Showing papers on "Methyl acrylate published in 1988"

Modified dense star polymers

Abstract: Dense star polymers on immobilized cores are very useful as ion-exchange resins and chelation resins. For example, an aminated form of chloromethylated styrene/divinyl benzene copolymer can be employed as an immobilized core compound and reacted successively with methyl acrylate via a Michael addition reaction and then with ethylenediamine to form a first generation dense star polymer or dendrimer. These reactions can then be repeated to form second and third generation dendrimers.

Genotoxicity of acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.

Abstract: A series of monomeric acrylate/methacrylate esters (methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate) as well as acrylic acid were examined for genotoxic activity in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells without exogenous activation. All five compounds induced concentration-dependent increases in mutant frequency. Small-colony, trifluorothymidine-resistant mutants were primarily induced, which suggests that these compounds may act via a clastogenic mechanism. This prediction was confirmed by the finding that all five compounds produced gross chromosome aberrations in mouse lymphoma cells. The two acrylates were much more potent in their response than acrylic acid. Methyl acrylate (22 micrograms/ml, survival = 18%) induced 385 mutants/10(6) survivors (total mutant frequency less the spontaneous mutant frequency) and 45 chromosome aberrations/100 cells analyzed (total aberrations less the spontaneous background). Ethyl acrylate (37.5 micrograms/ml, survival = 15%) induced 683 mutants/10(6) survivors and 48 aberrations/50 cells analyzed. Acrylic acid (500 micrograms/ml, survival = 22%) induced 245 mutants/10(6) survivors and 37 aberrations/100 cells analyzed. The two methacrylates required higher concentrations to induce a positive response. Methyl methacrylate (2,799 micrograms/ml, survival = 11%) induced 230 mutants/10(6) survivors and 29 aberrations/200 cells analyzed. Ethyl methacrylate was extremely difficult to test because of a plateau in the dose response, over which the toxicity fluctuated from 2% to 37% survival. Positive responses (twice the spontaneous background) were only obtained at toxicity levels with less than approximately 20% survival. A concentration of 1,626 micrograms/ml (survival = 16%) induced 83 mutants/10(6) survivors and 11 aberrations/200 cells analyzed. The evidence suggests that the genotoxicity of these compounds is most likely due to a clastogenic mechanism.

Copolymerization of diethyl 2‐(methacryloyloxy) ethyl phosphate with alkyl acrylates: Reactivity ratios and glass transition temperatures

Abstract: Soluble copolymers of diethyl 2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl phosphate (DMP) with methyl methacrylate (MMA), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA) and butyl acrylate (BA) were synthesized by radical copolymerization in benzene solution using azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as initiator. The monomer reactivity ratios of these systems at 60°C were determined by the conventional schemes using the methods of Fineman–Ross, Joshi-Joshi, and Kelen–Tudos. DMP underwent a completely random and azeotropic copolymerization with MMA whereas in its reaction with the other acrylates DMP entered preferentially into the polymer chain. The reactivities of DMP-terminated polymer radicals towards the acrylate monomers were found to be in the order: MMA > EA > MA > BA. An increase in solvent polarity decreased the relative reactivity of DMP for the DMP-MMA pair. An examination of the molecular weights of the copolymers revealed the occurrence of chain transfer caused by DMP. The copolymer glass transition temperatures were determined and the variations of Tg with copolymer compositions were discussed according to the theory of Johnston, taking into account the effect of the sequence distributions of the comonomers on Tg. The Tgs of the alternating copolymers of DMP with the four alkyl acrylates were calculated.

Emulsion polymerized cohesive polymer latex useful as cold seal coating and improved sealable articles treated with the same

Abstract: A cold sealable emulsion polymerized terpolymer cohesive formulation which has low surface tack characteristics, prepared from the emulsion polymerization of a first monomer selected from the group consisting of ethyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl acrylate and vinylidene chloride, a second monomer selected from the group consisting of vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, ethyl methacrylate and isobutyl methacrylate and a third monomer selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, itaconic acid, sulfoethyl methacrylate and malic acid with the proviso that each of said first, second and third monomers are different.

Mechanism of thermal degradation of poly(alkyl acrylate)s using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Abstract: The pyrolyses of homologous poly(alkyl acrylate)s is reported with identification of the major pyrolyses products. A mechanism involving random homolytic scission of the chain followed by a series of intermolecular and intramolecular transfer reactions has been proposed for poly(methyl acrylate) by Cameron and Kane and further developed by Haken, Ho, Houghton, and Gunawan. This mechanism is demonstrated to be generally applicable to the poly(n-alkyl acrylate)s. Reaction mechanisms are postulated for the various products produced and ion fragmentation mechanisms for the mass spectra produced are shown.

Dry toner for developing latent electrostatic images with improved resistance to toner staining of vinyl chloride products

Abstract: A toner for developing latent electrostatic images is disclosed, which comprises a binder resin comprising a component selected from the group consisting of: (1) a mixture of the ternary copolymers of styrene, methyl acrylate, and ethyl acrylate, (2) a mixture of the binary copolymers of two monomers from among the monomers of styrene, methyl acrylate, and ethyl acrylate and homopolymers containing the remaining monomer or the copolymers of that monomer and the other monomers, and (3) a mixture of the respective homopolymers.

C=C double bond insertion in catalytic C−H activation. Dehydrogenative cross coupling of arenes with olefins

Abstract: The reaction of benzene with methyl acrylate and ethylene catalyzed by RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 under irradiation gave methyl cinnamate and styrene, respectively. The reaction of toluene afforded meta-substituted isomers as major products.

Cyclopalladiated aromatic imines in organic synthesis: the preparation of cinnamonitriles, cinnamates, unsymmetrical stilbenes, isoquinolones, and isoquinolines

Abstract: The preparation and characterisation of some new ortho-palladiated benzaldimine complexes and their reaction with olefins are described. The reaction of di-µ-1-chloro-bis(2-alkyl-2,1-benzazapalladole) complexes (1) with styrene in trifluoroacetic acid–acetic acid mixtures yielded stilbene-2-carbaldehydes (10). These were converted into 2-methyl-3-phenyl-1(2H)-isoquinolones (12)via a mercury(II) mediated cyclisation of the N-methylimine derivatives of the stilbenes. Reaction of the complexes (1) with methyl acrylate produced methyl 2-(N-t-butyliminomethyl)cinnamates (7; Y = CO2Me) and with acrylonitrile, the 2-(N-t-butyliminomethyl)cinnamonitriles (7; Y = CN), which upon in situ thermolysis gave the corresponding Isoquinolines (8).

Photo-induced molecular transformations. Part 87. Ring expansion through [2 + 2] photocycloaddition-β-scission sequences; synthesis of benzohomotropones from 1 - and 2-naphthols and methyl acrylate

Abstract: Photolysis of 4-substituted tricyclo[6.4.0.02,5]dodeca-1(12),6,8,10-tetraen-5-ols (9), (10), and (12), derived in three-steps from the regioselective photocycloadducts formed from 2-naphthyl trimethylsilyl ether and methyl acrylate, in the presence of HgO–I2 in benzene, to give the benzocyclo-octenone derivatives (11), (13), and (14) which arise from β-scission of their fused bond. The benzocyclo-octenones cyclized with base in DMF to give benzohomotropones, 4-substituted tricyclo[6.4.0.02,4]dodeca-1(12),6,8,10-tetraen-2-ones (15) and (16). Similar photolyses of 3-substituted tricyclo[6.4.0.02,5]dodeca-1(12),6,8,10-tetraen-2-ols (24) and (25), prepared in three steps from the regioselective [2 + 2] photocycloadduct (19) formed from 1-naphthyl trimethylsilyl ether with methyl acrylate, in the presence of HgO–I2 in benzene, gives the benzocyclo-octenone (26) in rather low yield. Treatment of the latter with a base in DMF gave a benzohomotropone, 3-substituted tricyclo[6.4.0.03,5]dodeca-1(12),6,8,10-tetraen-2-one (27).

Process for high speed coating of substrates

Abstract: Substrates are coated by a process which comprises co-extruding onto the substrate, e.g. aluminium foil, a layer of an olefin terpolymer and a layer of polypropylene, the olefin terpolymer being adjacent to the substrate and the polypropylene being adjacent to the olefin terpolymer. The olefin terpolymer is a terpolymer of an olefin, e.g. ethylene, an unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydride, e.g. acrylic acid, and an unsaturated ester, e.g. methyl acrylate, in which the amount of carboxylic acid or anhydride groups in the terpolymer is at least 3 mole % and the amount of ester groups in the terpolymer is at least 3 mole %.

Hole transport in polymers of (N-ethylcarbazol-3-yl) methyl acrylate and methacrylate

Abstract: (N-Ethylcarbazol-3-yl)methyl acrylate and methacrylate were polymerized anionically and radically. Anionically-polymerized polyacrylate using ethylmagnesium chloride-benzalacetophenone as catalyst is an isotactic rich polymer with 85% isotactic dyad. All polymers except anionically polymerized polymethacrylate showed good film forming property. Hole drift mobilities measured by the time-of-flight method at room temperature and at 5 × 105 V/cm are in the following order: isotactic polyacrylate (1.0 × 10-5 cm2/V s) > atactic polyacrylate (1.8 × 10-6 cm2/V s) > atactic polymethacrylate (1.2 × 10-6 cm2/V s) at 5 × 105 V/cm. These results are discussed in terms of the hopping model between localized sites.

Organic nonlinear optical media

Abstract: In one embodiment this invention provides a nonlinear optical medium consisting of a solid solution of components comprising (1) a thermoplastic polymer such as poly(methyl acrylate/butyl acrylate); (2) a first organic compound which exhibits nonlinear optical response such as 4-amino-4'-nitrostilbene; and (3) a second organic compound such as methyl acrylate which complexes with and enhances the nonlinear optical response of the first organic compound.

Composition of vinylidene chloride/phenylacetylene (VDC/PA) copolymers and vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate/phenylacetylene (VDC/MA/PA) terpolymers from analysis by 13C‐NMR spectroscopy

Abstract: 13C-NMR spectroscopy has been utilized to characterize Saran polymers containing polyene segments generated by incorporating phenylacetylene (PA) units into either poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) or a typical Saran copolymer of 91% vinylidene chloride (VDC) and 9% methyl acrylate (MA). The incorporation of PA could not be defined in the usual statistical way because the presence of the PA double bond in the polymer backbone appeared to cause the dehydrohalogenation of units next to it. Thus, sequences of PA next to VDC were not observed. Rather, sequences of olefinic units next to VDC units were present at a level equal to the level of PA incorporation. The level of unsaturation in the PA copolymers is approximately four times the level of PA incorporation. These observations are consistent with the random incorporation into the copolymer of PA which then initiates the dehydrohalogenation in adjacent VDC units. This dehydrohalogenation reaction appears to propagate from one unit to the next along the backbone of the polymer such that polyene segments containing the PA unit are formed.

Polymerization of methyl acrylate photoinitiated by 4‐dimethylamino‐4′‐isopropylbenzophenone

Abstract: The initial rate of the polymerization of methyl acrylate photoinitiated by 4-dimethylamino-4′-isopropylbenzophenone (2) varies linearly with monomer concentration and the square-root of light intensity. For small absorbances, the initial polymerization rate, Rp, varies linearly with the square-root of the photoinitiator concentration. For high absorbance values, Rp is independent of the photoinitiator concentration in a well-stirred system and decreases as the photoinitiator concentration increases in an unstirred system. This marked differences between the polymerization kinetics in well-stirred and unstirred systems is discussed. The ratio of the propagation rate constant and the square-root of the termination rate constant, kp/k, and the quantum yield of photoinitiation were determined and related to the results previously obtained in a study on the photoreactivity of 2.

Moldable copolymer of ethylene and an acrylamide and production thereof

Abstract: There are copolymerized, by weight, a) 40-99% of ethylene and b) 60-1% of a dialkylaminoalkyl acrylamide of the formula where R₁ is H or -CH₃, R₂ and R₃ are each C1-4 alkyl and n is 2-4 (e.g. dimethylaminoethyl acrylamide), in a reactor under pressure of 500-3,000 kg/cm² and a temperature of 100-300°C in the presence of a radical polymerisation initiator (O₂, a peroxide or azo compound) in amount of 5-3,000 parts per million parts of ethylene. Up to 20% of c) another ethylenically unsaturated monomer (e.g. methyl acrylate, vinyl acetate) can also be copolymerised. The resultant copolymer contains the components in proportions of a) 40-95%, b) 60-5% and c) 0-20%, and has a number average molecular weight determined from a GPC chart of 5,000-50,000. The copolymer can be molded directly or 100 parts can be mixed with 1-20 parts of a poly(α-olefin) (e.g. poly­propylene) to form a spinnable and dyeable mixture, or can be converted by HCl to a quaternary salt, reacted with epichlorohydrin and an alkylolamine to form a stable cationic aqueous dispersion which is coated on a substrate to form a transparent,flexible and tough coating.