetic relationships in Gentianinae conducting maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses show that Gentiana sect.
Abstract: Subtribe Gentianinae, encompassing Gentiana, Tripterospermum, Metagentiana and Crawfurdia, represents one of the most species-rich clades of Gentianaceae. Only a few taxonomic uncertainties have remained at generic level in subtribe Gentianinae: the inclusion of Gentiana sect. Otophora in Gentiana, and the polyphyletic nature of Metagentiana. In both cases, data were lacking in earlier studies to resolve ambiguities and provide the baseline for a solid taxonomic treatment of these lineages. For the present study, we increased the number of species sequenced for Gentiana sect. Otophora and Metagentiana, using a combination of nuclear (ITS) and plastid (trnL-F, atpB-rbcL) markers. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships in Gentianinae conducting maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Our results show that Gentiana sect. Otophora is monophyletic and more closely related to Metagentiana than to Gentiana. We suggest excluding Gentiana sect. Otophora from Gentiana and elevating this group to the rank of genus described here under the name Kuepferia. Metagentiana is monophyletic when excluding two species, M striata and M souliei, here described as the new genus Sinogentiana.
25 citations
TL;DR: Investigation of the genetic variation in this species within and among populations of G. lutea L. var.
Abstract: Gentiana lutea L. (G. lutea L.) is an endangered plant, patchily distributed along the mountains of Central and Southern Europe. In this study, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to investigate the genetic variation in this species within and among populations of G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca of the Cantabrian Mountains (Northwest Iberian Peninsula). Samples of G. lutea L. collected at different locations of the Pyrenees and samples of G. lutea L. subsp. vardjanii of the Dolomites Alps were also analyzed for comparison. Using nine ISSR primers, 106 bands were generated, and 89.6% of those were polymorphic. The populations from the Northwest Iberian Peninsula were clustered in three different groups, with a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances. Gentiana lutea L. var. aurantiaca showed 19.8% private loci and demonstrated a remarkable level of genetic variation, both among populations and within populations; those populations with the highest level of isolation show the lowest genetic variation within populations. The low number of individuals, as well as the observed genetic structure of the analyzed populations makes it necessary to protect them to ensure their survival before they are too small to persist naturally.
18 citations
TL;DR: It was suggested that four iridoid glycosides 1–4 commonly existed in both “Long-Dan” and “Qin-Jiao”, while 2′-(o,m-dihydroxybenzyl)sweroside also existed as one of the major components in “Dian-Long- Dan” species.
Abstract: “Long-Dan” and “Qin-Jiao” are two important TCM herbs since ancient times in China. In the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the dried roots and rhizomes of four species from the genus Gentiana, e.g. Gentiana manshurica, G. scabra, G. triflora and G. rigescens, are recorded under the name of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma (“Long-Dan” in Chinese), while the other four species from the same genus including G. macrophylla, G. crassicaulis, G. straminea and G. duhurica are recorded and used as the raw materials of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix (“Qin-Jiao” in Chinese). On the basis of the establishment of a validated HPLC–UV method for quantifying simultaneously, five iridoid glycosides, e.g. loganic acid (1), swertiamarinin (2), gentiopicroside (3), sweroside (4) and 2′-(o,m-dihydroxybenzyl)sweroside (5) have been used successfully as chemical markers for the comparison of the species used as “Long-Dan”, “Qin-Jiao” and their adulterants in the present study. The results suggested that four iridoid glycosides 1–4 commonly existed in both “Long-Dan” and “Qin-Jiao”, while 2′-(o,m-dihydroxybenzyl)sweroside (5) also existed as one of the major components in “Dian-Long-Dan” species. Moreover, the contents of compounds 1–5 were various in different “Long-Dan” and “Qin-Jiao” species. Herein, we profiled and compared three “Long-Dan” species, four “Qin-Jiao” species and five adulterants by applying multivariate statistical techniques to their HPLC data sets to establish the differences and/or similarities.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13659-014-0039-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
15 citations
TL;DR: This study provides, for the first time, a 100 ppm GA3 dose that led to a high germination rate and good seedling morphology, as the starting point for gentian regular cultivation.
Abstract: Gentiana lutea L. is widely used in bitter beverages and in medicine; Gentianae Radix is the pharmaceutical name of the root of G. lutea. These uses have generated a high demand. The wild populations of Gentiana lutea var. aurantiaca (M. Lainz) M. Lainz have been decimated; it is necessary to establish guidelines for its cultivation. Gentian as most alpine species has dormant seeds. Dormancy can be removed by cold and by means of a gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment. However, cold treatments produce low germination percentages and GA3 treatments may produce off-type seedlings. So, the objective was to determine, for the first time, the presowing treatments that allow high germination rate and good seedling morphology. The best pregerminative doses of GA3 to break seed dormancy were 100, 500, and 1000 ppm, while the best doses to optimize the seedling habit were 50 and 100 ppm. This study provides, for the first time, a 100 ppm GA3 dose that led to a high germination rate and good seedling morphology, as the starting point for gentian regular cultivation.
12 citations
TL;DR: A new taxon is described from the Sikkim Himalaya and compared morphologically with two related taxa, Gentiana phyllocalyx C.B.Clarke and G.N.Ho.
Abstract: Gentiana springateana D.Maity sp. nov . (Gentianaceae) is described from the Sikkim Himalaya and placed in G . section Phyllocalyx (Kusn.) T.N.Ho. This new taxon is described and illustrated, and compared morphologically with two related taxa, Gentiana phyllocalyx C.B.Clarke and G. urnula Harry Sm.
8 citations
Patent•
03 Dec 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a combination of the gentiana flower and the Tibetan tea to improve the bitterness and the health effects of clearing heat and reducing phlegm, and the additional value of the Tibet tea is increased.
Abstract: The invention provides gentiana flower Tibetan tea which comprises the raw materials in parts by mass: 70-95 parts of Tibetan tea and 5-30 parts of gentiana flower. The gentiana flower and the Tibetan tea are organically combined to prepare composite gentiana flower Tibetan tea granules; therefore, the bitterness of gentiana flower is improved, the health effects of clearing heat and reducing phlegm are enhanced, the additional value of the Tibetan tea is increased; a composite product is clear in soup, tastes good and a little bitter, is sweet after taste and is convenient to carry; people can conveniently and quickly drink the gentiana flower Tibetan tea.
4 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A thorough investigation of the flower part of Gentiana veithiorum afforded one new triterpene, as well as nine known triterpenoids, which were found in this plant for the first time.
Abstract: A thorough investigation of the flower part of Gentiana veithiorum afforded one new triterpene , 3, 11b-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (1), as well as nine known triterpenoids, ursolic acid (2), 3b, 28-dihydroxyurs-12-ene, (3), Urs-12-en-28-hydroxy-3β-O- palmitate (4), a-amyrin (5), 2a, 3b-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (6), oleanolic acid (7), Lup-28-hydroxy -3b-O- palmitate (8), lupeol (9), 3-epi-betulinic (10) .The structures of the new compound were characterized by means of spectroscopic methods in cluding 1D, 2D NMR , ESI-MS and HRESI- MS, and the known ones were established on the basis of com- paring their NMR data with those of the corresponding compounds in the literature.Above all compounds were found in this plant for the first time.
4 citations
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: W14/15 genes are some of the most abundantly expressed genes in these overwinter buds and encode a novel esterase, which makes them a useful tool to analyze the phylogeny, taxonomy, phylogeography, and pedigree of Gentiana spp.
Abstract: Vegetative reproduction through overwinter buds is important for maintenance of parental strains with favorable phenotypes in the breeding of perennial Gentiana spp. This chapter focuses on the genes and proteins that are enriched in buds. W14/15 genes are some of the most abundantly expressed genes in these overwinter buds and encode a novel esterase. They are considered to be involved in stress tolerance and in hormone signaling/metabolism and/or defense systems. The highly polymorphic nature of these genes makes them a useful tool to analyze the phylogeny, taxonomy, phylogeography, and pedigree of Gentiana spp. In addition, W14/15 can be used as a specific phenotypic marker. The functional role of W14/15 in regulating some characters of overwinter buds and some practical uses of these genes are discussed in this review.
3 citations
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Karyological details are considered for some sections and individual genus members in the context of their propagation and the necessity for further karyological investigations is discussed in order to elucidate the evolution of Gentiana species and the classification of individual taxons.
Abstract: This chapter summarizes the data on chromosome numbers of European Gentiana species. Karyological details are considered for some sections and individual genus members in the context of their propagation. Based on a comparison of the results of our own studies with those in the literature, chromosome numbers were confirmed in G. lutea, G. punctata, G. acaulis, G. verna, G. cruciata and G. pneumonanthe, as well as those of one race of G. asclepiadea. The necessity for further karyological investigations is discussed in order to elucidate the evolution of Gentiana species and the classification of individual taxons.
TL;DR: It’s that time of year when deciduous plants are shedding their leaves in preparation for the long, cold winter ahead and ornamental perennials are busy producing overwintering buds.
Abstract: It’s that time again. Deciduous plants are shedding their leaves in preparation for the long, cold winter ahead. Ornamental perennials such as alpine gentians ( Gentiana ) are busy producing overwintering buds (OWBs), which persist through the cold, snowy winter until the onset of budbreak in the