Showing papers on "International health published in 1970"

Introduction to public health

Abstract: Updated and thoroughly revised, this foundational resource surveys all major topics related to the U.S. public health system, including organization on local and national levels, financing, workforce, goals, initiatives, accountability, and metrics. The text is unique in combining the perspectives of both academicians and public health officials, and examines new job opportunities and the growing interest in the public health field.

Health Maintenance Organizations and the Market for Health Services

Abstract: In its health care proposals pending in the Ninety-second Congress, the Nixon administration has specified the so-called "health maintenance organization," or "HMO," as one cornerstone of its solution to the widely noted health care crisis in the United States. First, the pending Medicare amendments, which were included in H.R. I along with the President's "Family Assistance Plan" of welfare reform,l would incorporate HMOs into the Medicare program as potential providers of care for those program beneficiaries who elect to enroll in them at the federal government's expense. Second, the President's package of health care proposals that was originally announced on February i8, I97I,2 places heavy emphasis on the restructuring of the health care delivery system by stimulating the organization and growth of HMOs through a series of affirmative measures. The administration hopes that by I980 HMO enrollment will be available to ninety per cent of the population as an alternative means of procuring health care.3 In addition to the administration's proposals, a number of other proposals for meeting the health care crisis are also pending in Congress. Many of these plans incorporate models of health care delivery organizations that are at least subspecies of HMO, indicating the breadth of the consensus that has embraced this mode of rendering health services. Thus, the Kennedy-Griffiths proposal4 for "national health insurance," widely thought to be the leading contender against the administration's

Health-Policy Directions for the 1970's

Abstract: The health endeavor in the United States, a $60,000,000,000 human-services enterprise, is in a state of crisis that challenges the continuation of its pluralistic, independent, voluntary nature. Health care, although still predominantly a private-sector activity, is no longer solely the private concern of the individual. The evolution of the role of the government has proceeded through four phases, beginning with categorical grants-in-aid (1935), investments in the development of health resources (1946), organization and delivery of health services (1963) and a transition to comprehensive health-care systems (1967). Health-policy deliberations during the 1970's, including the debates over National Health Insurance, must focus on the modification of financing mechanisms and patterns of organization if society is to realize the most effective utilization of its health resources to provide health care for a population projected to reach 250,000,000 by the end of the decade.

Physician support personnel in the 1970's. The R and D approach to health manpower.

Abstract: If current economic and technological resources were properly allocated in the United States, all citizens could be provided access to the appropriate level of health care. There are, however, several major barriers to the early attainment of this public policy goal. First, it is clear that existing manpower resources are inadequate. Second, the health professions individually and in various combinations cannot yet take advantage of technology and "organization" to increase their productivity. Third, suitable methods for financing the health care of all citizens have yet to be devised. These problems constitute high priorities for the National Center's research and development in health services. A further hindrance to rapid progress in providing an equitable allocation of resources, is the competition for public and private funds by other high-priority national problems. In this competition, priority choices in the health field are especially limited by lack of information on the effectiveness of current

Analysis of Health Sector Budget of Nepal

Abstract: Introduction: Primarily, health sector connects two segments - medicine and public health, where medicine deals with individual patients and public health with the population health. Budget enables both the disciplines to function effectively. The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 has adapted the inspiration of federalism and declared the provision of basic health care services free of cost as a fundamental right, which needs strengthening under foreseen federalism. Methods: An observational retrospective cohort study, aiming at examining the health sector budget allocation and outcome, was done. Authors gathered health budget figures (2001 to 2013) and facts published from authentic sources. Googling was done for further information. The keywords for search used were: fiscal federalism, health care, public health, health budget, health financing, external development partner, bilateral and multilateral partners and healthcare accessibility. The search was limited to English and Nepali-language report, articles and news published. Results: Budget required to meet the population's need is still limited in Nepal. The health sector budget could not achieve even gainful results due to mismatch in policy and policy implementation despite of political commitment. Conclusions: Since Nepal is transforming towards federalism, an increased complexity under federated system is foreseeable, particularly in the face of changed political scenario and its players. It should have clear goals, financing policy and strict implementation plans for budget execution, task performance and achieving results as per planning. Additionally, collection of revenue, risk pooling and purchasing of services should be better integrated between central government and federated states to horn effectiveness and efficiency. Keywords: health care; budget; financing; unitary system; federalism.

Las reformas de salud en América Latina: procesos y resultados

Abstract: Two types of health reforms in Latin America are analysed: one based on insurance and service commodification and the one referred to the unified public systems of progressive governments Health insurance with explicit service packages has not fulfilled their purposes of universal coverage, equal access to necessary health services and improvement of health conditions but has opened health as a field of profit making for insurance companies and private health providers The national health services as a state obligation have developed territorialized health services and widened substantially timely access to the majority of the population The adoption of an integrated and wide social policy has an impact on population well fare It faces some problems derived from the old health systems and the power of the insurance and medical complex

Science and ambulatory health services for children.

Abstract: There is a need for more science in the delivery of health care to children. This statement may appear to be a throwback to a former, less concerned day in this era of turmoil when we recognize the great gaps in health care that exist for many of our disadvantaged children. It may sound as if I was advocating research instead of health care. I am not advocating such polarities, for I believe both science and service are necessary. But the pendulum has swung so far that there is a greater danger, in the decade ahead, of too little science rather than too much in ambulatory health care. There are two aspects of this need for more science: first, for physicians to continue to learn scientific clinical medicine and, second, to develop the basic science of health care or health services research. Scientific Clinical Medicine No one is against good

A Personal Appreciation

Abstract: * Associate Professor in the Department of Medical Care Organization, School of Public Health. The University of Michigan. Adapted from remarks by Professor Shain to a class at the University of Michigan School of Public Health on February 23, 1970. We mourn the loss of E. Richard Weinerman who, together with his wife Shirley, was a tragic victim of the destruction of a Swiss airliner on February 21, 1970. I was one of ~Veinerman’s small group of students at the University of California in 1951 and 1952. A brief summary of our relationship will tell much about the man. He had joined the faculty of the University in 1949 after a short period of employment in the farm security program of the Public Health Service. He had found that federal service was being closed to people who, like him, had been active in the struggles against poverty and fascism before World War II. He had therefore left the government rather than be a party to the loyalty investigations instituted in the Truman era. His tenure at the University was cut short, however, when the state legislature required a &dquo;loyalty oath&dquo; of all college teachers. Refusal to sign the oath cost him his position as an associate professor. He would not, however, abandon the small group of students he had recruited and the research he had organized, and the School of Public Health made special arrangements to retain him as a part-time lecturer. ’

5. Health planning in developing countries

Abstract: Summary Planning for health care in less developed countries must differ from that in more highly developed countries because of the greater scarcity of manpower and facilities, the differences in population structure, and the different disease patterns. Because poor countries usually do not have more than 10s. per head per annum to spend for health care, it would be unrealistic to plan for hospital‐based medical care delivery systems. It is equally inappropriate to attempt to make the medical doctor responsible for the care of each and every patient. The training of medical doctors must reflect the economic, demographic and health patterns of low‐income countries. Health problems in these countries are aspects of poverty rather than of the tropics. Future reduction of morbidity and mortality is more likely to be accomplished through an improved system for the distribution of heath services rather than from further advances in medical science as such.

Critics’ and public perceptions of violence in television programs

Abstract: The following article is one of the first fruits of a million dollars’ worth of research by some two dozen investigators that was sponsored by the Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee in an attempt to examine the possible links between the mass media and violence. The research upon which this particular publication is based was performed pursuant to Contract No. HSM 42–70–32 with the National Institute of Mental Health, Health Services and Mental Health Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Dr Greenberg, associate professor in the Department of Communication at Michigan State University, and a frequent contributor to the Journal, was the principal investigator. Mr. Gordon, a Ph.D. candidate, was senior research assistant in the same department.

The Development of a Comprehensive Health Care Program for Patients with Active Tuberculosis

Abstract: In recent years workers in many fields of medicine have recognized that new systems must be developed for the delivery of health services to all the people of the United States. Community-oriented modifications of anti-tuberculosis health services have become mandatory so that effective long term therapy (minimum of 24 months to several years, or even life) can be achieved. Deuschle in 1959 found that tuberculosis control in Navajo Indians living in Arizona could not be maintained until an amalgamation was created between modern scientific techniques and an understanding of special Navajo cultural mores. Ambulatory tuberculosis treatment was not effective in the Chinese community of San Francisco until clinic hours were made compatible with Chinese cultural living patterns (Curry, 1964). It was discovered that more successful treatment of problem patients, uneducated Negroes and/ or skid row alcoholics, could be achieved by locating ambulatory treatment centers within their communities (Cohen and Blacker, 1962; Curry, 1964; Cohen et al, 1966; Curry, 1968) . Curry in 1968 developed district treatment teams (each containing a physician, two public-health nurses and a clerk) for each special community. Each team viewed the patient as a complete entity so that medical, social, emotional and environmental problems were reviewed in relation to the patient's illness. In addition, Curry in 1968 and other workers (Vandiviere, Kane and Kavasch, 1970) have recognized that the patient must be enlisted as an active member of the therapeutic team. Flexibility in the organization and delivery of tuberculosis health care must be maintained as too often the convenience