Showing papers on "Grounded theory published in 2008"

Basics of qualitative research : techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory

Abstract: Introduction -- Practical considerations -- Prelude to analysis -- Strategies for qualitative data analysis -- Introduction to context, process and theoretical integration -- Memos and diagrams -- Theoretical sampling -- Analyzing data for concepts -- Elaborating the analysis -- Analyzing data for context -- Bringing process into the analysis -- Integrating around a concept -- Writing theses, monographs, and giving talks -- Criterion for evaluation -- Student questions and answers to these.

Designing Qualitative Research

Abstract: 1. What is qualitative research? 2. From an idea to a research question 3. How to design qualitative research 4. Sampling, selecting and access 5. Resources and stumbling blocks 6. Quality in qualitative research 7. Ethics in qualitative research 8. Verbal data 9. Ethnography and visual data 10. Analyzing qualitative data 11. Beyond method: Grounded Theory, Triangulation and Mixed Methods 12. Designing qualitative research: some conclusions

The sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods

Abstract: Qualitative methods are central to research conducted in Education, Nursing, Sociology, Anthropology, and other disciplines in the humanities, social sciences and health sciences. The range of methods available to researchers is very broad (e.g., interviews, focus groups, observation) and projects are informed by various approaches (e.g., phenomenology, grounded theory, discourse analysis). Students, scholars and professionals who are new to qualitative research typically need guidance in defining the boundaries of this type of research, such as selecting specific methods, knowing what types of data are appropriate for qualitative research, identifying theoretical frameworks for particular projects, etc. It is important that both novice and established scholars understand the language, culture, and paradigmatic approaches used in qualitative research, especially as interdisciplinary projects increasingly link researchers across varied fields of study. Researchers and practitioners at all levels and across disciplines need a ready-reference tool that defines and explains core concepts, describes the techniques involved in the implementation of qualitative methods, and presents an overview of this approach to research. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods (two volumes) presents state-of-the-art information and ready-to-use techniques, facts, and examples from the field of qualitative methods in a non-intimidating and accessible style. The encyclopedia is specifically written to appeal to beginning, intermediate, and advanced students, practitioners, researchers, consultants, and consumers of information across the social sciences, humanities, and health sciences. While there are 'how-to' guides and reference texts on qualitative methods, none provide as comprehensive a resource in as focused and approachable a manner as the proposed encyclopedia. From A to Z, the entries cover every major facet of qualitative methods, from gaining access to research participants, to data coding and collection, to research ethics, to the detailed aspects of specific qualitative methods, and much more u all without overwhelming the informed reader.

Introducing qualitative research in psychology : adventures in theory and method

Abstract: List of boxes chapter one: From recipes to adventures How, and what, can we know? Positivism Empiricism Hypothetico-deductivism Critique of the 'scientific method' Feminist critique of established epistemologies Social constructionism Epistemology and methodology Qualitative research Overview of the book Three epistemological questions Further reading chapter two: Qualitative research design General principles of qualitative research design The research question Choosing the 'right' method Semi-structured interviewing Participant observation Diaries Focus groups Further reading chapter three: Grounded Theory Basic principles of Grounded Theory An example of Grounded Theory Versions of Grounded Theory Limitations of Grounded Theory as a method for psychological research Three epistemological questions Further reading chapter four: Phenomenological methods Phenomenology The phenomenological method Phenomenology and psychology Descriptive phenomenology Interpretative phenomenology Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Doing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Analysis of an individual case Worked example Integration of cases Interpretation Writing up An example of IPA Limitations of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Three epistemological questions Conclusion Further reading chapter five: Case studies Research methods for psychological case studies Types of design for case study research Procedural issues An example of case study research Limitations of case study research Three epistemological questions Conclusion Further reading chapter six: Discursive Psychology The 'turn to language' Discursive Psychology and Foucauldian Discourse Analysis Discursive Psychology An example of discourse analysis Limitations of discursive psychology Three epistemological questions Further reading chapter seven: Foucauldian Discourse Analysis Selecting texts for analysis Procedural guidelines for the analysis of discourse An illustration of the application of the six stages to an interview extract Limitations of Foucauldian Discourse Analysis Three epistemological questions Key differences between Discursive Psychology and Foucauldian Discourse Analysis Further reading chapter eight: Working with memories Narrative psychology Memory work Why memories? Data collection and analysis 'Saying sorry': an example of data analysis in Memory Work Limitations of Memory Work Three epistemological questions Conclusion Further reading chapter nine: Quality in qualitative research What constitutes 'good' qualitative research? Epistemology and evaluation Evaluation of the methods introduced in this book Some caveats Opportunities and limitations in qualitative research A word about technology 'What' and 'how' Further reading Appendix one: What is understood by 'dominance'? An interpretation through memories Goran Petronic Reflexive preface Abstract Introduction Method Participants Procedure Analysis of memories Comparison of memories Discussion References Appendix two: A qualitative study of the occurrence of abuse in one heterosexual and in one lesbian relationship Kris dew Valour Reflexive preface Abstract Introduction Method Reflexivity Results Discussion References Appendix Appendix three:The emotional experience of looking at art : an observation in the National Gallery Karolina Mornsjo Reflexive preface Abstract Introduction Method Setting Participants Ethical consideration The paintings Practical considerations Analysis Discussion References References Index

Qualitative Research in Business and Management

Abstract: PART ONE: INTRODUCTION How to Use This Book Overview of Qualitative Research PART TWO: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF RESEARCH Research Design Philosophical Perspectives Ethics PART THREE: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS Action Research Case Study Research Ethnographic Research Grounded Theory PART FOUR: DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES Interviews Participant Observation and Fieldwork Using Documents PART FIVE: ANALYSING QUALITATIVE DATA Analysing Qualitative Data: An Overview Hermeneutics Semiotics Narrative Analysis PART SIX: WRITING UP AND PUBLISHING Writing up Getting Published PART SEVEN: CONCLUSION Qualitative Research in Perspective

Qualitative Methods in Business Research

Abstract: PART ONE: THE BUSINESS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Introduction Research Philosophy Research Design and Process Focus and Frame Access and Relationships Ethics in Research Qualitative Research Materials Electronic Research PART TWO: METHODS IN QUALITATIVE BUSINESS RESEARCH Case Study Research Ethnographic Research Grounded Theory Research Focus Group Research Action Research Narrative Research Discourse Analysis Feminist Research Critical Research PART THREE: WRITING AND EVALUATING QUALITATIVE BUSINESS RESEARCH Writing Process Qualitative Research Evaluation Closing Up

Memoing in qualitative research: Probing data and processes

Abstract: This paper explores memoing in the context of qualitative research methodologies. The functions of memos in the research process are discussed and a number of techniques for employing memo writing to enhance the research experience and outcomes are examined. Memoing is often discussed in the literature as a technique employed in grounded theory research, yet there is limited exploration of the value of memo writing in qualitative methodologies generally. Memoing serves to assist the researcher in making conceptual leaps from raw data to those abstractions that explain research phenomena in the context in which it is examined. Memos can be effectively employed by both the novice and experienced researcher as a procedural and analytical strategy throughout the research process. Data exploration is enhanced, continuity of conception and contemplation is enabled and communication is facilitated through the use of memoing. While guidelines exist to aid in the production and use of memos, memoing remains a flex...

Combining individual interviews and focus groups to enhance data richness

Abstract: Title. Combining individual interviews and focus groups to enhance data richness. Aim. This paper is a presentation of the critical reflection on the types of findings obtained from the combination of individual interviews and focus groups, and how such triangulation contributes to knowledge production and synthesis. Background. Increasingly, qualitative method triangulation is advocated as a strategy to achieve more comprehensive understandings of phenomena. Although ontological and epistemological issues pertaining to triangulation are a topic of debate, more practical discussions are needed on its potential contributions, such as enhanced data richness and depth of inquiry. Method. Data gathered through individual interviews and focus groups from a study on patterns of cancer information-seeking behaviour are used to exemplify the added-value but also the challenges of relying on methods combination. Findings. The integration of focus group and individual interview data made three main contributions: a productive iterative process whereby an initial model of the phenomenon guided the exploration of individual accounts and successive individual data further enriched the conceptualisation of the phenomenon; identification of the individual and contextual circumstances surrounding the phenomenon, which added to the interpretation of the structure of the phenomenon; and convergence of the central characteristics of the phenomenon across focus groups and individual interviews, which enhanced trustworthiness of findings. Conclusion. Although the use of triangulation is promising, more work is needed to identify the added-value or various outcomes pertaining to method combination and data integration.

Grounded theory as an emergent method.

Abstract: D uring its 40-year history, grounded theory has served as a major method for conducting emergent qualitative research. What is an emergent method? I start with a working definition of an emergent method as inductive, indeterminate, and open-ended. An emergent method begins with the empirical world and builds an inductive understanding of it as events unfold and knowledge accrues. Social scientists who use emergent methods can study research problems that arise in the empirical world and can pursue unanticipated directions of inquiry in this world. Emergent methods are particularly well suited for studying uncharted, contingent, or dynamic phenomena. These methods also allow for new properties of the studied phenomenon to appear that, in turn, shape new conditions and consequences to be studied. By adopting emergent methods, researchers can account for processes discovered in the empirical world and direct their methodological strategies accordingly. How does grounded theory fit the definition of an emergent method? In which ways does the grounded theory method advance the development of emergent methods? Grounded theory is predicated on an emergent logic. This method starts with a systematic, inductive approach to collecting and analyzing data to develop theoretical analyses. The method also includes checking emergent categories that emerge from successive levels of analysis through hypothetical and deductive reasoning. Grounded theory offers systematic analytic strategies that combine explicitness and flexibility. Fundamental tenets of the grounded theory method include: (1) minimizing preconceived ideas about the research problem and the data, (2) using simultaneous data collection and analysis to inform each other, (3) remaining open to varied explanations and/ or understandings of the data, and (4) focusing data analysis to construct middle-range theories. Rather than viewing only the product of inquiry—the completed grounded the-

Grounded theory, mixed methods, and action research.

Abstract: These commonly used methods are appropriate for particular research questions and contexts Qualitative research includes a variety of methodological approaches with different disciplinary origins and tools. This article discusses three commonly used approaches: grounded theory, mixed methods, and action research. It provides background for those who will encounter these methodologies in their reading rather than instructions for carrying out such research. We describe the appropriate uses, key characteristics, and features of rigour of each approach. Grounded theory was developed by Glaser and Strauss.[1] Its main thrust is to generate theories regarding social phenomena: that is, to develop higher level understanding that is “grounded” in, or derived from, a systematic analysis of data. Grounded theory is appropriate when the study of social interactions or experiences aims to explain a process, not to test or verify an existing theory. Researchers approach the question with disciplinary interests, background assumptions (sometimes called “sensitising concepts”[2]) and an acquaintance with the literature in the domain, but they neither develop nor test hypotheses. Rather, the theory emerges through a close and careful analysis of the data. Key features of grounded theory are its iterative study design, theoretical (purposive) sampling, and system of analysis.[3] An iterative study design entails cycles of simultaneous data collection and analysis, where analysis informs the next cycle of data collection. In a study of the experience of caring for a dying family member, for instance, preliminary analysis of interviews with family care providers may suggesta theme of “care burdens,” and this theme could be refined by interviewing participants who are at variouspoints in the care trajectory, who might offer different perspectives. Analysis of the subsequent phase of data collection will lead to further adaptations of the data collection process to refine and complicate the emerging theory of care burdens. In keeping with this …

Key Concepts in Ethnography

Abstract: Access Analysis Asking Questions Case Study Chicago School Coding Computer Software Covert Critical Ethnography Ethics Feminist Ethnography Fieldnotes Focus Groups and Group Discussions Generalisation Going 'Native' Grounded Theory Holism Inductive and Deductive Insider Ethnographies Interpretivism Interviews and Conversations Key Informants and Gatekeepers Malinowski Multi-sited and Mobile Ethnographies Participant Observation Participant Observer Oxymoron Positivism Postmodern Ethnographies Rapport Realism Reflexivity Sampling Team Ethnography Time Virtual Ethnography Visual Ethnography Writing Where to find other ethnographic concepts

Developing a unifying framework of credibility assessment: Construct, heuristics, and interaction in context

Abstract: This article presents a unifying framework of credibility assessment in which credibility is characterized across a variety of media and resources with respect to diverse information seeking goals and tasks. The initial data were collected through information-activity diaries over a 10-day period from 24 undergraduate students at three different colleges. Based on 245 information seeking activities from the diaries, the authors conducted individual interviews with participants and analyzed the transcripts using a grounded theory analysis. Three distinct levels of credibility judgments emerged: construct, heuristics, and interaction. The construct level pertains to how a person constructs, conceptualizes, or defines credibility. The heuristics level involves general rules of thumb used to make judgments of credibility applicable to a variety of situations. Finally, the interaction level refers to credibility judgments based on content, peripheral source cues, and peripheral information object cues. In addition, context emerged as the social, relational and dynamic frames surrounding the information seeker and providing boundaries of credibility judgments. The implications of the framework in terms of its theoretical contribution to credibility research and practices are discussed.

Innovating or Doing as Told? Status Differences and Overlapping Boundaries in Offshore Collaboration

Abstract: Increasingly, firms source more complex and strategic as well as harder to codify IT projects to low cost offshore locations. Completing such projects successfully requires close collaboration among all participants. Yet, achieving such collaboration is extremely difficult because of the complexity of the context - multiple and overlapping boundaries associated with diverse organizational and national contexts separate the participants. These boundaries also lead to a pronounced imbalance of resources among onshore and offshore participants giving rise to status differences and inhibiting collaboration. This research adopts a practice perspective to investigate how differences in country and organizational contexts give rise to boundaries and associated status differences in offshore application development projects and how these boundaries and status differences can be renegotiated in practice to establish effective collaboration. To illustrate and refine the theory, a qualitative case study of a large financial services firm, which sourced a variety of "high-end" IT work to its wholly owned subsidiaries ("captive centers") and to third party vendors in multiple global locations (e.g., India and Russia), is presented. Using a grounded theory approach, the paper finds that differences in country contexts gave rise to a number of boundaries that inhibited collaboration effectiveness, while differences in organizational contexts were largely mediated through organizational practices that treated vendor centers and captive units similarly. It also shows that some key onshore managers were able to alleviate status differences and facilitate effective collaboration across diverse country contexts by drawing on their position and resources. Implications are drawn for the theory and practice of global software development and multi-party collaboration.

Key strategies for the successful involvement of customers in the co‐creation of new technology‐based services

Abstract: Purpose – The aim is to propose a conceptual framework consisting of research propositions concerning the key strategies required for the successful involvement of customers in the co‐creation of new technology‐based services.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology involves a single case study from which data are derived and analyzed using the grounded theory methodology of “constant comparative analysis.” User‐generated ideas for future mobile phone services are collected from four user involvement projects and analyzed at several workshops attended by senior managers from telecommunications firms.Findings – Seven key strategies are identified as being essential for successful user involvement in new product development. Each strategy is described and illustrated in relation to existing theory and presented as a research proposition.Research limitations/implications – The exploratory nature of the research means that the findings are tentative and need to be confirmed in other settings by other res...

The Practice of Research in Social Work

Abstract: CHAPTER1: SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH Reasoning about the Social World Everyday Errors in Reasoning Overgeneralization Selective or Inaccurate Observation Illogical Reasoning Resistance to Change Adherence to Authority The Social Scientific Approach Social Work and the Social World Social Work Research and Evidence-Based Practice Striving for Validity Measurement Validity Generalizability Causal Validity Social Work in Research in a Diverse Society Social Work Research in Practice Descriptive Research Exploratory Research Explanatory Research Evaluation Research Quantitative and Qualitative Methods Strengths and Limitations of Social Work Research Conclusion CHAPTER 2: THE PROCESS AND PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH Social Work Research Questions Identifying Social Work Research Questions Refining Social Research Questions Evaluating Social Research Questions Implications of Social Diversity and Formulating a Question Foundations of Social Work Research Finding Information Reviewing Research Implications for Evidence-Based Practice Social Work Research Strategies The Role of Social Theory The Deductive/Inductive Cycle Descriptive Research Social Work Research Philosophies Scientific Guidelines for Social Work Research Social Work Research and Ethical Guidelines Honesty and Openness The Uses of Science Research on People Conclusion CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MEASUREMENT Concepts Conceptualization in Practice From Concepts to Observations Operationalization Scales and Indexes Treatment as a Variable Gathering Data Combining Measurement Operations Measurement in Qualitative Research Levels of Measurement Nominal Level of Measurement Ordinal Level of Measurement Interval Level of Measurement Ratio Level of Measurement The Case of Dichotomies Types of Comparisons Measurement Error Evaluating Measures Reliability Measurement Validity Screening and Cut-off Scores Ways to Improve Reliability and Validity of Existing Measures Measurement in a Diverse Society Implications for Evidence-Based Practice Conclusion CHAPTER 4: SAMPLING Sample Planning Define Sample Components and the Population Evaluate Generalizability Assess the Homogeneity of the Population Recruitment Strategies with Diverse Populations Sampling Methods Probability Sampling Probability Sampling Methods Nonprobability Sampling Methods Sampling Distributions Estimating Sampling Error Determining Sampling Size Implications for Evidence-Based Practice Conclusion CHAPTER 5: CAUSATION AND RESEARCH DESIGN Causal Explanation Nomothetic Causal Explanation Idiographic Causal Explanation Research Designs and Criteria for Causal Explanations Association Time Order Nonspuriousness Mechanism Context Units of Analysis and Errors in Causal Reasoning Individual and Group Units of Analysis The Ecological Fallacy and Reductionism Implications for Evidence-Based Practice Conclusion CHAPTER 6: GROUP EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS Threats to Validity Internal (Causal) Validity Generalizability True Experiments Experimental and Comparison Groups Randomization Pretest and Posttest Measures Types of True Experimental Designs Difficulties in True Experiments in Agency-Based Research The Limits of True Experimental Designs Quasi-Experiments Nonequivalent Control Group Designs Time Series Designs Ex Post Facto Control Group Designs Common Group Designs for Program Evaluation and Research Types of Nonexperimental Designs Implications for Evidence-Based Practice Diversity, Group Design, and Evidence-Based Practice Ethical Issues in Experimental Research Deception Selective Distribution of Benefits Conclusion CHAPTER 7: SINGLE-SUBJECT DESIGN Foundations of Single-Subject Design Repeated Measurement Baseline Phase Treatment Phase Graphing Measuring Targets of Intervention Analyzing Single-Subject Designs Visual Analysis Interpreting Visual Analysis Problems of Interpretation Types of Single-Subject Designs Basic Design: A-B Withdrawal Designs Multiple Baseline Designs Multiple Treatment Designs Designs for Monitoring Subjects Implications for Evidence-Based Practice Single-Subject Design in a Diverse Society Ethical Issues in Single-Subject Design Conclusion CHAPTER 8: SURVEY RESEARCH Survey Research in Social Work Attractions of Survey Research The Omnibus Survey Errors in Survey Research Constructing Questions Writing Clear Questions Close-ended Questions and Response Categories Sensitive Questions Single or Multiple Questions Designing Questionnaires Build on Existing Instruments Refine and Test Questions Add Interpretive Questions Maintain Consistent Focus Order the Questions Consider Matrix Questions Make the Questionnaire Attractive Organizing Surveys Mailed Self-Administered Surveys Group-Administered Surveys Telephone Surveys In-Person Interviews Electronic Surveys Mixed-Mode Surveys A Comparison of Survey Designs Secondary Data Surveys Survey Research Designs in a Diverse Society Translating Instruments Interviewer-Respondent Characteristics Implications for Evidence-Based Practice Ethical Issues in Survey Research Conclusion CHAPTER 9: QUALITATIVE METHODS: OBSERVING, PARTICIPATING, LISTENING Fundamentals of Qualitative Methods Case Study: Making Gray Gold Participant Observation Choosing a Role Entering the Field Developing and Maintaining Relationships Sampling People and Events Taking Notes Managing the Personal Dimensions Systematic Observation Intensive Interviewing Establishing and Maintaining a Partnership Asking Questions and Recording Answers Focus Groups Photovoice Qualitative Research in a Diverse Society Implications for Evidence-Based Practice Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research Conclusion CHAPTER 10: QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Features of Qualitative Data Analysis Qualitative Data Analysis as an Art Techniques of Qualitative Data Analysis Documentation Conceptualization, Coding, and Categorizing Examining Relationships and Displaying Data Authenticating Conclusions Reflexivity Alternatives in Qualitative Data Analysis Ethnography Qualitative Comparative Analysis Narrative Analysis Grounded Theory Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Content Analysis Ethics in Qualitative Data Analysis Conclusion CHAPTER 11: EVALUATION RESEARCH Evaluation Basics Describing the Program: The Logic Model Questions for Evaluation Research Need Assessment Process Evaluation Outcome Evaluation Efficiency Analysis Design Alternatives Black Box or Program Theory Researcher or Stakeholder Orientation Quantitative or Qualitative Methods Simple or Complex Outcomes Implications for Evidence-Based Practice C2-SPECTR Evaluation Research in a Diverse Society Ethics in Evaluation Conclusion CHAPTER 12: QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Introducing Statistics Preparing Data for Analysis Identification Numbers Reviewing the Forms Coding Open-ended Questions Creating a Codebook Data Entry Data Cleaning Displaying Univariate Distributions Graphs Frequency Distributions Summarizing Univariate Distributions Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Variation Analyzing Data Ethically: How Not to Lie with Statistics Crosstabulating Variables Graphing Association Describing Association Evaluating Association Introduction to Inferential Statistics Choosing a Statistical Test Analyzing Data Ethically: How Not to Lie About Relationships Conclusion CHAPTER 13: REPORTING RESEARCH Social Work Research Proposals Case Study: Treating Substance Abuse Comparing Research Designs Meta-Analyses: A Tool for Evidence-Based Practice Case Study: Is Social Work Practice Effective Reporting Research Writing Research Peer-Review Journal Articles Applied Research Reports Social Work Research in a Diverse Society Ethics, Politics, and Research Reports Conclusion Appendix A: Summaries of Frequently Cited Research Articles Appendix B: Questions to Ask About a Research Article Appendix C: How to Read a Research Article Appendix D: Finding Information Appendix E: Table of Random Numbers Appendix F: Annotated List of 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Innovating or doing as told? status differences and overlapping boundaries in offshore collaboration

Abstract: Increasingly, firms source more complex and strategic as well as harder to codify information technology projects to low-cost offshore locations. Completing such projects successfully requires close collaboration among all participants. Yet, achieving such collaboration is extremely difficult because of the complexity of the context: multiple and overlapping boundaries associated with diverse organizational and national contexts separate the participants. These boundaries also lead to a pronounced imbalance of resources among onshore and offshore contributors giving rise to status differences and inhibiting collaboration. This research adopts a practice perspective to investigate how differences in country and organizational contexts give rise to boundaries and associated status differences in offshore application development projects and how these boundaries and status differences can be renegotiated in practice to establish effective collaboration. To illustrate and refine the theory, a qualitative case study of a large financial services firm, which sourced a variety of high-end IT work to its wholly owned subsidiaries ("captive centers") and to third party vendors in multiple global locations (in particular, to India and Russia), is presented. Using a grounded theory approach, the paper finds that differences in country contexts gave rise to a number of boundaries that inhibited collaboration effectiveness, while differences in organizational contexts were largely mediated through organizational practices that treated vendor centers and captive units similarly. It also shows that some key onshore managers were able to alleviate status differences and facilitate effective collaboration across diverse country contexts by drawing on their position and resources. Implications are drawn for the theory and practice of global software development and multiparty collaboration.

Do Employees Care About CSR Programs? A Typology of Employees According to their Attitudes.

Abstract: This paper examines employees’ reactions to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs at the attitudinal level. The results presented are drawn from an in-depth study of two Chilean construction firms that have well-established CSR programs. Grounded theory was applied to the data prior to the construction of the conceptual framework. The analysis shows that the implementation of CSR programs generates two types of attitudes in employees: attitudes toward the organization and attitudes toward society. These two broad types of attitudes can then be broken down into four different categories: (1) acceptance of the new role of the organization, (2) identification with the organization, (3) importance attached to the work performed and (4) a sense of social justice. In turn, each of these categories is a grouping of many different concepts, some of which have at first sight little to do with CSR. Finally, the analysis reveals an attitudinal employee typology: the committed worker, the indifferent worker, and the dissident worker.

Entrepreneur behaviors, opportunity recognition, and the origins of innovative ventures

Abstract: This study traces the origins of innovative strategies by examining the attributes of ‘innovative entrepreneurs.’ In an inductive grounded theory study of innovative entrepreneurs, we develop a theory that innovative entrepreneurs differ from executives on four behavioral patterns through which they acquire information: (1) questioning; (2) observing; (3) experimenting; and (4) idea networking. We develop operational measures of each of these behaviors and find significant differences between innovative entrepreneurs and executives in a large sample survey of 72 successful and unsuccessful innovative entrepreneurs and 310 executives. Drawing on network theory, we develop a theory of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition that explains why these behaviors increase the probability of generating an idea for an innovative venture. We contend that one's ability to generate novel ideas for innovative new businesses is a function of one's behaviors that trigger cognitive processes to produce novel business ideas. We also posit that innovative entrepreneurs are less susceptible to the status quo bias and engage in these information-seeking behaviors with a motivation to change the status quo. Copyright © 2009 Strategic Management Society.

Handbook of emergent methods

Abstract: Hesse-Biber, Leavy, Introduction: Pushing on the Methodological Boundaries - The Growing Need for Emergent Methods within and across the Disciplines. Part I: Historical Context of Emergent Methods and Innovation in the Practice of Research Methods. Leavy, Hesse-Biber, Introduction to Part I. History. Staller, Block, Horner, History of Methods in Social Science Research. Rosser, Gender Inclusion, Contextual Values, and Strong Objectivity: Emergent Feminist Methods for Research in the Sciences. Cosgrove, McHugh, A Post-Newtonian, Postmodern Approach to Science: New Methods in Social Action Research. Mark, Emergence in and from Quasi-Experimental Design and Analysis. Document Research. Prior, Researching Documents: Emergent Methods. Altheide, Coyle, DeVriese, Schneider, Emergent Qualitative Document Analysis. Grounded Theory. Charmaz, Grounded Theory as an Emergent Method. Interviewing. Conrad, Schober, New Frontiers in Standardized Survey Interviewing. Morgan, Fellows, Guevara, Emergent Approaches to Focus Group Research. Hennink, Emergent Issues in International Focus Group Discussions. Frisch, Three Dimensions and More: Oral History Beyond the Paradoxes of Method. Ethnography. Gubrium, Holstein, Narrative Ethnography. Bailey, Public Ethnography. Davis, Ellis, Emergent Methods in Autoethnographic Research: Autoethnographic Narrative and the Multiethnographic Turn. Bhattacharya, New Critical Collaborative Ethnography. Arts-Based Practice. Holm, Visual Research Methods: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? Leavy, Performance-Based Emergent Methods. Part II: Innovations in Research Methods Design and Analysis. Hesse-Biber, Introduction to Part II. Clark, Creswell, Green, Shope, Mixed Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches: An Introduction to Emergent Mixed Methods Research. Teddlie, Tashakkori, Johnson, Emergent Techniques in the Gathering and Analysis of Mixed-Methods Data. Irwin, Data Analysis and Interpretation: Emergent Issues in Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence. Ruspini, Longitudinal Research: An Emergent Method in the Social Sciences. Maxwell, Miller, Categorizing and Connecting Strategies in Qualitative Data Analysis. Todd, Harrison, Metaphorical Analysis: An Emergent Analytical Tool. Sorsoli, Tolman, Hearing Voices: Listening for Multiplicity and Movement in Interview Data. Part III: The Impact of Emergent Technologies on Research Methods. Hesse-Biber, Introduction to Part III. Hine, Internet Research as Emergent Practice. Hewson, Internet-Mediated Research as an Emergent Method and Its Potential Role in Facilitating Mixed-Methods Research. Dicks, Mason, Hypermedia Methods for Qualitative Research. Mulder, Kort, Mixed Emotions, Mixed Methods: The Role of Emergent Technologies in Studying User Experience in Context. Kwan, Emergent Methods in Feminist Geography. Sarkisian, Neural Networks an Emergent Method in Quantitative Research: An Example of Self-Organizing Maps. Hesse-Biber, Crofts, User-Centered Perspectives on Qualitative Data Analysis Software: The Impact of Emergent Technologies and Future Trends. Fielding, The Role of Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis: Impact on Emergent Methods in Qualitative Research.

From Combat to Campus: Voices of Student-Veterans

Abstract: What needs do veterans bring to campus? Little is known about this emerging student population. The researchers interviewed 25 students who served in the current Iraq and Afghan conflicts. This was a multicampus study, with the sample derived from three geographically diverse universities representing northern, southern, and western regions of the United States. Using a model of adult transition by Schlossberg as a guiding theory, a grounded theory epistemology was used to generate a conceptual framework for understanding students who are making the transition from wartime service to college. Findings and implications will help institutions organize a holistic approach for assisting veterans and improving their chances for success.

Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Entrepreneurship

Abstract: Contents:Foreword Sara CarterIntroduction: Methodological Variety in Entrepreneurship ResearchHelle Neergaard and John Parm Ulhoi PART I: CHOOSING A VEHICLE 1. The Entrepreneurship Paradigm (I) Revisited William D. Bygrave2. Critical Realism: A Suitable Vehicle for Entrepreneurship Research?Richard Blundel3. Researching Entrepreneurship as Lived ExperienceHenrik BerglundPART II: STARTING OUT AND GEARING UP 4. Ethnographic Methods in Entrepreneurship ResearchBruce A. Johnstone5. Building Grounded Theory in Entrepreneurship ResearchMarkus M. Makela and Romeo V. Turcan 6. An Action Research Approach to EntrepreneurshipClaire Leitch7. Recognizing Meaning: Semiotics in Entrepreneurial ResearchRobert Smith and Alistair R. Anderson 8. Media Discourse in Entrepreneurship ResearchLeona Achtenhagen and Friederike Welter9. A Foucauldian Framework for Discourse AnalysisHelene AhlPART III: GAINING SPEED 10. Sampling in Entrepreneurial SettingsHelle Neergaard11. Catching it as it HappensEthel Brundin12. Techniques for Collecting Verbal HistoriesBrian McKenzie13. Using E-mails as a Source of Qualitative DataIngrid Wakkee, Paula D. Englis and Wim During 14. The Scientification of FictionJesper Piihl, Kim Klyver and Torben DamgaardPART IV: WINDING DOWN AND ASSESSING THE RIDE 15. Assessing the Quality of Qualitative Research in EntrepreneurshipCaroline Wigren16. A Critical Realist Approach to Quality in Observation StudiesAnne Bollingtoft17. Daring to be Different: A Dialogue on the Problems of Getting Qualitative Research PublishedRobert Smith and Alistair R. Anderson18. Avoiding a Strike-out in the First InningsCandida BrushPostscript: Unresolved Challenges? John Parm Ulhoi and Helle Neergaard Index

Grounded Theory Method in Management Research: Users' Perspectives

Abstract: The authors discuss the determination of quality in studies using grounded theory method (GTM). They concretely describe some misunderstandings associated with GTM and some malaises experienced wit...

Towards an Understanding of Mental Toughness in Australian Football

Abstract: A personal construct psychology (PCP; Kelly, 1955/1991) framework was employed in an attempt to reveal a holistic understanding of mental toughness in the context of Australian Football. Eleven male coaches (M age = 42, SD = 9.62) with considerable playing and coaching experience at the elite level were interviewed using a PCP-based interview protocol. Transcribed verbatim data were analyzed using grounded theory procedures. Three independent categories (characteristics, situations, behaviors) were inductively derived and integrated into a model in which the importance of understanding each component individually was emphasized. The relationship between these three central categories was also highlighted. Results identified the key mental characteristics and their contrasts together with those situations that demand mental toughness, and the behaviors commonly displayed by mentally tough footballers. Conceptualized in the context of these three categories, mental toughness in Australian Football can be co...

Risk to Researchers in Qualitative Research on Sensitive Topics: Issues and Strategies

Abstract: Traditionally, risk assessments in research have been limited to examining the risks to the research participants. Although doing so is appropriate and important, there is growing recognition that undertaking research can pose risks to researchers as well. A grounded theory study involving a range of researchers who had undertaken qualitative health research on a sensitive topic was completed. Analysis of the in-depth, face-to-face unstructured individual interviews with 30 Australian public health researchers provided evidence that researchers do confront a number of physical and emotional risks when undertaking research. Training, preparation, and supervision must be taken into account so that the risk to researchers can be minimized. Researchers need to consider occupational health and safety issues in designing research projects that deal with physical and emotional risks. Recommendations for professional supervision, policy development, and minimum training standards for researchers are provided.

Constructivist-Grounded Theory

Abstract: Grounded theory is a systematic method consisting of several flexible strategies for constructing theory through analyzing qualitative data (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) This method begins with inducti