Showing papers on "Morning published in 1986"
TL;DR: Desmopressin (2-4 micrograms given intramuscularly at 8 pm) reduced nocturnal polyuria, diminished overnight weight loss, raised supine blood pressure, and reduced the postural fall, especially in the morning, when patients were often at their worst.
Abstract: Day and night urine volume, morning and evening body weight, and supine and sitting blood pressure were measured in five patients with chronic autonomic failure who were not receiving treatment with drugs. All had nocturnal polyuria, overnight weight loss, and a pronounced postural fall in blood pressure, with lowest levels in the morning. Desmopressin (2-4 micrograms given intramuscularly at 8 pm) reduced nocturnal polyuria, diminished overnight weight loss, raised supine blood pressure, and reduced the postural fall, especially in the morning, when patients were often at their worst. Desmopressin may be a useful alternative to, or may supplement, other forms of treatment in some patients with autonomic failure.
179 citations
TL;DR: There is an apparent diurnal change in ACTH sensitivity to corticosterone feedback that can be defined operationally as reset and it is suggested that basal ACTH secretion is maintained in the low normal range in intact rats because of the marked diurnal rhythm in cortic testosterone.
Abstract: There is evidence in man and rats that higher circulating levels of glucocorticoids are required to normalize basal unstimulated ACTH levels at the peak of the circadian rhythm than at the trough. To explore this phenomenon, we tested the inhibitory effect of constant levels of corticosterone on plasma ACTH in the morning (AM) and evening (PM) in young male rats implanted with fused pellets of corticosterone-cholesterol at the time of adrenalectomy (ADX+B) and studied 5 days later. There was a marked shift of the plasma corticosterone-ACTH inhibition curve to the right between AM and PM, demonstrating that the efficacy of corticosterone feedback inhibition of ACTH is less in the PM. Comparison of plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels during 24 h in sham-adrenalectomized rats (SHAM-ADX), adrenalectomized rats (ADX), and ADX+B revealed constantly low ACTH in SHAM-ADX, constantly high ACTH in ADX, and biphasic ACTH levels in ADX+B. Corticosterone levels were biphasic in SHAM-ADX and were constant in the other two groups. These results again showed a shift in corticosterone feedback efficacy as a function of the time of day and also suggested that basal ACTH secretion is maintained in the low normal range in intact rats because of the marked diurnal rhythm in corticosterone. The sensitivity of the pituitary ACTH response to exogenous CRF did not change between AM and PM in either intact or ADX+B showing that the shift in feedback sensitivity to corticosterone does not reside in the pituitary. The response of the entire adrenocortical system to histamine stress was shown to be equivalent in both the AM and PM, suggesting that feedback sensitivity of the entire system to corticosterone does not change as a function of the time of day. We conclude from these results that there is an apparent diurnal change in ACTH sensitivity to corticosterone feedback that can be defined operationally as reset. We believe that the site of feedback being tested shifts solely from the pituitary in the AM (at the nadir of the rhythm) to the brain and the pituitary in the PM (at the peak of the rhythm). The lack of the normally high transients of corticosterone that occur in SHAM-ADX rats results in increased brain drive of the pituitary in ADX+B.
114 citations
TL;DR: The determination of cortisol in 1-h samples is a practical and simple method of assessing cortisol secretion and allows multiple sampling without hospitalization, and it is an effective screening test for Cushing's syndrome and hypoadrenalism.
Abstract: To more conveniently assess dynamic changes in the biologically active fraction of cortisol, we measured cortisol in 1-h urine samples obtained from 0700-0800 and from 2200-2300 h. In 20 normal subjects, morning 1-h urinary cortisol levels were 78 +/- 36 ng/mg creatinine (mean +/- SD), whereas levels from 2200-2300 h were 22 +/- 12 ng/mg creatinine, demonstrating diurnal variability. In 14 patients with Cushing's syndrome, mean morning urinary cortisol was elevated (207 +/- 176 ng/mg creatinine), but there was overlap with values in normal subjects. In contrast, evening values in Cushing's syndrome (248 +/- 208 ng/mg creatinine) were elevated in each patient; there was no diurnal variation and no overlap with normal subjects. Similarly, the morning urinary cortisol response to dexamethasone (1 mg, orally, at 2300 h) clearly separated normal subjects from those with Cushing's syndrome (5 +/- 6 vs. 169 +/- 149 ng/mg creatinine, respectively). In 10 patients with secondary hypoadrenalism, urinary cortisol levels were less than 2 ng/mg creatinine in both morning and evening 1-h samples. Thus, the determination of cortisol in 1-h samples is a practical and simple method of assessing cortisol secretion and allows multiple sampling without hospitalization. It is effective in assessing dynamic cortisol responses, such as diurnal variation and responsiveness to suppression, and it is an effective screening test for Cushing's syndrome and hypoadrenalism.
102 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that the morning type retired and arose significantly earlier than other types, although there was no significant differences in sleep length, and there were significant differences between the morning and evening types in sleep latency, mood on arising, adequate amount of sleep, frequency and duration of nap, and number of staying awake all night per month.
Abstract: Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) developed by Horne & Ostberg (1976) was translated into Japanese, and then, MEQ and Life Habits Inventory were administered to approximately 1,500 university students. The distribution of MEQ scores was essentially normal, and the reliability of this questionnaire was high (r alpha = .702). Comparing among the morning, evening, and intermediate types, it was found that the morning type retired and arose significantly earlier than other types, although there was no significant differences in sleep length. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the morning and evening types in sleep latency, mood on arising, adequate amount of sleep, frequency and duration of nap, and number of staying awake all night per month. These results suggested that the evening type had more irregular sleep-waking habits than the morning type. Since the above results were obtained only from student population, further investigation on various populations is requested.
82 citations
TL;DR: Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures rose for the first 4 days after delivery and a considerable number of previously normotensive women displayed elevations of blood pressure in the puerperium.
Abstract: Blood pressure was measured by random zero sphygmomanometer in the morning and afternoon for 5 days after normal delivery in a group of 136 previously normotensive women. The number of women studied each day varied from 32 to 125. The afternoon blood pressure was higher than the morning blood pressure (differences: 1.7 mmHg systolic, 2.6 mmHg diastolic; P less than 0.05). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures rose for the first 4 days after delivery. The average rise over the whole period was about 6 mmHg systolic and 4 mmHg diastolic (P less than 0.05). A considerable number of previously normotensive women displayed elevations of blood pressure in the puerperium. Twelve per cent of all patients exceeded a diastolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg.
73 citations
TL;DR: Both reflex responses exhibited a circadian rhythmicity: the lowest values were found in the early morning, while the highest values were observed at midnight, and other factors are likely to be involved in the circadian variation of nociceptive flexion reflex in man.
Abstract: We investigated 8 healthy male volunteers, evaluating RII and RIII thresholds every 6 h starting from noon, for a 24-h period. Both reflex responses exhibited a circadian rhythmicity: the lowest values were found in the early morning (9.1 ± 3.0 and 13.1 ± 4.4 mA, respectively), while the highest values were observed at midnight (13.1 ± 3.5 and 18.5 ± 5.3 mA). Also mean cosinor analysis indicated the existence of a significant rhythm with acrophase at 20:12 for RII and 22:29 for RIII. In 4 subjects, β-endorphin plasma (β-EP) level was tested during the day. No correlation was observed between circadian changes of β-EP and RIII threshold. Other factors are likely to be involved in the circadian variation of nociceptive flexion reflex in man.
72 citations
TL;DR: Results show that the measurement of albumin concentration on the first morning urine sample can be used for a screening test for micro-albuminuria in children, and high sensitivity and moderate specificity was obtained using a first morning albumin concentrations greater than 20 mg/l to detect increased albumin excretion.
Abstract: Twenty-four hour urinary albumin excretion was measured in 97 children with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes and found to have a geometric mean of 6 mg/day (range 1–38 mg/d). The same geometric mean of 6 mg/day (range 1–45 mg/d) was found in 120 normal children. The relationship of 24-h urinary albumin excretion to the albumin concentration (mg/1) and to the ratio of albumin: creatinine (mg: mmol) on first morning urine samples in 64 patients was highly significant (r=0.93 and r=0.62 respectively, p < 0.001). In 41 patients, the relationship between 24-h urinary albumin excretion and albumin concentration upon urine samples at various times was assessed. The correlation was highest on the first morning sample (r=0.86); 09.00h to 13.00 h, 0.51; 13.00 h to 18.00 h, 0.68; 18.00 h to 23.00 h, 0.32. High sensitivity and moderate specificity was obtained using a first morning albumin concentration of greater than 20 mg/l to detect increased albumin excretion. These results show that the measurement of albumin concentration on the first morning urine sample can be used for a screening test for micro-albuminuria in children.
68 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that sleep is an important factor in determining overnight bronchoconstriction in patients with nocturnal asthma.
Abstract: Nocturnal cough and wheeze are common in asthma. The cause of nocturnal asthma is unknown and there is conflicting evidence on whether sleep is a factor. Twelve adult asthmatic subjects with nocturnal wheeze were studied on two occasions: on one night subjects were allowed to sleep and on the other they were kept awake all night, wakefulness being confirmed by electroencephalogram. Every patient developed bronchoconstriction overnight both on the asleep night, when peak expiratory flow (PEF) fell from a mean (SE) of 418 (40) 1 min-1 at 10 pm to 270 (46) 1 min-1 in the morning, and on the awake night (PEF 10 pm 465 (43), morning 371 (43) 1 min-1). The morning values of PEF were, however, higher (p less than 0.1) after the awake night and both the absolute and the percentage overnight falls in PEF were greater when the patients slept (asleep night 38% (6%), awake night 20% (4%); p less than 0.01). This study suggests that sleep is an important factor in determining overnight bronchoconstriction in patients with nocturnal asthma.
62 citations
TL;DR: An improved continuous reading fluorophotometer with provision for controlling the blink rate has been used to measure tear turnover rates in 14 normal healthy volunteers, and a significant difference between morning and afternoon tear turnover results has been found, indicating a possible circadian rhythm in tear flow.
Abstract: An improved continuous reading fluorophotometer with provision for controlling the blink rate has been used to measure tear turnover rates in 14 normal healthy volunteers. A significant difference between morning and afternoon tear turnover results has been found, indicating a possible circadian rhythm in tear flow. Sources of potential systematic error in the measurement method have been identified and analysed. Fluorescence measurements using a thin film cell have confirmed predictions of nonlinearity in fluorophotometer output at high tear film concentrations. The error in tear film fluorescence due to diffusion of fluorescein into the cornea has also been investigated. Simple precautions to minimise these errors are suggested, which should make the measurement method suitable for clinical application.
55 citations
TL;DR: This study investigated whether, after transition from long to short photoperiods by either extending the dark period into the morning hours, or starting the dark time at noon, differences in the gonadal reaction and in the rate of extension of the pineal pattern ensue.
Abstract: In the Djungarian hamster, short photoperiods induce regression of testes and accessory glands. There is evidence that the length of time melatonin levels are elevated is the signal conveying the photoperiodic effects to the neuroendocrine axis. When the temporal course of decompression of the pattern of pineal melatonin content was followed after a change from long to short photoperiods by symmetrical extension of the dark time, extension proceeded first into the morning hours. The present study investigated whether, after transition from long to short photoperiods by either extending the dark period into the morning hours, or starting the darktime at noon, differences in the gonadal reaction and in the rate of extension of the pineal pattern ensue. Three and 7 weeks after transition from long to short photoperiods highly significant differences were found in the rate of involution of testes and accessory glands. Regression was more advanced after extension of the dark period into the morning hours. The length of time that pineal melatonin content was elevated also differed markedly between the two groups. After 3 weeks in short photoperiods, the length of the melatonin peak was more than 9 h when the dark period was extended into the morning, but only about 7 h if it was extended into the afternoon. It is suggested that the different rate of gonadal regression after different ways of transition into the same photoperiod is due to the different rate of decompression of the melatonin pattern.
53 citations
TL;DR: Skylight at sunrise appears to function as a source of directional information for morning flights of migrating warblers, which reinforces speculation that solar-related information is involved in the orientation of ongoing migratory flight, or redetermined orientation following nighttime displacements.
Abstract: Field observations reveal that night-migrating passerines sometimes fly during early morning hours. Functional consideration of daytime flights have overshadowed proximate questions regarding the sensory basis of daytime orientation. I conducted a series of early morning cage-orientation experiments in spring with four species of migrating warblers (Parulinae) on the north coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Whereas birds were poorly oriented on overcast mornings, the headings for three species were oriented in a seasonally appropriate direction when individuals were tested on clear mornings with the horizon glow from the rising sun visible. Moreover, the direction of activity was influenced in a predictable way by manipulating the pattern of skylight polarization. Skylight at sunrise appears to function as a source of directional information for morning flights of migrating warblers. This interpretation is consistent with field observations of the orientation behavior of free-flying migrants, and reinforces speculation that solar-related information is involved in the orientation of ongoing migratory flight, or redetermined orientation following nighttime displacements. In any case, the responsiveness of several species in a cage situation may allow controlled experiments on the question of course correction and redetermined
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied hourly variation in measures of the abundance of individual species and the species composition of bird assemblages in different habitats and seasons in the western Sierra Nevada of California, using 8 and 10-min point counts.
Abstract: -We studied hourly variation in measures of the abundance of individual species and the species composition of bird assemblages in different habitats and seasons in the western Sierra Nevada of California, using 8and 10-min point counts. Results failed to show clearly that any one of the first 4-5 h after sunrise is better than another. The advantages of more counts or more sites sampled, or both, gained by counting over several hours outweigh any advantage that might result from restricting counts to periods that give counts with lower variance. Species richness was better measured by sampling over a period of several hours than by sampling an equal period of time during any single hour. Received 27 September 1984, accepted 16 August 1985. FEW studies give detailed analyses of diurnal variation in bird counts, perhaps because such information is a byproduct of studies done for other reasons. Ornithologists have long known, however, that birds are detected early in the morning more often than later in the day. Guidelines for extensive surveys account for this by recommending that counts be confined to early-morning hours (e.g. Hall 1964, Anon. 1970, Jarvinen et al. 1977, Bystrak 1979, Conner and Dickson 1980). This is not a problem for all bird species, however, as the detectability of some may be nearly constant throughout the day [e.g. Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) and Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea), Robbins 1981]. The detectability of others can increase for several hours after sunrise [e.g. Kirtland's Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii), Mayfield 1960; Eurasian Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola), Jarvinen et al. 1977; American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis), Robbins 1981; Steller's Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri), Skirvin 1981]. We believe that too little attention has been given to exceptions such as these, so the general guideline to "count early in the morning" is almost an unchallenged dogma. Rapid changes in the detectability of most species near dawn might result in such high variance in counts that more effort would be required with dawn counts than with midday counts to detect significant differences between samples, even though larger numbers of birds might be detected during counts beginning at or near sunrise. Believing this to be the case, Dawson (1981) recommended counting between 0930 and 1530 for relative measures of bird populations in New Zealand forests. Finally, sampling bird communities at different times of the day may give different conclusions about the richness and composition of those communities. If this is true, comparisons between communities should be based on samples taken during comparable periods of the day. Our objective in this study was to quantify hourly changes in bird counts to determine the best time in the morning to count birds in forest and woodland habitats in the western Sierra Nevada of California. To accomplish this, we examined hourly trends among five measures: (1) counts of individual species, (2) variance in counts of individual species, (3) pooled counts of all species, (4) species richness, and (5) species composition.
TL;DR: These disturbances in internal chronoorganization support the hypothesis that cluster headache is basically a dyschronic disorder and suggest that stress accompanying attack expectancy in the active phase is the mechanism behind the elevated plasma cortisol levels.
Abstract: The circadian changes in testosterone (T) and cortisol secretion and morning luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were evaluated in nine episodic cluster headache (CH) patients in active phase and in seven healthy volunteers, with collection of blood samples every 2 h for 24 h. CH showed a significant reduction of the 24-h integrated mean T value (mesor) (4.4 + 1.1 ng/ml; chi +/- SD) in comparison with controls (6.6 +/- 0.8 ng/ml) (P less than 0.01). Both groups had plasma T circadian rhythm with peak values in early morning, but in CH single cosinor analysis showed its absence in three out of nine CH patients. The rhythm showed an acrophase delay of 101 min in CH. Both patients and controls had a significant circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol concentration. CH patients, however, showed an acrophase delay of 106 min and significantly increased concentrations from 1200 h to 2000 h. Morning LH values were similar in the two groups. The reduced secretion of plasma T in CH patients in the active phase coexisted with an acrophase delay of its circadian rhythm. A similar delay was found in 24-h plasma cortisol levels. We suggest that stress accompanying attack expectancy in the active phase is the mechanism behind the elevated plasma cortisol levels. This in turn could reduce T concentrations, acting at the testicular level. These disturbances in internal chronoorganization support the hypothesis that cluster headache is basically a dyschronic disorder.
TL;DR: Extension of the rat pineal N-acetyltransferase rhythm after transition from LD 16:8 to LD 8:16 proceeded more rapidly when the transition was accomplished by prolongation of the dark period into the morning than into the evening hours.
TL;DR: The levels of T in male saliva accurately reflected the changes observed in plasma T, and the magnitude of increase in T levels was clearly greater in saliva than in plasma samples during the intramuscular administration of the long-acting T preparation.
Abstract: Since correct assessment of testicular function and androgenic status in humans requires multiple sampling, a sensitive and accurate radioimmunoassay (RIA) of testosterone (T) was established for male and female saliva samples. This easily collected biological fluid, which contains nonprotein-bound T, may represent an attractive alternative or a complement to total plasma T assays. In saliva samples from 5 normal males, a clear circadian rhythm was observed, and morning concentrations (135 +/- 31 pg/ml) were significantly higher (p less than 0.02) than evening samples (85 +/- 23 pg/ml). In 11 normal females, morning saliva levels were 12.8 +/- 1.8 pg/ml. The levels of T in male saliva, in response to both exogenous T administration (100 mg i.m.) and HCG stimulation (2 X 2,000 IU i.m.), accurately reflected the changes observed in plasma T, and the magnitude of increase in T levels was clearly greater in saliva than in plasma samples during the intramuscular administration of the long-acting T preparation. In males, significant correlations were observed between salivary and plasma T concentrations in morning samples (r = 0.61, p less than 0.01), following HCG stimulation (r = 0.89, p less than 0.05) and during T administration (r = 0.87, p less than 0.05). In women, the correlation at 8 a.m. was also significant (r = 0.82, p less than 0.05).
TL;DR: The hypothesis that nighttime and early morning signs and symptoms of air flow obstruction in patients with moderately severe asthma would be better controlled by theophylline given on a once-a-day evening dosing schedule was tested.
TL;DR: Fourteen lactating Holstein cows were observed between 40 and 150 d postpartum to identify physiological and behavioral changes associated with the day of estrus, which indicated more false positives than true positives.
TL;DR: As with other episodically secreted hormones, the threshold for pulse identification and the sampling interval were found to influence the observed pulse parameters and a significant difference in pulse amplitude was revealed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the availability of air quality data for assessing potential biological impacts associated with ozone and sulfur dioxide ambient exposures, examples of how ozone data can be characterized for assessing vegetation effects, and limitations associated with some exposure parameters used for developing relevant vegetation doseresponse yield reduction models.
Abstract: Since the 1960s, much effort has been devoted to collecting and formatting air quality data. This paper discusses 1) the availability of air quality data for assessing potential biological impacts associated with ozone and sulfur dioxide ambient exposures, 2) examples of how air quality data can be characterized for assessing vegetation effects, and 3) the limitations associated with some exposure parameters used for developing relevant vegetation doseresponse yield reduction models. Data are presented showing that some ozone monitoring sites not continuously affected by local urban sources experience consecutive hourly ozone exposures ≥0.10 ppm in the late evening and early morning hours. These sites experience their maximum ozone concentrations either in the spring or summer months. Sites influenced by local rural sources experience their maximum ozone concentrations during the summer months. It is suggested that further research be performed to identify whether the sensitivity of a target organism at t...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Preliminary evidence that it may participate in the regulation of the circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure is found and it is suggested that chronobiologic sleep and mood disorders be "phase typed" into either the phase advance subtype or the phase delayed subtype.
Abstract: Using the highly accurate and sensitive gas chromatographic-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometric assay for plasma melatonin we have measured plasma melatonin in humans as a biological marker for 24-hour (circadian) and seasonal rhythms and the effects of light on these rhythms. We propose that there are at least three critical parameters for light to be chronobiologically active in humans: intensity, wavelength and timing. With regard to timing, we have found that bright light exposure in the morning advances circadian rhythms (shifts them to an earlier time) and bright light in the evening delays them (shifts them to a later time). We have suggested that chronobiologic sleep and mood disorders be "phase typed" into either the phase advance subtype or the phase delayed subtype and that these disorders can then be treated with either evening light (for phase advanced disorders) or morning light (for phase delayed disorders). Regarding the function of melatonin in humans, we have preliminary evidence that it may participate in the regulation of the circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure.
TL;DR: The quantitative assessment showed that none of the patients was able to manage morning care independently, but there was a wide variation in their highest level of performance.
Abstract: Five hospitalized patients in different stages of Alzheimer-type dementia were monitored by unstructured, direct observations during morning care. Orem's model of nursing as a compensation for the patient's lack of self-care capabilities was used as a frame of reference for an analysis of the behaviours of patients and nurses during morning care. A 12-step classification system was developed to be used as a guide to understand and determine abilities essential for performance of morning care for demented patients. The quantitative assessment showed that none of the patients was able to manage morning care independently, but there was a wide variation in their highest level of performance.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The nocturnal sleep and daytime alertness of aircrew were studied by electroencephalography and the multiple sleep latency test and, after a transmeridian flight from London to San Francisco, sleep onset was faster and, although there was increased wakefulness during the second half of the night, sleep duration and efficiency over the whole night were not changed.
Abstract: The nocturnal sleep and daytime alertness of aircrew were studied by electroencephalography and the multiple sleep latency test. After a transmeridian flight from London To San Francisco, sleep onset was faster and, although there was increased wakefulness during the second half of the night, sleep duration and efficiency over the whole night were not changed. The progressive decrease in sleep latencies observed normally in the multiple sleep latency test during the morning continued throughout the day after arrival. Of the 13 subjects, 12 took a nap of around 1-h duration in the afternoon preceding the return flight. These naps would have been encouraged by the drowsiness at this time and facilitated by the departure of the aircraft being scheduled during the early evening. An early evening departure had the further advantage that the circadian increase in vigilance expected during the early part of the day would occur during the latter part of the return flight.
TL;DR: Alle Kenngrosen bis auf Gesamteiweis wurden vollmechanisiert ohne manuelle Vorverdunnung auf einem fur Routinezwecke umgebauten Mehrkanalanalysator SMA 12/60 (Technicon) bestimmt.
Abstract: Ten clinical chemical parameters were used to investigate the relationship between morning urine and 24-hour urine in 80 healthy probands. During the period of the investigation there were no dietary restrictions. A period of at least 4 hours was required between the previous micturation and the collection of morning urine. The following parameters were determined: sodium, potassium, chloride, creatinine, urea, uric acid, glucose, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and total protein. Every parameter, with the exception of total protein, was determined without prior manual dilution, by a fully mechanized procedure, using a multichannel analyser SMA 12/60 (Technicon) adapted for routine purposes. The data showed: The scatter of the excretory values is generally lower in 24-hour urine than in morning urine, but collectively the reference intervals are relatively wide. Almost without exception, there is a significant correlation between excretion in the 24-hour and morning urines, but the average correlation coefficient is only 0.5. The determined reference intervals (10/90 percentile) for the concentrations of the parameters in 24-hour and morning urines are largely in agreement. It is concluded from the data that the composition of morning urine of apparently healthy probands adequately reflects excretion of 24 hours. It remains to be seen whether this is also true for pathological states.
TL;DR: In this article, an extensive clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of Uniphyl tablets, 400 mg, showed that once-daily morning dosing is at least equivalent to twice-daily administration of theophylline.
Abstract: The combination of hydrated cellulose with higher aliphatic alcohol forms the basis of the Contin delivery system, used in the development of tablet forms of sustained-release aminophylline, theophylline, morphine, and other drugs. Extensive clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of Uniphyl (anhydrous theophylline) tablets, 400 mg, shows that once-daily morning dosing is at least equivalent to twice-daily administration of theophylline. Ingestion of the once-daily product with a high-calorie-high-fat meal in volunteers increased the absorption of theophylline without accompanying "dose-dumping." Extensive pharmacokinetic evaluation in patients with food intake not controlled has yielded bioavailability comparable to that of twice-daily theophylline. Ongoing research suggests that evening administration of Uniphyl tablets may represent a rational dosing schedule for patients with asthma who often exhibit increased bronchoconstriction in the morning. In these studies patients demonstrate improved pulmonary function in the morning compared with use of twice-daily theophylline when once-daily Uniphyl is administered in the evening. Thus, evening administration of once-daily theophylline may block the morning dip in lung function commonly seen.
TL;DR: In this article, the results of forced expirometry and single breath nitrogen washout were compared with those obtained in local controls and in larger reference materials, and it was concluded that wood trimmers may develop restrictive pulmonary dysfunction, which might be explained by an immunopathological reaction to heavy mould exposure.
Abstract: Pulmonary function was studied in 66 wood trimmers exposed to organic dust (moulds) after a month of no exposure (summer vacation) and then three and 27 months later, and also during a working week. The results of forced expirometry and single breath nitrogen washout were compared with those obtained in local controls and in larger reference materials. The forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expired volume in one second (FEV 1) were reduced by an average of 0.4 and 0.31, respectively, after one month of no exposure, however, the nitrogen washout variables showed no clear changes. Repeated measurements three months later on a Monday morning after two days of no exposure showed a further reduction in FVC and FEV1 by an average of 0.21 in a sawmill with high exposure to moulds (10 colony-forming units/m3), but not in another sawmill with ten times lower exposure. Further recordings 27 months later (Monday morning before work) displayed no further worsening in any spirometric variable. No change in lung function was noted after one day of work (Monday morning to Monday evening), but a further reduction in FVC of an average of 0.31 was seen in non-smokers at the end of the week, with apparent resolution over the weekend. The impairment was more obvious at the sawmill with higher air concentrations of organic dust than at the other sawmill. It is concluded that wood trimmers may develop restrictive pulmonary dysfunction, which might be explained by an immunopathological reaction to heavy mould exposure.
TL;DR: It is concluded that patients with resting angina and severe coronary stenosis often exhibit a nocturnal decline in their ischemic threshold, which seems to facilitate development of transmural ischemia during atrial pacing.
Abstract: Atrial pacing was performed in 16 patients with angina at rest and significant coronary artery stenosis (greater than 70%) over 2 consecutive days in the morning (10 A.M. to 1 P.M.), in the afternoon (4 to 7 P.M.), and at night (12 midnight to 3 A.M.) to assess possible circadian variations of their ischemic threshold. Overall, the incidence of resting angina was highest at night. All pacing results were positive (greater than or equal to 1.0 mm ST segment shift) and tended to be reproducible in nine patients, whereas some or all were negative in seven. Among all positive results, ischemic thresholds at night were significantly lower than those in the morning and in the afternoon (125 +/- 3 vs 138 +/- 3 and 139 +/- 2 beats/min, mean +/- SEM; p less than .005). In nine patients, 19 pacing tests produced ST segment elevation, of which 13 were performed at night (68%). We conclude that patients with resting angina and severe coronary stenosis often exhibit a nocturnal decline in their ischemic threshold, which seems to facilitate development of transmural ischemia during atrial pacing.
TL;DR: This article used self-paced reading to explore subjects' integrative processing of short texts at different times of day (early morning and late afternoon) by including pronouns which could either be resolved syntactically, or required an inference to determine their referent.
Abstract: This paper reports an experiment that used the self-paced reading technique to explore subjects' integrative processing of short texts at different times of day (early morning and late afternoon). The difficulty of the passages was manipulated by including pronouns which could either be resolved syntactically, or required an inference to determine their referent. The results showed that subjects tested in the afternoon dealt with referential difficulties in the text as they were reading it, whereas subjects tested in the morning did not adjust their reading to take account of the difficulty of the text, but tended to delay necessary processing until it was required to answer a question. The relationship between such a comprehension strategy and subsequent text memory is discussed.
TL;DR: In 86 patients with anxiety disorders (63 with panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks), anxiety symptoms tended to be more severe in the afternoon or evening than in the morning, with no abnormalities of heart rate or oral temperature.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported that relatively more important information from the story was recalled after a delay following presentation in the late afternoon, and more unimportant information following original presentation in a morning.
Abstract: An experiment is reported that tested subjects' memory for information in a short story, either immediately after hearing the story or after a delay of one week. The story was presented, and the subjects tested, either in the morning or in the afternoon. The results showed that, although there was no overall effect of time of day of presentation on recall, relatively more important information from the story was recalled after a delay following presentation in the late afternoon, and more unimportant information following original presentation in the morning. The time of day of the delayed recall test did not have any effect on performance.
TL;DR: Bright white light improves depressive symptomatology in seasonal affective disorders (SAD) and melatonin does not appear to play a major role.
Abstract: Bright white light (WL) improves depressive symptomatology in seasonal affective disorders (SAD) Different dosage regimens are effective: photoperiod extension (3, 2, or 1 hr WL at dawn and dusk); morning only (2, 1, or ½ hr); midday only (4 or 2 hr); and evening only (5 or 2 hr) Late evening WL may be deleterious The placebo effect of WL has not yet been adequately resolved Only SAD patients and not major depressive disorders have responded to WL The mechanism of action of WL is unknown: however melatonin does not appear to play a major role