Showing papers on "Grounded theory published in 2018"

Developing Grounded Theory : The Second Generation

Abstract: PrefaceIntroduction, Janice M. Morse1. A History of Grounded Theory, Phyllis Noerager Stern2. The Straussian Perspective, Juliet M. Corbin3. The Glaserian Perspective, Phllis Noerager Stern4. Leonard Schatzman and Dimensional Analysis, Barbara Bowers5. Situational Analysis, Adele E. Clarke6. Constructivist Grounded Theory, Kathy C. Charmaz7. Issues and Future Directions in Grounded Theory Research, Janice M. MorseReferencesResourcesIndex About the Authors

Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences

Abstract: Volume One -- Philosophical Foundations & Methodological Frameworks -- Research methods in Health and social science: An introduction -- Part 1: Introduction to Research Approaches -- Chapter 1: The nature of qualitative research (nature, sampling, trustworthiness, reflexivity, its criticism) -- Chapter 2: The nature of quantitative research (nature, sampling, validity & reliability, its criticism) -- Part 2: Philosophical Foundations & Methodological Frameworks -- Chapter 3: Ontology and epistemology -- Chapter 4: Positivism and realism -- Chapter 5: Ethnography (including critical ethnography) -- Chapters 6: Phenomenology -- Chapter 7: Symbolic interactionism -- Chapter 8: Grounded theory -- Chapter 9: Hermeneutics -- Chapter 10: Feminism -- Chapter 11: Postmodernism -- Chapter 12: Participatory research -- Chapter 13: Case study research -- Chapter 14: Ethnomethodology -- Chapter 15: Indigenist and decolonising research methodology -- Chapter 16: Evaluation research -- Chapter 17: Translational research -- Part 3: Ethics, politics and Research -- Chapter 18: Ethics and research -- Chapter 19: Politics in research -- Chapter 20: Research proposals and successful grant applications -- Means for Data Collection: Research Methods -- Part 1: Qualitative Approaches and Practices -- Chapter 1: In-depth interviewing method -- Chapter 2: Focus group method -- Chapter 3: Narrative research -- Chapter 4: Oral/life history -- Chapter 5: Ethnographic method -- Chapter 6: Institutional and focused ethnography -- Chapter 7: Doing grounded theory research -- Chapter 8: Unobtrusive methods -- Chapter 9: Autoethnography -- Chapter 10: Participatory action research and Community-based participation -- Chapter 11: Memory-work -- Part 2: Quantitative Approaches and Practices -- Chapter 12: Surveys and questionnaires -- Chapter 13: Structured observation method -- Chapter 14: Epidemiology -- Chapter 15: Single-subject experimental designs -- Chapter 16: Randomised controlled trials -- Chapter 17: Measurement issues -- Part 3: Multi, Mixed Methodology and Collaborative Research -- Chapter 18: Integrated methods in research -- Chapter 19: The use of multi-methods in research -- Chapter 20: The use of mixed methods in research -- Chapter 21: Rapid appraisal method -- Chapter 22: The Delphi method -- Chapter 23: Q methodology -- Data Analysis, Systematic Review, and Representation of Research Data -- Part 1: Making Sense of Data -- Chapter 1: Transcribing and coding of qualitative data. Chapter 2: Content analysis -- Chapter 3: Thematic analysis -- Chapter 4: Critical discourse/discourse analysis -- Chapter 5: Narrative analysis -- Chapter 6: Conversational analysis/dialogical (analysing talk). Chapter 7: Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis (CAQDAS) -- Chapter 8: Using diagrams to support research process -- Chapter 9: Data analysis in quantitative research -- Chapter 10: Using SPSS/STATA programmes -- Chapter 11: Network analysis -- Part 2: Systematic Review -- Chapter 12: Metasynthesis of qualitative research -- Chapter 13: Systematic reviews -- Part 3: Representation of Research Findings -- Chapter 14: Traditional/academic presentation of research findings -- Chapter 15: Innovative ways of research dissemination (eg. dance, short story, poem) -- Chapter 16: Using cartoons to disseminate research findings -- Chapter 17: Theatre/drama and dissemination of research findings -- Chapter 18: Autoethnographic representation -- Chapter 19: Evaluation of published evidence (qualitative & quantitative evaluation).

Finding Theory–Method Fit: A Comparison of Three Qualitative Approaches to Theory Building:

Abstract: This article, together with a companion video, provides a synthesized summary of a Showcase Symposium held at the 2016 Academy of Management Annual Meeting in which prominent scholars—Denny Gioia, ...

Qualitative Research Methodology in Social Sciences and Related Subjects

Abstract: This literature review paper discusses the proper use of qualitative research methodology to discuss several aspects of the research for the improvement of the skill of the readers. During the last few decades, the use of qualitative research has been increased in many institutions. It can be used to explore several areas of human behavior for the development of organizations. The purpose of this study is to provide inspirations to the new researchers for the development of their qualitative articles. The paper analyzes the design of qualitative research giving some methodological suggestions to make it explicable to the reader. In this paper an attempt has been taken to study the background of the qualitative research methodology in social sciences and some other related subjects , along with the importance, and main features of the study.

Qualitative Research Methodology in Social Sciences and Related Subjects

Abstract: This literature review paper discusses the proper use of qualitative research methodology to discuss several aspects of the research for the improvement of the skill of the readers. During the last few decades, the use of qualitative research has been increased in many institutions. It can be used to explore several areas of human behavior for the development of organizations. The purpose of this study is to provide inspirations to the new researchers for the development of their qualitative articles. The paper analyzes the design of qualitative research giving some methodological suggestions to make it explicable to the reader. In this paper an attempt has been taken to study the background of the qualitative research methodology in social sciences and some other related subjects, along with the importance, and main features of the study.

Collaborative learning practices: teacher and student perceived obstacles to effective student collaboration

Abstract: While the educational literature mentions several obstacles affecting the effectiveness of collaborative learning (CL), they have often been investigated through the perceptions of only one actor, ...

Ensuring Rigor in Qualitative Data Analysis: A Design Research Approach to Coding Combining NVivo With Traditional Material Methods

Abstract: Deep and insightful interactions with the data are a prerequisite for qualitative data interpretation, in particular, in the generation of grounded theory. The researcher must also employ imaginati...

The art of co-production of knowledge in environmental sciences and management: lessons from international practice

Abstract: This review paper addresses the challenging question of “how to” design and implement co-production of knowledge in climate science and other environmental and agricultural sciences. Based on a grounded theory review of nine (9) published case studies of transdisciplinary and collaborative research projects, the paper offers a set of common themes regarding specific components and processes for the design, implementation, and achievement of co-production of knowledge work, which represent the “Modus Operandi” of knowledge co-production. The analysis focuses on practical methodological guidance based on lessons from how different research teams have approached the challenges of complex collaborative research. We begin by identifying broad factors or actions that inhibit or facilitate the process, then highlight specific practices associated with co-production of knowledge and necessary competencies for undertaking co-production. We provide insights on issues such as the integration of social and professional cultures, gender and social equity, and power dynamics, and illustrate the different ways in which researchers have addressed these issues. By exploring the specific practices involved in knowledge co-production, this paper provides guidance to researchers on how to navigate different possibilities of the process of conducting transdisciplinary and co-production of knowledge research projects that best fit their research context, stakeholder needs, and research team capacities.

Factors that influence teachers’ adoption and integration of ICT in teaching/learning process

Abstract: Information communication technology (ICT) is becoming increasingly important in our daily lives and in our educational system. There is a growing demand on educational institutions to use ICT to t...

Challenges When Using Grounded Theory: A Pragmatic Introduction to Doing GT Research

Abstract: The grounded theory (GT) method is widely applied, yet frequently misunderstood. We outline the main variants of GT and dispel the most common myths associated with GT. We argue that the different ...

Are Games Effective Learning Tools? A Review of Educational Games.

Abstract: The literature around the use, efficacy and design of educational games and game-based learning approaches has been building up gradually and in phases, across different disciplines and in an ad hoc way. This has been problematic in a number of ways and resulted in fragmented literature and inconsistent referencing patterns between different sub-disciplines and countries. This is mainly because no distinct single-disciplinary perspective has emerged because of: the cross-disciplinary nature of educational games, a reliance on single-disciplinary contexts for studies, changing terminologies in different contexts and the use of multi-methodological approaches. Distinct perspectives from education science, game science, neuroscience and information science have deepened our understanding of play and games. This research has become more quantitative, rigorous and nuanced as a result of more studies focused upon therapeutic health applications of games, the serious games research movement and more efficacy and comparative studies that examine and quantify utility.

How People Form Folk Theories of Social Media Feeds and What it Means for How We Study Self-Presentation

Abstract: Self-presentation is a process that is significantly complicated by the rise of algorithmic social media feeds, which obscure information about one's audience and environment. User understandings of these systems, and therefore user ability to adapt to them, are limited, and have recently been explored through the lens of folk theories. To date, little is understood of how these theories are formed, and how they tie to the self-presentation process in social media. This paper presents an exploratory look at the folk theory formation process and the interplay between folk theories and self-presentation via a 28-participant interview study. Results suggest that people draw from diverse sources of information when forming folk theories, and that folk theories are more complex, multifaceted and malleable than previously assumed. This highlights the need to integrate folk theories into both social media systems and theories of self-presentation.

Patient‐centred care is a way of doing things: How healthcare employees conceptualize patient‐centred care

Abstract: Background Patient-centred care is now ubiquitous in health services research, and healthcare systems are moving ahead with patient-centred care implementation. Yet, little is known about how healthcare employees, charged with implementing patient-centred care, conceptualize what they are implementing. Objective To examine how hospital employees conceptualize patient-centred care. Research design We conducted qualitative interviews about patient-centred care during site four visits, from January to April 2013. Subjects We interviewed 107 employees, including leadership, middle managers, front line providers and staff at four US Veteran Health Administration (VHA) medical centres leading VHA's patient-centred care transformation. Measures Data were analysed using grounded thematic analysis. Findings were then mapped to established patient-centred care constructs identified in the literature: taking a biopsychosocial perspective; viewing the patient-as-person; sharing power and responsibility; establishing a therapeutic alliance; and viewing the doctor-as-person. Results We identified three distinct conceptualizations: (i) those that were well aligned with established patient-centred care constructs surrounding the clinical encounter; (ii) others that extended conceptualizations of patient-centred care into the organizational culture, encompassing the entire patient-experience; and (iii) still others that were poorly aligned with patient-centred care constructs, reflecting more traditional patient care practices. Conclusions Patient-centred care ideals have permeated into healthcare systems. Additionally, patient-centred care has been expanded to encompass a cultural shift in care delivery, beginning with patients' experiences entering a facility. However, some healthcare employees, namely leadership, see patient-centred care so broadly, it encompasses on-going hospital initiatives, while others consider patient-centred care as inherent to specific positions. These latter conceptualizations risk undermining patient-centred care implementation by limiting transformational initiatives to specific providers or simply repackaging existing programmes.

Grounded Theory Method

Abstract: This chapter examines the well-known, and widely used, approach to qualitative research known as grounded theory. In their initial formulation of the methodology, Glaser and Strauss (1967) adopted an empiricist outlook on inquiry, although one leavened more by pragmatism than positivism. This chapter presents an alternative conception of grounded theory method that is consistent with a realist philosophy of science and an abductive conception of scientific method. Among other things, the proposed reconstruction of grounded theory method adopts a problems-oriented conception of research, suggests that theories are grounded in phenomena, not data, argues for an abductive rather than an inductive conception of theory construction, and makes good on the claim that grounded theory method accommodates both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Taking a Gamble for High Rewards? Management Perspectives on the Value of Mental Health Peer Workers

Abstract: Mental health peer work is attracting growing interest and provides a potentially impactful method of service user involvement in mental health design and delivery, contributing to mental health reform. The need to effectively support this emerging workforce is consequently increasing. This study aimed to better understand the views of management in relation to peer work and specifically explores the value of peer work from the perspective of management. This qualitative research employed grounded theory methods. There were 29 participants in total, employed in both peer designated and non-peer designated management roles, in not for profit and public health organisations in Queensland, Australia. The value of peer work as described by participants is found to be partially dependent on practical supports and strategies from the organisation. There were high benefits for all facets of the organisation when effective recruitment and ongoing support for peer workers was prioritised and a higher perception of limitations when they were not. Due to some parallels, it may be useful to explore the potential for peer work to be conceptually and/or practically considered as a form of diversity and inclusion employment.

Simple rules for evidence translation in complex systems: A qualitative study

Abstract: Ensuring patients benefit from the latest medical and technical advances remains a major challenge, with rational-linear and reductionist approaches to translating evidence into practice proving inefficient and ineffective. Complexity thinking, which emphasises interconnectedness and unpredictability, offers insights to inform evidence translation theories and strategies. Drawing on detailed insights into complex micro-systems, this research aimed to advance empirical and theoretical understanding of the reality of making and sustaining improvements in complex healthcare systems. Using analytical auto-ethnography, including documentary analysis and literature review, we assimilated learning from 5 years of observation of 22 evidence translation projects (UK). We used a grounded theory approach to develop substantive theory and a conceptual framework. Results were interpreted using complexity theory and ‘simple rules’ were identified reflecting the practical strategies that enhanced project progress. The framework for Successful Healthcare Improvement From Translating Evidence in complex systems (SHIFT-Evidence) positions the challenge of evidence translation within the dynamic context of the health system. SHIFT-Evidence is summarised by three strategic principles, namely (1) ‘act scientifically and pragmatically’ – knowledge of existing evidence needs to be combined with knowledge of the unique initial conditions of a system, and interventions need to adapt as the complex system responds and learning emerges about unpredictable effects; (2) ‘embrace complexity’ – evidence-based interventions only work if related practices and processes of care within the complex system are functional, and evidence-translation efforts need to identify and address any problems with usual care, recognising that this typically includes a range of interdependent parts of the system; and (3) ‘engage and empower’ – evidence translation and system navigation requires commitment and insights from staff and patients with experience of the local system, and changes need to align with their motivations and concerns. Twelve associated ‘simple rules’ are presented to provide actionable guidance to support evidence translation and improvement in complex systems. By recognising how agency, interconnectedness and unpredictability influences evidence translation in complex systems, SHIFT-Evidence provides a tool to guide practice and research. The ‘simple rules’ have potential to provide a common platform for academics, practitioners, patients and policymakers to collaborate when intervening to achieve improvements in healthcare.

Research Methods in TEFL Studies: Descriptive Research, Case Study, Error Analysis, and R & D

Abstract: Articles published in International journals have rich potentials of learning sources since their publication has been scholarly processed through the hands of journal editors. Readers can get a lot of benefits from them. One lesson we might get is the way the writers conducted their researches. Thus, we can learn the research methods from the models found in journal articles. This paper will elaborate the research methods used in the teaching of English as a foreign language (TEFL). The elaboration is formulated from the research methods used by journal article writers around the world. A number of international journal articles in TEFL are taken as the corpus of the study. Using a grounded theory, varieties of research methods in TEFL are investigated. Among of them are case study, quasi experiment, qualitative experiment, meta analysis, descriptive research, activity theory, error analysis, R & D, action research, research and development (R&D), and survey method. Due to the limited space, however, the paper will only describe four popular methods: descriptive research, case study, error analysis, and R & D. The description of each method is supported with examples found in international journal articles published around the world.

Stakes in the eye of the beholder: an international study of learners' perceptions within programmatic assessment.

Abstract: Objectives Within programmatic assessment, the ambition is to simultaneously optimise the feedback and the decision-making function of assessment. In this approach, individual assessments are intended to be low stakes. In practice, however, learners often perceive assessments designed to be low stakes as high stakes. In this study, we explored how learners perceive assessment stakes within programmatic assessment and which factors influence these perceptions. Methods Twenty-six learners were interviewed from three different countries and five different programmes, ranging from undergraduate to postgraduate medical education. The interviews explored learners' experience with and perception of assessment stakes. An open and qualitative approach to data gathering and analyses inspired by the constructivist grounded theory approach was used to analyse the data and reveal underlying mechanisms influencing learners' perceptions. Results Learners' sense of control emerged from the analysis as key for understanding learners' perception of assessment stakes. Several design factors of the assessment programme provided or hindered learners' opportunities to exercise control over the assessment experience, mainly the opportunities to influence assessment outcomes, to collect evidence and to improve. Teacher-learner relationships that were characterised by learners' autonomy and in which learners feel safe were important for learners' believed ability to exercise control and to use assessment to support their learning. Conclusions Knowledge of the factors that influence the perception of assessment stakes can help design effective assessment programmes in which assessment supports learning. Learners' opportunities for agency, a supportive programme structure and the role of the teacher are particularly powerful mechanisms to stimulate the learning value of programmatic assessment.

Exploring characteristics and transformational capabilities of InsurTech innovations to understand insurance value creation in a digital world

Abstract: Recent developments in the insurance industry embrace various “Insurance Technology” (InsurTech) innovations. To date, there is a lack of structured assessments of InsurTech. Prior research on FinTech fails (1) to clarify how InsurTech can be characterized and what capabilities are employed, and hence, (2) to reveal implications for value creation on firm and industry level. We address this by inductively building a model of InsurTech innovation adopting the grounded theory method. Our empirical data includes 208 InsurTech innovations from a market analysis based on Twitter data and a multiple-case study. The resulting model comprises 52 characteristics and 14 transformational capabilities and is integrated with extant value networks and intermediation literature. The former explains how InsurTech affects firm-level value creation and suggests that disruptive potentials emerge from aligning the transformational capabilities along three interdependent activities. The latter explains the entrance of digital intermediaries and their roles in the personal insurance market.

Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design (International Student Edition): Choosing Among Five Approaches

Abstract: In the Fourth Edition of this bestselling book, John W Creswell and new co-author Cheryl N Poth explore the philosophical underpinnings, history and key elements of each of five qualitative inquiry traditions: narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography and case study - putting them side by side, so that we can see the differences. The authors relate research designs to each of the traditions of enquiry. They compare theoretical frameworks and ways to employ standards of quality, as well as strategies for writing introductions to studies, collecting data, analyzing data, writing a narrative and verifying results. New in this edition: Updated materials on each tradition More on interpretive frameworks and ethics More visual depictions of the five approaches Two new topical articles in Chapter 5, reproduced in full in the appendices.

What are healthcare providers' understandings and experiences of compassion? The healthcare compassion model: a grounded theory study of healthcare providers in Canada.

Abstract: Background Healthcare providers are considered the primary conduit of compassion in healthcare. Although most healthcare providers desire to provide compassion, and patients and families expect to receive it, an evidence-based understanding of the construct and its associated dimensions from the perspective of healthcare providers is needed. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate healthcare providers’ perspectives and experiences of compassion in order to generate an empirically derived, clinically informed model. Design Data were collected via focus groups with frontline healthcare providers and interviews with peer-nominated exemplary compassionate healthcare providers. Data were independently and collectively analysed by the research team in accordance with Straussian grounded theory. Setting and participants 57 healthcare providers were recruited from urban and rural palliative care services spanning hospice, home care, hospital-based consult teams, and a dedicated inpatient unit within Alberta, Canada. Results Five categories and 13 associated themes were identified, illustrated in the Healthcare Provider Compassion Model depicting the dimensions of compassion and their relationship to one another. Compassion was conceptualised as—a virtuous and intentional response to know a person, to discern their needs and ameliorate their suffering through relational understanding and action. Conclusions An empirical foundation of healthcare providers’ perspectives on providing compassionate care was generated. While the dimensions of the Healthcare Provider Compassion Model were congruent with the previously developed Patient Model, further insight into compassion is now evident. The Healthcare Provider Compassion Model provides a model to guide clinical practice and research focused on developing interventions, measures and resources to improve it.

Qualitative Research as Stepwise-Deductive Induction

Abstract: This book provides thorough guidance on various forms of data generation and analysis, presenting a model for the research process in which detailed data analysis and generalization through the development of concepts are central Based on an inductive principle, which begins with raw data and moves towards concepts or theories through incremental deductive feedback loops, the ‘stepwise-deductive induction’ approach advanced by the author focuses on the analysis phase in research Concentrating on creativity, structuring of analytical work, and collaborative development of generic knowledge, it seeks to enable researchers to extend their insight of a subject area without having personally to study all the data generated throughout a project A constructive alternative to Grounded Theory, the approach advanced here is centred on qualitative research that aims at developing concepts, models, or theories on basis of a gradual paradigm to reduce complexity As such, it will appeal to scholars and students across the social sciences with interests in methods and the analysis of qualitative data of various kinds

Teacher–Student Relationships and L2 Motivation

Abstract: Positive relationships with teachers are important for students’ second language motivation. However, little is known about how interpersonal interactions stimulate motivated behavior. Drawing on studies of teacher–student relationships, theories from positive psychology, and the psychology of unconscious self‐regulation, this case study examines moments of teacher–student interaction and explores influences on students’ engagement and motivation. Observations (N = 15) were carried out in 2 classrooms, and interviews with the focal teacher of this study and her students were conducted. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory ethnography approach. Findings indicate that moments of close personal contact and their influences may differ in emerging and mature teacher–student relationships. While in emerging relationships moments of contact can have immediate influences on engagement and motivation, in mature relationships influences on learning behavior may be less pronounced and involve unconscious motivational processes. The study’s methodological limitations are discussed and proposals are made for future ethnographic and experimental work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School bullying and fitting into the peer landscape: a grounded theory field study

Abstract: Research on school bullying has its roots in the field of developmental and educational psychology, and appeals to the need for a theoretical and methodological widening in order to grasp its ambiguity and complexity. The article draws on ethnographic fieldwork in which 144 pupils and seven teachers participated from seven school classes in three Swedish public primary schools. A constructivist grounded theory guided data gathering and analysis. This article offers an interpretative portrayal of school bullying. It paints a picture of the core process of misfitting and how this process involves the selective use of normativities from the macro, meso and micro levels. When bullying is conceptualized as simply caused by individual characteristics, teachers and others become blind to gender norms, heteronormativity, racism and a range of other oppressions taking place in bullying, and this will fail to offer an appropriate knowledge base on how to counteract and reduce bullying.

Parental involvement in education during middle school: Perspectives of ethnically diverse parents, teachers, and students

Abstract: Maintaining productive partnerships between families and schools is more complex when youth enter middle school. A systematic and inclusive understanding of the strategies parents use, youth want a...

Exploring the digitalization impact on consumer decision-making in retail banking

Abstract: Retail banking has undergone a massive transformation in the last few years. A major aspect is changing consumer behavior. The aim of the paper is to better understand retail banking consumers regarding the impact of digitalization. Consequently, we acquired online consumer review data from Germany, the UK and US. We analyzed the data using coding techniques of grounded theory, supported by interdisciplinary literature to identify and categorize the relevant influence factors. The outcome of the paper is an integrated model of consumer decision-making in today’s retail banking along with four detailed partial models of the respective decision stages.

Controlling the illusion of control: a grounded theory of sports betting advertising in the UK

Abstract: Sports betting advertising has arguably permeated contemporary sport consumption in many countries. Advertisements build narratives that represent situations and characters that normalize betting b...

Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation for experience grounded tacit knowledge sharing in Chinese software organisations

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify and explain the role of individuals’ awareness and motivation in facilitating knowledge sharing (KS) in the real world of practice, as well as to establish areas of convergence between theory and practice that can be of use to both academics and practitioners involved in knowledge intensive organisations.,This study used Grounded Theory (GT) as an inductive methodology to collect, analyse and interpret data from multiple case-studies. 44 participants from Chinese software organisations were selected on the basis of their role in SW design and development and were interviewed using a semi-structured interview script. The data analysis followed a Straussian approach to coding, which consists of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The analysis focused on the impact of individuals’ awareness and motivation to share knowledge.,The findings of this research show that the motivation for KS – a time consuming and demanding activity – is indeed related to awareness by managers and developers of the benefits of KS in their professional practice. Practitioners shared their experiences and tacit knowledge with others, partly because it was required by their companies, but also because they have a sound awareness of the need to share knowledge both inside and outside their organisations.,As a typical social science inductive study, this research is bounded by the context in which the theory proposed emerged from. Further research should be conducted into a richer variety of organisational and national contexts, as suggested by good theoretical sampling practice, which could provide further insights or contrasts.,Despite a number of theoretical propositions found in the literature, there is a clear lack of implementation strategies and models that explain the role of awareness and motivation in facilitating KS in the world of practice. This issue of applicability of theoretical propositions is now recognised as one of the fundamental key issues in KS. This study provides new and practice grounded insights in this area and is of interest to both practitioners and theoreticians as it explains and bridges the individuals’ awareness and motivation for tacit KS.