Showing papers on "Human migration published in 1979"

Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies

Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. The jobs 3. The migrants 4. Particular characteristics of the migrant labour market 5. The impact of migration on the place of origin 6. The historical evolution of long-distance migration in the United States 7. The dilemmas of current U.S. immigration policy.

The determinants of human migration

Abstract: This multi-faceted study address a variety of topics. It first develops a formal model of why interregional wage differentials may not elicit interregional migration. Then it provides empirical support for the model. The study develops a formal model general theory of migration. It demonstrates the significance of living-cost differentials in the migration decision calculus. The role of economic expectations is then formally modeled and empirically tested. The special case of elderly migration is treated as a separate model. Finally, the role of regionally different government policies on migration is formally studied.

Vietnamese Americans: Patterns Of Resettlement And Socioeconomic Adaptation In The United States

Abstract: As of November 1978, more than 170,000 Indochinese refugees had come to the United States after a traumatic flight from their native land, arriving with little preparation for the changes they would face. This book documents and analyzes this unique migration and, employing data from a national sample, reports on the changing socioeconomic status of the Vietnamese refugees. Dr. Montero presents and analyzes data on the refugees' employment, education, income, receipt of federal assistance, and proficiency in the English language; his model of Spontaneous International Migration (SIM) places the Vietnamese immigration experience in a broader sociohistorical context. He has found that, despite the myriad of problems the newcomers have faced, they have been adapting successfully to life in the United States, and in only three years have made remarkable social and economic progress.

Information and subsequent migration: further analysis and additional evidence.

Abstract: In a recent issue of this journal Anthony M. J. Yezer and Lawrence Thurston extend the human capital model of human migration to include an analytical framework for subsequent migration. Subsequent migration is migration following an initial move and includes both return migration and migration to a third location. Yezer and Thurstons extension of the human capital model is accurate and useful. It allows analysis of the subsequent migration decision to be brought into formal economic theory; concomitantly it increases the explanatory power of the theory. And it yields a number of testable hypotheses several of which were tested by the authors. This note extends the analysis corrects a mistake and provides some additional evidence. (excerpt)

Lifetime migration in Colombia: tests of the expected income hypothesis.

Abstract: The economic model of migration is applied to the developing country of Colombia. To model the determinants of migration flows in Colombia from an economic perspective the expected income hypothesis is the starting point - a migrant who is a member of the labor force considers not only the income to be earned in a given area but the probability of obtaining employment in that area and the higher the income or the probability of employment in an area the more migration to that area other things being equal. Published data from the 1973 Population Census were used to test whether the rates of lifetime migration into Colombias 23 departments are associated with those areas labor market conditions. Male and female population movements were considered separately and together. For both sexes the results sustain the empirical validity of the economic model of migration in the Colombian context. The 5 specific hypotheses that were confirmed by the available statistical data are: 1) women in Colombia migrate at higher rates than men; 2) women are more responsive than men to economic opportunities associated with migration for sociological reasons; the economic incentives are greater for men; 3) high income areas have higher immigration rates than low income areas; 4) areas with fuller and more stable employment have higher rates of immigration than do other areas; and 5) areas where the employment composition is relatively favorable have higher immigration than areas with poorer job mixes. On the basis of confirmation of the economic model of migration and the expected income hypothesis in Colombia it is warranted to conclude that this is another instance of the Colombian people shifting their economic energies to activities with higher private returns.

International migration from the Dominican Republic: findings from a national survey.

Abstract: The Dominican migration to the United States has been primarily directed to the New York area. The officially reported addresses given by Dominican aliens to the INS suggest a heavy concentration in the New York/New Jersey region. Using survey data, this study seeks to provide a profile of international Dominican migrants most of whom come to the United States. Reasons for migration by age, sex, and social strata are discussed, and an examination of return migration patterns is presented.

The Determinants of Internal Migration in Peru: An Economic Analysis

Abstract: The process of economic development is associated with substantial internal migratory movements. As per capita income increases the proportion of a countrys labor force in agriculture decreases while the proportion in industry and services increases. Since the industrial and service sectors tend to be concentrated around a few urban centers and considering that urban birthrates are generally lower than rural birthrates these shifts in the allocation of the labor forces among sectors of the economy have to come through migration especially from rural to urban areas. These migration flows are considered to have important effects upon several problems of the development process such as employment or regional development so an increased understanding of the determinants of migration can aid the formulation of development policies. Economic theories of human migration view the process as a purposeful response to differences in economic opportunities between regions. In this paper an economic model of migration is outlined and used to investigate the determinants of internal migration with data from Peru for 1961. (excerpt)

A life-cycle empirical analysis of migration and climate, by race

Abstract: There was no abstract for this paper, but it explores the role of climate amenities in net migration behavior over the life-cycle, by race. Holding constant climate is seen to greatly improve the performance of traditional economic variables.

Migration and development: the changing perspective of the poor Arab countries.

Abstract: International migration is of crucial significance in the Arab world involving in 1980 about 2.8 million Arab workers and dependents as well as some 1.8 million non-Arabs who have migrated in from outside the region. There is a long history of population mobility in the Arab world. However international labor migration as it is understood today began in the Arabian peninsula as recently as the 1940s when modern economic growth began in the Arabian Sheikhdoms. In the Levant and northern Africa international labor migration had earlier beginnings though it is frequently difficult to distinguish labor movements from those stimulated by a broader complex of motives. The direction volume and pattern of international labor migration have been determined by the uneven distribution of oil wealth in the Arab world and the uses to which it has been put. The exploitation of oil resources and the investment of royalties in the development of the economies of the oil rich states have led to wide disparities to economic development and per capita income between the Arab states. These have determined the fundamentals of international labor movements in the Middle East. Consequently since the first major oil-price rise in 1973 there has been a profound change in the nature of migration for employment in the Arab world; the scale of movement has increased markedly and with such rapidity that its dimensions have been little appreciated the processes involved little understood and the consequences not yet evaluated. This explosion of international migration has been a response to the desire for rapid economic development in the oil endowed states in particular Kuwait Qatar the United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia and Libya. Their post-1973 revenues have financed large scale development plans. Imports of labor have enabled these oil endowed countries to achieve a remarkable degree of economic development over a brief period despite the fact that their indigenous populations are small. (excerpt)

The international migration project: an enquiry into the Middle East labor market.

Abstract: In 1977 the International Migration Project commissioned by the International Labour Office initiated an assessment of the current patterns and processes of migrant labor movement in Arab lands with special reference to the period from 1970 to 1978. A projection of future labor migration will be made toward the end of the Project. The approach employed examines individual countries on each of which a Country Case Study is written according to a common methodology. At the same time a series of Working Papers on particular aspects of the subject are released under a topic series. Ultimately the perspective of the research will broaden from an assessment of individual countries to a regional a Middle Eastern and global view. The principal section of this paper presents the tentative findings and conclusions reached thus far preceded by a brief comment on research technique and methodology. (authors)

Labour migration in underdeveloped countries: the case of subSaharan Africa.

Abstract: The author attempts a description of some of the basic themes in labor migration in subSaharan Africa. The recent sociological and economic literature is reviewed and some of the migration theories it contains are summarized (ANNOTATION)

International migration in Western Europe: reflections on the past five years.

Abstract: Five significant developments have occurred since 1974 with regard to the European labor force: 1) growth of return migration; 2) adoption of a new ILO Convention and Recommendation on return migration; 3) the movement towards a New International Economic Order; 4) the holding of the World Employment Conference in 1976; and 5) growing support for the idea that countries of origin should be compensated for out-migration of its citizens. About 1.5-2 million migrant workers have returned to their country of origin since the early 1970s when about 6 million workers and dependents were in Western Europe. The inequity that pervades international economic relations in general and migration in particular stems from the unequal bargaining power of the partners and the absense of corrective international social policies. The developing countries wish for a new economic order questions the distributional aspects of the old liberal order. While raw materials and trade are covered comprehensively labor movement is neglected. The growing realization that migration is a resource drain has led many poor countries to request compensation.

Income and migration revisited

Abstract: The observed migration to areas of pleasant climate has been essentially ignored by economists in formal model-building efforts although some recent articles have noted the empirical importance of temperature (see Cebula and Vedder [1]; Graves [2]). One important theoretical implication arising from this movement is that existing tests of the effect of income differentials on migration in the literature are subject to serious bias. By way of illustration consider a city-Chicago or Detroit for example-which is sufficiently cold damp and windy that the labor force must be compensated by say $1000 per year in higher incomes to remain there rather than move. Clearly only if income is higher than the income-compensating $1000 in the inclement city will any net income benefit be obtainable from migration to that area. Thus as will be seen in the empirical section the income coefficient in existing net migration regressions has a strong downward bias due to the omitted climate variables correlation with the income variable. Another implication of the model presented here is that much of the observed interregional difference in net migration rates may be due to climate. In recent years the West has experienced more net in-migration than have the other regions. The region-dummy variables important in explanations of past migration are of less value for the prediction of future migration since no theoretical model predicts the continuing importance of the dummy variables. The present model indicates that the regional net migration differentials may be expected to continue because in large part they reflect the interaction of weather differences across regions with rising rational incomes. The model is briefly described in Section II with empirical results supporting the model and its implications presented in Section III. (excerpt)

International migration trends in Latin America: research and data survey

Abstract: Since the 1950s, international migration in Latin America has been transformed from immigration from extra-regional sources, to migration among countries within Latin America itself. While this shift has been noted in the literature, its systematic study remains in its infancy. This paper provides an overview of the literature dealing with international migration in Latin America, and it addresses problems with transit and census data for the region. In addition, the main themes of the other papers of this issue are introduced and several lines of needed research are suggested.

The Social Background of Seventeenth-Century Emigration to America

Abstract: Students of twentieth-century migration generally agree that in any analysis of human migration two essential questions must be answered: Who are the migrants? And why did they leave? The questions seem obvious, but as they relate to seventeenth-century emigration to the American colonies, they are difficult to answer with precision. The records cannot be expected to reveal much about the emigrants as persons because they were ordinary people. If they could write—and most could not—the seventeenth-century emigrants left few diaries or letters to aid those who would study their movements. In fact, it is a rather fortunate researcher who uncovers even the few basic facts of their lives in the parish registers of christenings, burials, and marriages.The task of identifying and reconstructing the thoughts and motives of such an anonymous body of people is therefore a formidable one. Those who have pursued the task, first in regard to the so-called “Puritan Hegira” of the 1630s to New England, have concerned themselves almost exclusively with the question of motivation, and have failed to consider who the emigrants were. Only in a recent study of East Anglian and Kentish emigration to Massachusetts Bay in 1637 has there been a systematic analysis of the ordinary settlers. Yet, no attempt has been made either to identify emigrants or to investigate motives behind several considerable movements to America from areas outside East Anglia and southeastern England, thereby to test the various emigration theses based exclusively on those models.

Migration and Settlement: 1. United Kingdom

Abstract: In this report, the first of a series, Dr. Philip Rees of the University of Leeds analyzes population dynamics in the United Kingdom and discusses the effects of national population distribution policies. Conventional methods and recently developed multiregional techniques are used to explore the impacts of recent demographic changes.

Economic Growth and Immigration in Venezuela

Abstract: Changes in immigration flows and policy in the last three decades are linked to differences in the level and types of economic growth in Venezuela. This provides an historical context within which ...

International labour migration in the Arab middle east

Abstract: International migration in the Arab region since the Second World War has been essentially a product of economic forces though exceptions to this assertion are significant. For example the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca the Haj now involves an international movement of over a million people and forced migrations following the Middle Eastern wars have included some important international redistributions of people. Nevertheless migration for employment in the Middle East involving over two million people is one of the most challenging issues springing from the modern economic order in the Middle East. The direction volume and pattern of international labour migration have been determined by the uneven distribution of oil wealth in the Middle East and the uses to which it has been put. The exploitation of oil resources and the investment of royalties in the development of the economies of the oil-rich states have led to wide disparities of economic development and per capita income between the Arab states. This essentially is the factor which has determined the fundamentals of international migration in the Middle East. (excerpt)

Migration and Socio-Economic Change in Africa.

Abstract: Using information from a series of studies on the determinants characteristics and patterns of migration in Africa to explore the linkage between migration and socioeconomic change processes and their implications for policy and development this article discusses both internal and international migration in tropical Africa. 3 phases of migratory movement are colonial precolonial and postcolonial; the last phase incorporates the independence and postindependence periods. Some of these patterns continue while others have died out. The large mobile labor force in the mines plantations and administrations were recruited both persuasively and coercively. Migration towards centers of development was stimulated. The postindependence period intensified the developmental pattern inherited from the colonial administrators. Urban development strategy included free primary education high population growth and impact of investment by multinational corporations. Rural to rural migration became colonizing seasonal migration to agricultural areas. In most African countries rural migration is a return to the homeplace.