Showing papers on "Multiculturalism published in 1995"

Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights

Abstract: The increasingly multicultural fabric of modern societies has given rise to many new issues and conflicts, as ethnic and national minorities demand recognition and support for their cultural identity. This book presents a new conception of the rights and status of minority cultures. It argues that certain sorts of 'collective rights' for minority cultures are consistent with liberal democratic principles, and that standard liberal objections to recognizing such rights on grounds of individual freedom, social justice, and national unity, can be answered. However, Professor Kymlicka emphasises that no single formula can be applied to all groups and that the needs and aspirations of immigrants are very different from those of indigenous peoples and national minorities. The book discusses issues such as language rights, group representation, religious education, federalism, and secession - issues which are central to understanding multicultural politics, but which have been surprisingly neglected in contemporary liberal theory.

Multicultural and ethnic attitudes in Canada: An overview of the 1991 National Survey.

Abstract: A national survey of multicultural and ethnic attitudes was carried out in June 1991, with a representative sample of 2500 respondents, and oversamples in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver (total N = 3325). Scales were developed to assess attitudes towards various aspects of multiculturalism (

Culture and Language

Abstract: Common culture and common language facilitate trade between people. Minorities have incentives to become assimilated and to learn the majority language so that they have a larger pool of potential trading partners. The value of assimilation is larger to someone from a small minority than to one from a large minority group. When a society has a very large majority of individuals from one culture, individuals from minority groups will be assimilated more quickly. Assimilation is less likely when an immigrant's native culture and language is broadly represented in his new country. Also, when governments protect minority interests directly, incentives to be assimilated into the majority culture are reduced. Both factors may explain the recent rise in multiculturalism. Individuals do not properly internalize the social value of assimilation and ignore the benefits others receive when they learn the majority language and become assimilated. In a pluralistic society, a government policy that encourages diverse cultural immigration over concentrated immigration is likely to increase the welfare of the population. In the absence of strong offsetting effects, policies which encourage multi- culturalism reduce the amount of trade and have adverse welfare consequences. Conversely, policies that subsidize assimilation and the acquisition of majority language skills can be socially beneficial. The theory is tested and confirmed by examining U.S. Census data, which reveals that the likelihood that an immigrant will learn English is inversely related to the proportion of the local population that speaks his or her native language.

Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity

Abstract: Covering more than one hundred years of American history, "Walls and Mirrors" examines the ways that continuous immigration from Mexico transformed - and continues to shape - the political, social, and cultural life of the American Southwest. Taking a fresh approach to one of the most divisive political issues of our time, David Gutierrez explores the ways that nearly a century of steady immigration from Mexico has shaped ethnic politics in California and Texas, the two largest U.S. border states. Drawing on an extensive body of primary and secondary sources, Gutierrez focuses on the complex ways that their pattern of immigration influenced Mexican Americans' sense of social and cultural identity - and, as a consequence, their politics. He challenges the most cherished American myths about U.S. immigration policy, pointing out that, contrary to rhetoric about 'alien invasions', U.S. government and regional business interests have actively recruited Mexican and other foreign workers for over a century, thus helping to establish and perpetuate the flow of immigrants into the United States. In addition, Gutierrez offers a new interpretation of the debate over assimilation and multiculturalism in American society. Rejecting the notion of the melting pot, he explores the ways that ethnic Mexicans have resisted assimilation and fought to create a cultural space for themselves in distinctive ethnic communities throughout the southwestern United States.

The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore

Abstract: Since independence in 1965 Singapore has strengthened its own national identity through a conscious process of nation-building and promoting the active role of the citizen within society. Singapore is a state that has firmly rejected welfarism but whose political leaders have maintained that collective values, instead of those of autonomous individuals, are essential to its very survival. The book begins by examining basic concepts of citizenship, nationality and the state in the context of Singapore's arrival at independence. The theme of nation-building is explored and how the creation of a national identity, through building new institutions, has been a central feature of political and social life in Singapore. Of great importance has been education, and a system of multilingual education that is part of a broader government strategy of multiculturalism and multiracialism; both have served the purpose of building a new national identity. Other areas covered by the authors include family planning, housing policy, the creation of parapolitical structures and the importance of shared "Asian values" amongst Singapore's citizens.

Multiculturalism: A Critical Reader

Abstract: Preface. General Introduction. Introduction: Multicultural Conditions (David Theo Goldberg) Part I: Thinking the Unthinkable: Setting Agendas. 1. White Terror and Oppositional Agency: Towards a Critical Multiculturalism (Peter McLaren) 2. The Politics of recognition (Charles Taylor) 3. Introduction to "Critical Multiculturalism" (Lauren Berlant and Michael Warner) 4. Critical Multiculturalism (Chicago Cultural Studies Group) 5. Diversity's Diversity (Judith Stiehm) 6. Ethnic Studies: Its Evolution in American colleges and Universities (Ramon A. Gutierrez) 7. Diminishing Returns: Can Black Feminism(s) Survive the Academy (Barbara Christian) 8. On being a Role Model (Anita L. Allen) Part II: breaking the Bounds of Disciplines. 9. Goodbye, Columbus? Notes on the Culture of Criticism (Henry Louis Gates JR.) 10. Essentialism and the Complexities of Racial Identity (Michael Eric Dyson) 11. Black Vernacular Representation and Cultural Malpractice (Tommy L. Lott) 12. The Search for the "Good Enough" Mammy: Multiculturalism, Popular Culture, and Psychoanalysis (Michele Wallace) 13. "Chicana! Rican? No, Chicana-Riquena!" Refashioning the Transnational Connection (Angie Chabram Dernersesian) 14. Contested Histories: Eurocentrism, Multiculturalism, and the Media (Robert Stam and Ella Shohat) 15. Insurgent Multiculturalism and the Promise of Pedagogy (Henry E. Giroux) 16. Is Science Multicultural? Challenges, resources, Opportunities, Uncertainties (Sandra Harding) 17. Identity: Cultural, Transcultural, and Multicultural (Peter Caws) 18. Ota Benga's Flight Through Geronimo's Eyes: Tales of Science and Multiculturalism (Cedric Robinson) 19. Anthropology and Multiculturalism: What Is Anthropology that Multiculturalists Should Be Mindful of It (Terence Turner) List of Contributors. Selected Bibliography. Index.

The Macedonian conflict : ethnic nationalism in a transnational world

Abstract: Greeks and Macedonians both assert that they, and they alone, have the right to identify themselves as Macedonians. The Greek government denies the existence of a Macedonian nation and insists that all Macedonians are Greeks, while Macedonians vehemently assert their existence as a unique people. This work examines the Macedonian conflict in the light of contemporary theoretical work on ethnic nationalism, the construction of national identities and cultures, the invenstion of tradition, and the role of the state in the process of building a nation. The conflict is set in the broader context of Balkan history and in the narrower context of the disintegration of Yugoslavia. The book focuses on the transnational dimension of the "global cultural war" taking place between Greeks and Macedonians both in the Balkans and throughout the rest of the world. It analyzes two issues in particular: the struggle for human rights of the Macedonian minority in northern Greece and the campaign for international recognition of the newly independent Republic of Macedonia. The book concludes with a detailed analysis of the construction of identity at an individual level among immigrants from nothern Greece who have settled in Australia, where multiculturalism is an official policy.

The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict

Abstract: For decades India has been the scene of outbursts of religious violence, thrusting many ordinary Hindus and Muslims into bloody conflict. This work analyzes the psychological roots of Hindu-Muslim violence and examines the subjective experience of religious hatred in the author's native land. Sudhir Kakar discusses the profoundly enigmatic relations that link individual egos to cultural moralities and religious violence. His psychological approach offers a framework for understanding the kind of ethnic-religious conflict that characterizes the turmoil in India. Using case studies, he explores cultural stereotypes, religious antagonisms, ethnocentric histories and episodic violence to trace the development of both Hindu and Muslim psyches. Kakar argues that in early childhood the social identity of every Indian is grounded in traditional religious identifications and communalism. Together these bring about deep-set psychological anxieties and animosities toward the other. For Hindus and Muslims alike, violence becomes morally acceptable when communally and religiously sanctioned. As the changing pressures of modernization and secularism in a multicultural society grate at this entrenched communalism, and as each group vies for power, ethnic-religious conflicts ignite. Sudhir Kakar is also the author of "The Analyst and the Mystic: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Religion and Mysticism", "Intimate Relations: Exploring Indian Sexuality" and "Shamans, Mystics and Doctors: A Psychological Inquiry into India and its Healing Traditions", all published by the University of Chicago Press.

Intercultural Communication: An Introduction

Abstract: PART ONE: CULTURE AS CONTEXT FOR COMMUNICATION The Dispute Over Defining Culture Defining Communication as an Element of Culture Barriers to Intercultural Communication Stereotypes and Prejudice as Barriers PART TWO: COMMUNICATION VARIABLES Nonverbal Communication Knowing Culture through Language Language as a Barrier Culture's Influence on Perception PART THREE: CULTURAL VALUES Dimensions of Culture Dominant United States Cultural Patterns Using Value Orientation Theory Comparative Cultural Patterns Arabian Culture Women, Families and Children Contact between Cultures PART FOUR: CULTURES WITHIN CULTURES Immigration and Acculturation Forces against Assimilation Forces to Conform to One Cultural Identity Reclaiming a Culture Identity and Subgroups PART FIVE: THE FUTURE Multiculturalism Challenges Facing Intercultural Communication

Multicultural Education and Curriculum Transformation

Abstract: In this, the text of the 1995 Charles H. Thompson Lecture, the author describes five dimensions of multicultural education, focusing on the knowledge construction process. This dimension is emphasized to show how the cultural assumptions, frames of reference, and perspectives of mainstream scholars and researchers influence the ways in which they construct academic knowledge to legitimize institutionalized inequality. The process by which transformative scholars create oppositional knowledge and liberatory curricula that challenge the status quo and sanction action and reform is also described. This process is endorsed as a means of helping students become effective citizens in a pluralistic, democratic society. The racial crisis in America, the large number of immigrants that are entering the nation each year, the widening gap between the rich and the poor, and the changing characteristics of the nation's student population make it imperative that schools be reformed in ways that will help students and teachers to re-envision, rethink, and reconceptualize America. Fundamental changes in our educational system are essential so that we can, in the words of Rodney King, "all get along." The nation's student population is changing dramatically. By 2020, nearly half (about 48%) of the nation's students will be students of color. Today, about 31% of the youth in the United States under 18 are of color and about one out of every five students is living below the official poverty level (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993). Multicultural education, a school reform movement that arose out of the civil rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s, if implemented in thoughtful, creative, and effective ways, has the potential to transform schools and other educational institutions in ways that will enable them to prepare students to live and function effectively in the coming century (Banks & Banks, 1995a). I will describe the major goals and dimensions of multicultural education, discuss knowledge construction and curriculum transformation, and describe how transformative academic knowledge can be used to re-invent and re-imagine the curriculum in the nation's schools, colleges, and universities. MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION AND SCHOOL REFORM There is a great deal of confusion about multicultural education in both the popular mind and among teachers and other educational practitioners. Much of this confusion is created by critics of multicultural education such as Schlesinger (1991), D'Souza (1995), and Sacks and Theil (1995). The critics create confusion by stating and repeating claims about multiculturalism and diversity that are documented with isolated incidents, anecdotes, and examples of poorly conceptualized and implemented educational practices. The research and theory that have been developed by the leading theorists in multicultural education are rarely cited by the field's critics (Sleeter, 1995). The critics of multicultural education often direct their criticism toward what they call multiculturalism. This term is rarely used by theorists and researchers in multicultural education. Consequently, it is important to distinguish what the critics call multiculturalism from what multicultural education theorists call multicultural education. Multiculturalism is a term often used by the critics of diversity to describe a set of educational practices they oppose. They use this term to describe educational practices they consider antithetical to the Western canon, to the democratic tradition, and to a universalized and free society. Multiculturalism and multicultural education have different meanings. I have conceptualized multicultural education in a way that consists of three major components: an idea or concept, an educational reform movement, and a process (Banks, 1993a). As an idea or concept, multicultural education maintains that all students should have equal opportunities to learn regardless of the racial, ethnic, social-class, or gender group to which they belong. …

Culture and Language

Abstract: Common culture and common language facilitate trade between people. Minorities have incentives to become assimilated and to learn the majority language so that they have a larger pool of potential trading partners. The value of assimilation is larger to someone from a small minority than to one from a large minority group. When a society has a very large majority of individuals from one culture, individuals from minority groups will be assimilated more quickly. Assimilation is less likely when an immigrant's native culture and language is broadly represented in his new country. Also, when governments protect minority interests directly, incentives to be assimilated into the majority culture are reduced. Both factors may explain the recent rise in multiculturalism. Individuals do not properly internalize the social value of assimilation and ignore the benefits others receive when they learn the majority language and become assimilated. In a pluralistic society, a government policy that encourages diverse cultural immigration over concentrated immigration is likely to increase the welfare of the population. In the absence of strong offsetting effects, policies which encourage multi- culturalism reduce the amount of trade and have adverse welfare consequences. Conversely, policies that subsidize assimilation and the acquisition of majority language skills can be socially beneficial. The theory is tested and confirmed by examining U.S. Census data, which reveals that the likelihood that an immigrant will learn English is inversely related to the proportion of the local population that speaks his or her native language.

Race, politics, and social change

Abstract: Drawing on a wealth of original sources, including interviews with politicians and activists this book explores the changing contours of the politics of race in the present social and political environment. The volume seeks to go beyond abstract generalisations in order to develop an account which takes seriously the everyday processes that have shaped social understandings of race and politics in British society. At the same time it links up to the broader debates about the impact of multiculturalism on contemporary politics, the role of minorities in political life and the limits of democratic government. Its account of the role of black politicians within the context of party politics will be of particular appeal to those interested in the interplay between mobilisation and the development of racial justice and equality. Race, Politics and Social Change will appeal to students of British Politics and Society and to all those with interests in the politics of race.

Understanding Multiculturalism and Valuing Diversity: A Theoretical Perspective

Abstract: The issues involved with the concept of multiculturalism have received much attention of late, but little has been offered within the physical education and sport literature upon which to build a theory-based examination. This paper presents two specific approaches to understanding multiculturalism, valuing diversity, and taking proactive stances in regard to educating about diversity in society and in physical education and sport settings in particular. An adaptation of Chesler and Crowfoot's (1990, 1992) organizational stages of multiculturalism and Bennett's (1991, 1993) model of ethnocentric and ethnorelative stages of intercultural sensitivity are used as theoretical bases for understanding in these areas.

Multicultural Public Relations: A Social-Interpretive Approach

Abstract: A reference for public relations students, academics, and practitioners, this book brings brave new perspectives to the diverse world of communications. Throughout the text, Banks demonstrates how public relations can be used on a corporate and cultural level. With coverage on the latest in technology, demographics, and research findings, Multicultural Public Relations brings culture and communication together in one all-inclusive edition.

Postcolonial Representations: Women, Literature, Identity

Abstract: Passionate allegiances to competing theoretical camps have stifled dialogue among today's literary critics, asserts Francoise Lionnet. Discussing a number of postcolonial narratives by women from a variety of ethnic and cultural backgrounds, she offers a comparative feminist approach that can provide common ground for debates on such issues as multiculturalism, universalism, and relativism. Lionnet uses the concept of metissage, or cultural mixing, in her readings of a rich array of Francophone and Anglophone texts-by Michelle Cliff from Jamaica, Suzanne Dracius-Pinalie from Martinique, Ananda Devi from Mauritius, Maryse Conde and Myriam Warner-Vieyra from Guadeloupe, Gayl Jones from the United States, Bessie Head from Botswana, Nawal El Saadawi from Egypt, and Leila Sebbar from Algeria and France. Focusing on themes of exile and displacement and on narrative treatments of culturally sanctioned excision, polygamy, and murder, Lionnet examines the psychological and social mechanisms that allow individuals to negotiate conflicting cultural influences. In her view, these writers reject the opposition between self and other and base their self-portrayals on a metissage of forms and influences. Lionnet's perspective has much to offer critics and theorists, whether they are interested in First or Third World contexts, American or French critical perspectives, essentialist or poststructuralist epistemologies.

The “Salad Bowl” is Big Enough for Us All: An Argument for the Inclusion of Lesbians and Gay Men in Any Definition of Multiculturalism

Abstract: The author argues for an inclusive definition of multiculturalism and that gay men and lesbians must be part of any definition of multicultualism.

Communicating in Organizations: A Cultural Approach

Abstract: Part 1 Perspective: organizations as communication events understanding organizations as cultures discovering organization cultures foundations of the cultural perspective the emergence of cultural perspective. Part 2 Cultural reflections: organization cultures and socialization practices ethics and organization culture culture and communication networks organization cultures, politics and conflict organization culture and the multicultural workplace organization culture, decision making and environmental uncertainty epilogue - the culture-leadership conundrum.

To Renew America

Abstract: Newt Gingrich has become a highly controversial person in the American poitical arena. Leading his party into the first Republican domination of both houses of the Congress in 40 years, Gingrich represents a turning point in national priorities and policy. In this book, Gingrich outlines his social and political philosophy, a manifesto that proposes a radical change in policy-making to counteract the decay of American civilization. A nation desperate for renewal is clamouring to hear his message: precious institutions can be rescued from decay, only through personal motivation and faith. This work draws on the Speaker's impressive command of American history to demonstrate how to renew civilization culturally, educationally, economically and poitically. This renewal depends on recovering the five key elements that have almost been lost from the national life: personal strength, entrepreneurial free enterprise, the spirit of invention and discovery, commitment to quality and the lesson of American history. Using these five pillars of renewal as a framework, Gingrich puts forward a range of proposals which should influence political thinking across the world. These proposals include: replacing the welfare state with an opportunity society; dealing more strongly with the problems of illegal immigration and multiculturalism; establishing English as the national language; protecting the rights of American citizens to bear arms; and overhauling the education system and spending less on alleviating poverty.

Toward a Common Destiny: Improving Race and Ethnic Relations in America

Abstract: Introduction: Our Unfinished Task Part One: The Changing Policy Context 1. Schooling and Social Diversity: Historical Reflections - David Tyack 2. Race, Ethnicity, and the Defiance of Categories - Shirley Brice Heath 3. Youth, Interethnic Relations, and Education in Europe - James Lynch Part Two: The Shaping of Attitudes About Race and Ethnicity 4. Developmental Processes and Their Influence on Interethnic and Interracial Relations - Cynthia T. Garcia Coll, Heidie A. Vazquez Garcia 5. Ethnic Identity and Multicultural Competence: Dilemmas and Challenges for Minority Youth - Nancy A. Gonzales, Ana Mari Cauce 6. Becoming American: A Review of Current Research on the Development of Racial and Ethnic Identity in Children - Eugene E. Garcia, Aida Hurtado 7. Oppositional Identity and African-American Youth: Issues and Prospects - William E. Cross, Jr 8. Racialization and Panethnicity: From Asians in America to Asian-Americans Part Three: Effective Strategies for Improving Race and Ethnic Relations 9. Intercultural Contact and Race Relations Among American Youth - Jomills Henry Braddock II, Marving P. Hawkins, George Wilson 10. Promoting Positive Intergroup Relations in School Settings - Janet Ward Schofield 11. Enhancing Intergroup Relations in Schools: Cooperative Learning and Other Strategies - Robert E. Slavin 12. Multicultural Education and the Modification of Students' Racial Attitudes - James A. Banks 13. Education in Multicultural Settings: Perspectives from Global and International Education Programs - Judith Torney-Purta 14. The Mediation of Interethnic Conflict in Schools - Peter T. Coleman, Morton Deutsch 15. Preparing Education for Cross-Cultural Teaching - Kenneth M. Zeichner.

Kwanzaa and Me: A Teacher's Story

Abstract: Vivian Paley sets out to discover the truth about the multicultural classroom from those who participate in it Here are the voices of black teachers and minority parents, immigrant families, a Native American educator, and the children themselves, whose stories mingle with the author's to create a picture of the successes and failures of the integrated classroom

Nativism Reborn?: The Official English Language Movement and the American States

Abstract: In July 1992 Senator Robert C. Byrd (D-WV) angrily suggested during floor debate... that the United States should not continue accepting immigrants mho speak no English. "I pick up the telephone and call the local garage," Byrd said. "I can't understand the person on the other side of the line. I'm not sure he can understand me. They're all over the place, and they don't speak English. We want more of this?" Later he apologized for the remark, saying, "I regret that in the heat of the moment I spoke unwisely."Is America in the midst of another backlash against foreigners? In the wide-ranging controversy over multiculturalism that has generated much heat in recent years, one of the most volatile issues is whether the United States should reflect a dominant English-speaking majority or encourage a multilingual culture.Tied up with this emotional issue is a growing anxiety on the part of many Americans about the new wave of non-European immigrants. "It is not without significance," says S.I. Hayakawa, who was a founder of U.S. English, "that pressure against English language legislation does not come from any immigrant group other than the Hispanic: not from the Chinese or Koreans or Filipinos or Vietnamese; nor from immigrant Iranians, Turks, Greeks, East Indians, Ghanians, Ethiopians, Italians, or Swedes."Raymond Tatalovich has conducted the first detailed, systematic, and empirical study of the official English movement in the United States, seeking answers to two crucial questions: What motivations underlie the agitation for official English? Does the movement originate at the grassroots level or is it driven by elites?Since 1980, fifteen states have passed laws establishing English as the official language -- Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Three more laws, in Hawaii, Illinois, and Nebraska, predate the current agitation. The official language laws in ten of the states are wholly symbolic, but in the remaining eight they go beyond symbolism to stipulate some kind of enforcement. Four states have passed English Plus laws -- New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington. In addition some major cities -- Atlanta, Cleveland, Dallas, San Antonio, Tucson, and Washington, D.C. -- have also adopted English Plus laws or resolutions.Tatalovich hypothesized five possible motivations for the official English movement: race (hostility of the majority toward a minority), ethnicity (conflict between minori-ties), class (reaction by lower socioeconomic groups), politics (partisan or ideological backlash), and culture (anti-foreign sentiment).His analysis is based on an eclectic range of sources, from historical documents, legal records, and court decisions to news accounts and interviews. In many southern states where the issue has recently assumed prominence, he found that support for the initiative is identified as a residue of nativism. Tatalovich empirically shows linkage between support today for official English and opposition in the South to immigration in the 1920s.This study not only is definitive but also is a dispassionate analysis of an issue that seems destined to become even more controversial in the next few years. It makes a notable contribution to the current debate over multiculturalism and will be of special interest to sociologists, historians of contemporary social history, linguists, legal scholars, and political scientists who study public policy, minority politics, and comparative state politics.

American Ethnicity: The Dynamics and Consequences of Discrimination

Abstract: Part 1 Ethnicity and ethnic relations: race and ethnicity ethnic groups minority groups ethnic discrimination ethnic stratification ethnic prejudice adaptations to prejudice and discrimination summary points of debate. Part 2 Explaining ethnic relations: a unified theory of ethnic relations summary points of debate. Part 3 The Anglo-Saxon core and ethnic antagonism: early colonization of America the cultural and institutional legacy of early colonization Anglo-Saxon hegemony and the dynamics of ethnicity summary points of debate. Part 4 African Americans: resource shares of African Americans the dynamics of discrimination against African Americans stratification of African Americans responding to discrimination summary points of debate. Part 5 Native Americans: on the verge of extinction resources shares of Native Americans the dynamics of discrimination against Native Americans stratification of Native Americans responding to discrimination summary points of debate. Part 6 Latinos: resource shares of Latinos content Mexican Americans Puerto Ricans Cuban Americans summary points of debate. Part 7 Asian Americans: resource shares of Asian Americans the dynamics of discrimination against Asian Americans stratification of Asian Americans responding to discrimination the precarious situation for Asian Americans summary points of debate. Part 8 White ethnic Americans: resource shares of white ethnic groups Irish Americans Italian Americans Jewish Americans summary points of debate. Part 9 The future of ethnicity in America: the new immigrants conclusion - the problematic nature of a multicultural America points of debate. Part 10 American ethnic tensions in global perspective forces increasing world ethnic conflict contextual factors in ethnic conflict Canada Brazil Northen Ireland Western Europe the collapse of the Soviet empire Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia Palestinians and Israelis Rwanda and Burundi South Africa conclusion.

From 'White Australia' to 'part of Asia': recent shifts in Australian immigration policy towards the region.

Abstract: This article examines migration policy in Australia with reference to the "White Australia" policy prior to 1975 and the multicultural policy thereafter. Mass immigration has not caused major social tensions. Mass tourism has been welcomed. Australian attitudes have changed from fear of massive numbers of Asians and mass poverty and ignorance to multiculturalism. Suspicious attitudes toward Asians however are still present among a minority of Australians. The most influential arguments against Asians are the concerns about employment of new arrivals and the environmental impact of an increasing population. Although there are many cultural differences Australia is linked to Singapore Malaysia and the Philippines in that all have a history of British or American influence. Educated Indians and Sri Lankans are linked to Australians by their common language and Christian religion. The integration of Asians in the business and financial community holds the potential for economic gain over the years. The author finds that the Australian relationship to Asia is more acceptable in public arenas than the comparable changing relationship between Britain and Europe. The roots of a Whites-only policy extend back to 1901 when the Commonwealth Immigration Restriction Act was ratified. The exclusion of non-European immigrants was not specified in the law. The mechanism for exclusion was included in the law. Undesirable immigrants could be excluded. Under mass migration programs after 1947 the population of non-English speaking Europeans increased. By 1973 government shifted from an assimilationist approach to a multicultural approach due to pressure from the Department of Foreign Affairs. Numerous historical events occurring during 1942-80 drew Australia out of its isolationist position in the world. At present about 25% of the total population are of non-British origin. Over 900000 would have been excluded under the old migration policy. In 1991 665315 persons were born in Asia of which the largest numbers came from Mainland China Malaysia and the Philippines. Asian immigrants are either refugees from Viet Nam Cambodia and Laos or voluntary Asian immigrants.

Critical Multiculturalism: Uncommon Voices in a Common Struggle

Abstract: Introduction--Resistance Multiculturalism and the Politics of Difference by Barry Kanpol and Peter McLaren Educational Change and the Crisis of the Left: Toward a Postmodern Educational Discourse by Svi Shapiro Radical Democracy, The Politics of Difference, and Education by Michael Peters The Fringe Dwellers: African American Women Scholars in the Postmodern Era by Beverly M. Gordon Multicultural Education and Postmodernism: Movement toward a Dialogue by Carl A. Grant and Judyth M. Sachs The Politics of Insurgent Multiculturalism in the Era of the Los Angeles Uprising by Henry A. Giroux Pedagogies of Dissent and Transformation: A Dialogue about Postmodernity, Social Context, and the Politics of Literacy by Kris D. Gutierrez and Peter McLaren Adult Education and the Politics of the Theoretical Text by Daniele D. Flannery Learning the Hard Way: Maria's Story by Bonny Norton Peirce Multiculturalism and Empathy: A Border Pedagogy of Solidarity by Barry Kanpol The Conflicts of Difference in an Inner-City School: Experiencing Border Crossings in the Ghetto by Fred Yeo Emerging Student and Teacher Voices: A Syncopated Rhythm in Public Education by Suzanne SooHoo Safeguarding Empowerment by Jeffrey Cinnamond Index