Showing papers on "Isopropyl alcohol published in 2011"
TL;DR: In an effort to develop an economically viable HMF synthesis process, an isopropyl alcohol-mediated reaction system for the production of HMF from fructose is disclosed, which avoids the use of large volumes of organic solvent and has a minimal environmental impact.
Abstract: Fossil fuels are still the primary carbon feedstock for a wide variety of commodity and specialty chemicals, as well as thermal energy and transportation fuels. However, after one century of heavy industrial consumption hydrocarbon reserves are diminishing and concerns regarding their future scarcity of are wellfounded. Biomass-derived carbohydrates are a promising carbon-based alternative, both as energy source and as sustainable feedstock for chemicals. 2] Recently much effort has been devoted to the conversion of biomass into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a versatile and key intermediate in the biofuel and petrochemical industries. 4] However, the large-scale application of biomass-sourced HMF is still limited due to some critical challenges, such as costs, supply, and the environmental impact of industrial activity. Low efficiency in synthesis and high solubility in water pose difficulties in HMF mass production processes, especially for isolation and purification. In most reported methods for the transformation of biomass or derivatives into HMF, the HMF is obtained in solution and the yield is reported by using HPLC or GC. However, developing efficient separation methods is very important in order to make the industrial-scale production of HMF economically viable. Reaction media used for the synthesis of HMF from biomass include water, polar organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF), ionic liquids, or mixtures. HMF can be isolated by extraction with various organic solvents, such as methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethyl ether, and acetone. Due to the high polarity of HMF, its isolation typically requires multiple runs of vigorous extraction processes. In this context, aqueous–organic and ionic liquid–organic biphasic solvent systems are great improvements; 10] however, they still suffer from inefficient extraction. The use of large volumes of organic solvent is costly and has negative impacts on the environment. Other challenges faced by biphasic systems are complex plant designs and the difficulty of recycling the reaction system (e.g. , ionic liquids and catalyst). In an effort to develop an economically viable HMF synthesis process, we disclose herein an isopropyl alcohol-mediated reaction system for the production of HMF from fructose. The new system avoids the use of large volumes of organic solvent and has a minimal environmental impact. It enables a simple production and isolation of HMF, and offers a new opportunity for a large-scale economically viable process. Our reasoning for using an alcohol as solvent for the transformation of sugars into HMF was two-fold: Firstly, alcohols are environmentally friendly, cost efficient, and easy-to-use reaction media. Their capacity to dissolve sugars is also high. Secondly, alcohols may further react with HMF to form HMF ethers, which could prevent decomposition or oligomerization of HMF (Scheme 1). Thus, methanol was first tested as a medium for the transformation of fructose to HMF, with HCl as
135 citations
TL;DR: It appears that solvents which tend to promote diffusion through the skin horny layer have little promise as accelerants of nail plate permeability.
Abstract: To assess how vehicles might influence permeation through human nail, the diffusion of homologous alcohols (methanol to decanol) administered as neat liquids through finger nail plate has been studied using in-vitro diffusion cell methods and compared with permeation data for the same compounds in aqueous media. Permeation rates of the homologous alcohols through lipid depleted nail plate have also been assessed and the influences of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and isopropyl alcohol on permeation rates of methanol and hexanol have been examined. With the exception of methanol, permeability coefficients are uniformly about five-fold smaller when the alcohols are undiluted than when they are applied in water. Overall parallelism in the permeability profiles under these separate circumstances of application is an indication that the external concentrations of the alcohols themselves are a determinant of their permeation velocities through the nail plate matrix. The even separation of the profiles suggests a facilitating role of water within the nail matrix. Chloroform/methanol delipidization of the nail led to increased penetration rates of water, methanol, ethanol and butanol. On the other hand, it caused a six-fold decrease in the permeation rate of decanol. Application of methanol and hexanol in DMSO somewhat retards their rates of permeation. Isopropyl alcohol also slows the permeation rate of hexanol but has little influence on that of methanol. Thus it appears that solvents which tend to promote diffusion through the skin horny layer have little promise as accelerants of nail plate permeability.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the process of silicon anisotropic etching in KOH solutions containing isopropyl alcohol in a wide concentration range is extensively studied, and a simple way of selection of the composition of KOH solution with alcohol additives, assuring optimization of etching results is suggested.
Abstract: In this paper the process of silicon anisotropic etching in KOH solutions containing isopropyl alcohol in a wide concentration range is extensively studied. Though the alcohol does not take part in the etching process itself, it strongly affects the etching results. Both etch rates and the roughness of etched surfaces depend on the alcohol concentration in the etching solution, which is connected with the adsorption phenomena on the etched surface. The surface coverage with alcohol depends on the level of saturation of the etching solution and crystallographic orientation of an etched surface. It was observed that the best morphology of (1 1 0) surface was achieved just below saturation level with IPA whereas the (1 0 0) surfaces were improving above the saturation. A model, which explains these phenomena, was proposed. Based on this model, a simple way of selection of the composition of KOH solutions with alcohol additives, assuring optimization of etching results was suggested. The method is restricted to surface tension measurements and allows one to avoid elaborated etching experiments.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new homogeneous method for producing biodiesel fuel (BDF), achieving a minimum emission of waste and a low consumption of energy, was developed by adding organic solvents such as acetone to a reaction mixture of oil and methanol with an alkaline catalyst.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a poly vinyl alcohol (PVOH) membrane was crosslinked with 2, 4 and 6 mass% of four different kinds of crosslinkers, i.e. glutaraldehyde (GLU), oxalic acid (OA), dimethylol urea (DMU) and tetra ethyl ortho silicate (TEOS), to produce four different types of crosslinked PVOH membranes termed here as PVGLU, PVOA, PVDMU and PVTEOS membrane, respectively.
59 citations
TL;DR: Isopropyl alcohol is a secondary alcohol that is widely used as an industrial solvent and as a preservative and antiseptic in the clinical environment and is considered to be a weak and infrequent sensitizer.
Abstract: Background. Isopropyl alcohol is a secondary alcohol, a structural isomer of propanol, that is widely used as an industrial solvent and as a preservative and antiseptic in the clinical environment. It is known to be a mild irritant for the eyes and mucous membranes, but is considered to be a weak and infrequent sensitizer.
Objectives. To show that isopropyl alcohol should be considered as a potential allergen in patients with eczema who have contact with this substance.
Materials and methods. We present a series of 1450 patients patch tested with isopropyl alcohol during the period 1992–2011.
Results. Forty-four patients showed an allergic response to isopropyl alcohol. Four cases presented as occupational hand eczema. Fourteen cases were seen in patients with leg ulcers. Twenty-six patients presented with eczematous lesions following the use of products containing isopropyl alcohol to disinfect previous skin lesions. Eighty-four per cent of the patients showed sensitization to three or more allergens. Relevance was present in 84% of the patients.
Conclusions. We report here the first large case series of contact allergy to isopropyl alcohol, which demonstrates that sensitization to this substance might not be as uncommon as previously thought.
51 citations
TL;DR: Observations indicate that P11 has a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that enables it to reduce acetone to isopropanol, while P7 lacks this enzyme, which offers an opportunity for biological production of isOPropanol from acetone reduction in the presence of gaseous substrates (CO, CO2, and H2).
Abstract: Gasification-fermentation is an emerging technology for the conversion of lignocellulosic materials into biofuels and specialty chemicals. For effective utilization of producer gas by fermenting bacteria, tar compounds produced in the gasification process are often removed by wet scrubbing techniques using acetone. In a preliminary study using biomass generated producer gas scrubbed with acetone, an accumulation of acetone and subsequent isopropanol production was observed. The effect of 2 g/L acetone concentrations in the fermentation media on growth and product distributions was studied with “Clostridium ragsdalei,” also known as Clostridium strain P11 or P11, and Clostridium carboxidivorans P7 or P7. The reduction of acetone to isopropanol was possible with “C. ragsdalei,” but not with P7. In P11 this reaction occurred rapidly when acetone was added in the acidogenic phase, but was 2.5 times slower when added in the solventogenic phase. Acetone at concentrations of 2 g/L did not affect the growth of P7, but ethanol increased by 41% and acetic acid concentrations decreased by 79%. In the fermentations using P11, growth was unaffected and ethanol concentrations increased by 55% when acetone was added in the acidogenic phase. Acetic acid concentrations increased by 19% in both the treatments where acetone was added. Our observations indicate that P11 has a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that enables it to reduce acetone to isopropanol, while P7 lacks this enzyme. P11 offers an opportunity for biological production of isopropanol from acetone reduction in the presence of gaseous substrates (CO, CO2, and H2). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2330–2338. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the behavior of Ca-alginate spheres when put in contact with different solvents (water, diesel, ethanol, methanol, acetone, n-hexane, isopropyl alcohol, THF, acetonitrile, and toluene), or solvent-water mixtures (i.e., ethanol-water).
Abstract: Immobilization systems more frequently used are calcium alginate spheres. These biocatalysts have many potential applications in the immobilization of enzymes, prokaryotic cells, vegetal and animal cells, algae, organelles and mixtures of these living components. Other applications of immobilized cells imply the use of non aqueous systems. Some bioconversions are carried out in the presence of solvents such as hexane acetone or acetonitrile, or mixtures water-solvents. The aim of this work was to investigate the behaviour of Ca-alginate spheres when put in contact with different solvents (water, diesel, ethanol, methanol, acetone, n-hexane, isopropyl alcohol, THF, acetonitrile, and toluene), or solvent-water mixtures (i.e., ethanol-water), regarding the resistance of the alginate spheres after days of contact. Calcium alginate particles suffered different damages, depending on the solvent they were put in contact. Water did not damaged the Ca-alginate structure with or without Ca present. On the other hand different solvents lost a proportion of volume, i.e., n-hexane (16%), methanol (19%), ethanol (19.5%), toluene (22%), diesel (34%), acetone (765), isopropyl alcohol (80%), THF and acetonitrile (total loss, total destruction). Nor the dielectric constant nor the polarity indexes were capable of explaining the difference on the volume loss or total sphere destruction, except for water-ethanol mixtures.
35 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a process for conditioning spent liquor produced by SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) fractionation of spruce wood chips for fermentation to butanol, ethanol and acetone/isopropanol, using Clostridia bacteria.
Abstract: Abstract The objective of this study is to develop a process for conditioning spent liquor produced by SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) fractionation of spruce wood chips for fermentation to butanol, ethanol and acetone/isopropanol, i.e., by means of the so called acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) process using Clostridia bacteria. This study serves as part of an overall project aiming at the development of economic processes for producing chemicals and biofuels from mixed forest biomass via SEW fractionation and ABE fermentation technologies.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a novel polymeric mixed-matrix membranes were prepared by the incorporation of different amounts of 13X zeolite into a sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend matrix.
Abstract: Novel polymeric mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) were prepared by the incorporation of different amounts of 13X zeolite into a sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend matrix. The resulting MMMs were characterized by attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze the possible chemical reactions between NaCMC, PVA, zeolites, and glutaraldehyde. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the surface morphology, thermal stability, and crystallinity, respectively, of the membranes. Swellings studies were performed at 35°C, and we found that membranes containing 20 wt % zeolite showed higher values (960 kg m−2 h−1) at 17.5 wt % water in an isopropyl alcohol (IPA)/water mixture. Pervaporation (PV) experiments were also performed to evaluate the membrane performance in different compositions of the IPA/water mixture at 35°C. The mechanical properties were also tested, and we found that the optimum mechanical strength and percentage elongation at break were 42.24 N/mm2 and 3.38, respectively, for the membrane containing 15 wt % zeolite. The experimental results show that both the flux and selectivity increased with increasing zeolite content. The membrane containing 20 wt % zeolite showed the highest separation selectivity (5118) with a substantial flux of 0.121 kg m−2 h−1 at 35°C and with 10 wt % water in the feed; this suggested that the membranes could be used effectively to break the azeotropic point of the water–IPA mixture, so as to remove a small amount of water from IPA. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a polymeric organogels based on acrylic acid and sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and rheometrical analyses.
Abstract: Polymeric organogels based on acrylic acid and sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and rheometrical analyses. The organogels exhibited medium alcohol absorbency because of counterion binding that formed in solvents with low dielectric constants. After acid treatment, the possibility of counterion binding was decreased, and the organogels achieved superabsorbency in alcohols, for example, about 80 and 50 g/g in methanol and ethanol, respectively. The superabsorbency was also measured in higher alcohols (i.e., n-propanol and isopropyl alcohol) and polyols (i.e., ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, and glycerol). The dielectric constant, viscosity, and structural features of the alcohols were investigated as important parameters determining the alcohol superabsorbency. DMTA of dried samples showed two glass-transition temperatures (Tg's), that is, the matrix Tg and the complex Tg, which increased with increasing SSS content. The tan δ peak intensity increased after the acid treatment. With increasing SSS, the storage modulus of the dried gel increased; whereas that of the rheometrically measured hydrated gel decreased. Tan δ decreased with increasing SSS because of enhanced counterion binding. These alcohol-specific superabsorbing organogels are suggested as excellent candidates for the manufacture of products with high alcohol contents, such as hand sanitizers and fuel gels. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
TL;DR: The study revealed that methanol was the least toxic solvent against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, and use of herbal acaricides is such an alternative.
TL;DR: The performance of a silica-immobilized lipase was evaluated for the synthesis of isopropyl ferulate in DMSO and it was found that one third of total decrease in the esterization efficacy was observed after the 5th repetitive cycle of esterification.
Abstract: Immobilization of lipases has proved to be a useful technique for improving an enzyme's activity in organic solvents. In the present study, the performance of a silica-immobilized lipase was evaluated for the synthesis of isopropyl ferulate in DMSO. The biocatalyst was cross-linked onto the matrix with 1% glutaraldehyde. The effects of various parameters, molar ratio of ferulic acid to isopropyl alcohol (25 mM : 100 mM), concentration of biocatalyst (2.5–20 mg/mL), molecular sieves (25–250 mg/mL), and various salt ions, were studied consecutively as a function of percent esterification. Immobilized lipase at 25 mg/mL showed maximum esterification (~84%) of ferulic acid and isopropanol at a molar ratio of 25 mM : 100 mM, respectively, in DMSO at 45°C in 3 h under shaking (150 rpm). To overcome the inhibitory effect of water (a byproduct) if any, in the reaction mixture, molecular sieves (3 A × 1.5 mm; 100 mg/mL) were added to the reaction mixture to promote the forward reaction. Salt ions like Ca2+, Cd2+, and Fe2+ enhanced the activity of immobilized biocatalyst while a few ions like Co2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Al3+, and Na+ had mild inhibitory effect. Approximately, one third of total decrease in the esterification efficacy was observed after the 5th repetitive cycle of esterification.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the vapor−liquid and liquid−liquid features of the batch reactive distillation of n-butyl acetate and amylacetate esters and showed the similarities and differences among them.
Abstract: Batch reactive distillation, which combines the flexibility of batch process with the advantages of reactive distillation, can be an effective alternative to conventional batch processing. For instance, acetate esters such as n-butyl acetate and amyl acetate can be produced using batch reactive distillation. Previous studies have shown that isopropyl acetate can also be produced in batch reactive distillation with the addition of chloroform as an entrainer and using a large reflux ratio and number of stages. This paper compares the vapor−liquid and liquid−liquid features of these acetate ester systems, and shows the similarities and differences among them. We show why the isopropyl system is more difficult than the others and how semibatch reactive distillation without an additional entrainer can result in a feasible and more efficient process for the production of isopropyl acetate than has been previously known. In a semibatch reactive distillation, the loss of isopropyl alcohol can be substantially dec...
TL;DR: In this article, mixed oxides were synthesized by the sol-gel method at different gelation times, and the synthesized supports were impregnated by the incipient wetness method to obtain Ni-Mo, Co-Mo and Ni-W supported catalysts.
Abstract: Mixed oxides (Al―Si, Zr―Si, Mg―Si) were synthesized by the sol―gel method at different gelation times. The synthesized supports were impregnated by the incipient wetness method to obtain Ni-Mo, Co―Mo, and Ni-W supported catalysts. Both the supports and catalysts were characterized by N 2 physisorption for determining textural properties, and their catalytic activities were tested with isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) and cumene decomposition in order to evaluate their acid―base properties. According to the obtained products, it was possible to assess qualitatively that Al―Si and Zr―Si supports and their respective catalysts were mainly acidic. In the case of NiMo/AlSi catalyst, high conversion during cumene cracking particularly at higher temperatures was observed. Cracking activity results indicated that surface acidity predominated due to Bronsted acid sites, which are mainly dependent on the support composition as well as their preparation methods. Conversion of isopropyl alcohol leads to the dehydration products, typically propylene with a very low amount of di-isopropyl ether or acetone. NiMo/AlSi catalyst was evaluated for cumene cracking and its kinetic parameters were obtained by applying the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The activation energy was found to be 27.75 kcal mol ―1 while the heat of adsorption calculated with the Van't Hoff equation was ―14.15 kcal mol ―1 taking into account a single-site surface reaction.
TL;DR: In this article, a chiral carboranylamidophosphite ligand was synthesized and tested in the Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α- and β-dehydroamino acid derivatives (up to 93% ee).
TL;DR: In this article, the dielectric relaxation studies on polar binary mixtures of N-methyl aniline with, alcohols, propan-1-ol and isopropyl alcohol have been carried out, at different temperatures and mole fractions, using LF impedance analyzer, Plunger method and Abbe's refractometer in radio, microwave and optic frequency regions respectively.
Abstract: The dielectric relaxation studies on polar binary mixtures of N-methyl aniline with, alcohols, propan-1-ol and isopropyl alcohol have been carried out, at different temperatures and mole fractions, using — LF impedance analyzer, Plunger method and Abbe’s refractometer in radio, microwave and optic frequency regions respectively. Kirkwood effective correlation factor, corrective Kirkwood correlation factor, Bruggeman parameter, relaxation time and thermodynamical parameters are calculated using the experimental data. Conformational analysis of the formation of hydrogen bond in the equi molar binary mixture systems of N-methyl aniline with propan-1-ol and isopropyl alcohol is supported by experimental and theoretical FT-IR values.
TL;DR: Surface modification for hydrophilization is a versatile approach to significantly improve the separation performance of membranes prepared from hydrophobic polymers such as polypropylene (PP) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Surface modification for hydrophilization is a versatile approach to significantly improve the separation performance of membranes prepared from hydrophobic polymers such as polypropylene (PP). Thi...
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14 Jul 2011
TL;DR: A surface of an object may be treated using an antimicrobial wipe presoaked in an antimacterial treatment solution, or the antimicrobial treatment solution may be sprayed directly on the surface as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A surface of an object may be treated using an antimicrobial wipe presoaked in an antimicrobial treatment solution. Alternatively, the antimicrobial treatment solution may be sprayed directly on the surface. The antimicrobial treatment solution may be made of isopropyl alcohol and an unreacted organofunctional silane antimicrobial substance that is substantially free from arsenic, silver, tin, heavy metals and polychlorinated phenols. The antimicrobial substance may include any one of: 3 trimethoxysilylpropyloctadecyldimethyl ammonium chloride; hyaluronan and its derivatives; triclosan; and a copolymer of chloropropyltrihydroxysilane and octadecylaminodimethyltrihydroxysilylpropyl ammonium chloride.
Patent•
11 Aug 2011TL;DR: In this paper, an isopropyl alcohol-producing Escherichia coli, which comprises: a system that produces isoprol alcohol together with the deactivation of the transcription regulator GntR; and a coenzyme group having an enzymatic activity manifestation pattern that maintains or reinforces the isoprocessyl alcohol production that accompanies the activation of Gntr, is presented.
Abstract: Provided is an isopropyl alcohol-producing Escherichia coli, which comprises: a system that produces isopropyl alcohol together with the deactivation of the transcription regulator GntR; and a coenzyme group having an enzymatic activity manifestation pattern that maintains or reinforces the isopropyl alcohol production that accompanies the deactivation of GntR. Also provided is a method for producing isopropyl alcohol, which includes the production of isopropyl alcohol from a plant-derived starting material using this isopropyl alcohol-producing Escherichia coli. Further provided is a method for producing acetone, which includes bringing the isopropyl alcohol obtained by the above-mentioned production method into contact with a compound oxide that contains zinc oxide and at least one oxide of group 4 of the Periodic Table of Elements and that has been prepared by coprecipitation. Additionally provided is a method for producing propylene, which includes bringing the isopropyl alcohol and acetone obtained by the above-mentioned production methods into contact with a solid acid substance and a hydrogenation catalyst containing Cu as the catalysts.
Patent•
06 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this article, a method for manufacturing corrosion inhibitor for metal comprises following steps: Alcohol solution mixed with water is mixed with acrylic copolymer and emulsion solution is manufactured(S11). Tannic acid or gallate are added in the mixture of water, isopropyl alcohol, and acetic acid, so rust conversion solution is produced(S12).
Abstract: PURPOSE: A corrosion inhibitor for metal and a method for manufacturing the same are provided to remove separate surface treatment processes and to manufacture corrosion inhibitor which does not include heavy metal. CONSTITUTION: A method for manufacturing corrosion inhibitor for metal comprises following steps. Alcohol solution mixed with water is mixed with acrylic copolymer and emulsion solution is manufactured(S11). Tannic acid or gallate are added in the mixture of water, isopropyl alcohol, and acetic acid, so rust conversion solution is manufactured(S12). The rust conversion solution is decentralized into the emulsion solution(S13).
TL;DR: The paper deals with wet chemical anisotropic etching of Si(hkl) wafers in KOH solutions containing isopropyl alcohol and the effect of KOH and alcohol concentrations, which leads to disappearance of hillocks on (100) and (h11) surfaces.
Abstract: The paper deals with wet chemical anisotropic etching of Si(hkl) wafers in KOH solutions containing isopropyl alcohol. The impact of KOH and alcohol concentrations on the etch rates of (hkl) planes is shown. The effect of KOH concentration in pure KOH solutions resembles the one in KOH solutions non-saturated with alcohol and is different from the one in KOH solutions saturated with isopropanol. The increase in alcohol concentration in the etching solution generally reduces the etch rates of the selected (hkl) planes. However, when the alcohol concentration reaches the saturation level, the (100) and (311) etch rates increase. This is difficult to explain since the increased alcohol concentration should cause enhanced adsorption of the alcohol molecules on Si surface, as it is suggested by surface tension measurements. Thus, the denser adsorption layer should lead to the etch rate reduction. The influence of isopropanol concentration on the morphology of the (hkl) surfaces is also studied. The increase in the alcohol concentration leads to disappearance of hillocks on (100) and (h11) surfaces.
TL;DR: In this paper, the reaction kinetics for the liquid phase synthesis of a racemic mixture of the secondary butyl alcohols (SBA) from linear butene isomers (1-butene (1B); cis -2-butenes ( c 2B); trans -2 -butene( t 2B)) and water (W) using a macroporous sulfonic acid ion exchange resin as catalyst were determined experimentally in a multiphase CSTR in the temperature range 39-433 K at 6-8 MPa.
Patent•
09 Feb 2011
TL;DR: The trigonelline extraction process described in this article consists of the following steps of: crushing raw materials, soaking the powder into amino alcohol solution or aqueous ethanol, performing reflux extraction on the solution with heating, concentrating the extract to be small volume, extracting the concentrate by using petroleum ether, removing the extract, filling the raffinate into an aluminum oxide column for chromatography, eluting the column by using isopropyl alcohol or ethanol as eluent and concentrating the eluted solution and drying the concentrate.
Abstract: The invention relates to a process for extracting trigonelline. The process comprises the following steps of: crushing raw materials, soaking the powder into amino alcohol solution or aqueous ethanol, performing reflux extraction on the solution with heating, concentrating the extract to be small volume, extracting the concentrate by using petroleum ether, removing the extract, filling the raffinate into an aluminum oxide column for chromatography, eluting the column by using isopropyl alcohol or ethanol as eluent, concentrating the eluted solution and drying the concentrate. The product produced by the process has low impurity content and high effective ingredient yield, and the operation is simple and convenient to master.
Patent•
04 Mar 2011TL;DR: In this paper, an Escherichia coli which comprises an isopropyl alcohol production system was described, which is a method for producing isopro-propyl alcohol from a plant-derived starting material using the above-described isoprobyl alcohol-producing E coli.
Abstract: Disclosed is an Escherichia coli which comprises an isopropyl alcohol production system. The isopropyl alcohol-producing Escherichia coli has at least one enhanced enzymatic activity that is selected from the group consisting of enhanced malate dehydrogenase activity, enhanced NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (AB-specific) activity and enhanced thiolase activity. Also disclosed is a method for producing isopropyl alcohol, which comprises a process wherein isopropyl alcohol is produced from a plant-derived starting material using the above-described isopropyl alcohol-producing Escherichia coli.
TL;DR: In this article, the solubility of dexibuprofen in ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane was measured in the temperature range between (263.15 and 293.15) K under atmospheric pressure.
Abstract: The solubility of dexibuprofen in ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane was measured in the temperature range between (263.15 and 293.15) K under atmospheric pressure. The results indicated that the solubility of dexibuprofen in the selected solvents increased with increasing temperature. The experimental data were correlated by the modified Apelblat model.
10 May 2011
TL;DR: The results indicated that the cytotoxicity increased significantly with the increasing concentration of solvent compared to the control group, and it showed a dosage-response relationship, and methanol/DMSO and ethanol might be compatible solvents vehicle towards Balb/3T3 and 293T cells, respectively.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to select organic solvents that dissolve large numbers of poor water-soluble chemicals including environmental contaminants in cell transformation assay and provide reference for solvents vehicle selection. The cytotoxicity of eight commonly used organic solvents-ethanol, methanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, 1,2-propanediol, glycerin, acetic ether and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) towards Balb/3T3 and 293T cells has been studied by CCK-8 assay. The results indicated that the cytotoxicity increased significantly with the increasing concentration of solvent compared to the control group, and it showed a dosage-response relationship. Methanol, DMSO and ethanol exhibited much less cytotoxicity, which was slightly different between the two cell lines. The concentrations with 70% of cell viability were 3.70%, 1.40% or 1.20% (v/v) in Balb/3T3 cells and 2.20%, 1.40% or 0.80% (v/v) in 293T cells, respectively. The five other solvents displayed much greater cytotoxicity, the concentrations with 70% of cell viability were much lower. The concentrations of acetic ether and acetone with 70% of cell viability were below 0.20%. While, the difference of concentrations of isopropyl alcohol, glycerin and 1,2-propanediol with 70% of cell viability was 2-4 times between the two cell lines. The cell viability percent in solvents with little cytotoxicity should be above 90%. Methanol at 0-1.0% (v/v) and DMSO at 0 0.3% (v/v) presented much less cytotoxicity towards Balb/3T3 cells, the cell viability percent was about 95%. Ethanol at 0-0.3% (v/v) showed the least cytotoxic effect towards 293T cells, the cell viability percent was approximately 95%. Therefore, methanol/DMSO and ethanol might be compatible solvents vehicle towards Balb/3T3 and 293T cells, respectively. Methanol and ethanol were much better than DMSO towards the two cell lines. In addition, the selection of solvents vehicle might be affected by cell type.
Patent•
01 Dec 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for separating and collecting a purified alkali metal salt from an aqueous metal salt solution, which is characterized by involving a treatment step of removing any purification-disturbing substance by a separation membrane which fulfills both the glucose removal ratio and the isopropyl alcohol removal ratio respectively represented by formulae (I and (II) and (III) when an anion solution having a temperature of 25°C, a pH value of 6.5 and a concentration of 1000 ppm are separately passed through the separation membrane at an
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for separating and collecting a purified alkali metal salt from an aqueous alkali metal salt solution, which is characterized by involving a treatment step of removing any purification-disturbing substance by a separation membrane which fulfills both the glucose removal ratio and the isopropyl alcohol removal ratio respectively represented by formulae (I) and (II) when an aqueous glucose solution having a temperature of 25°C, a pH value of 6.5 and a concentration of 1000 ppm and an aqueous isopropyl alcohol solution having a temperature of 25°C, a pH value of 6.5 and a concentration of 1000 ppm are separately passed through the separation membrane at an operation pressure of 0.75 MPa: (I) glucose removal ratio ≥ 90%; (II) (glucose removal ratio) - (isopropyl alcohol removal ratio) ≥ 30%.
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analysis of 148 cases of confirmed or suspected Clostridium difficile infection over a 12-month period in patients treated at the University of Basel Hospitals in Basel, Switzerland between January and March of 2011.
Abstract: Affiliations: 1. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; 2. Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Basel Hospitals, Basel, Switzerland; 3. Institute of Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Address correspondence to Matthias Maiwald, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore (matthias.maiwald@ kkh.com.sg). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32(4):404-405 © 2011 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved. 0899-823X/2011/3204-0017$15.00. DOI: 10.1086/659253
Patent•
28 Jun 2011TL;DR: In this article, a mixed metal oxides catalyst of the general formula Mo a V b O x, where the molar ratio of molybdenum to vanadium is between 1:1 and 9:1 (a:b is between 0.5:0.5 and 0.9: 0.1) and x is determined according to the oxidation state of the cations present.
Abstract: The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane provides a highly selective catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene, and a process for preparing the catalyst. The catalyst is a mixed metal oxides catalyst of the general formula Mo a V b O x , where the molar ratio of molybdenum to vanadium is between 1:1 and 9:1 (a:b is between 0.5:0.5 and 0.9:0.1) and x is determined according to the oxidation state of the cations present. The catalyst is prepared by mixing the metals by sol-gel technique, heating the gel to dry the mixed oxides, further heating the dried product to induce auto-combustion, washing the product with isopropyl alcohol, and drying with a supercritical CO 2 dryer. Oxidative dehydrogenation is carried out by contacting a stream of propane gas with the bulk mixed metal oxides catalyst at a temperature between 350° C. and 550° C. Propylene selectivity of 100% is reached at conversion rates between 1.9% and 4.8%.