Showing papers on "Newcastle disease published in 1990"
TL;DR: A cDNA copy of the RNA encoding the fusion (F) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Texas, a velogenic strain of NDV, was obtained and the sequence was determined and an immunological response was induced.
Abstract: A cDNA copy of the RNA encoding the fusion (F) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Texas, a velogenic strain of NDV, was obtained and the sequence was determined. The 1,792-base-pair sequence encodes a protein of 553 amino acids which has essential features previously established for the F protein of virulent NDV strains. These include the presence of three strongly hydrophobic regions and pairs of dibasic amino acids in the pentapeptide Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg preceding the putative cleavage site. When inserted into a fowlpox virus vector, a glycosylated protein was expressed and presented on the surface of infected chicken embryo fibroblast cells. The F protein expressed by the recombinant fowlpox virus was cleaved into two polypeptides. When inoculated into susceptible birds by a variety of routes, an immunological response was induced. Ocular or oral administration of the recombinant fowlpox virus gave partial protection, whereas both intramuscular and wing-web routes of inoculation gave complete protection after a single inoculation.
159 citations
TL;DR: Three of the strains tested were found to be highly virulent and immunosuppressive; two others were moderate; and two could be classified as mild.
Abstract: This study was conducted to test the pathogenicity and immunosuppressive effects of seven commercially available infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines. These vaccine strains are intermediate in their pathogenicity in susceptible specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. One-day-old and 3-week-old SPF chickens were vaccinated with these vaccines. Two weeks after IBD vaccination, they were vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The pathogenic and immunosuppressive effects of the IBD vaccines were evaluated by the antibody response to NDV vaccination, the bursa: body weight index, and histopathological lesions of the bursa. It was found that these strains were highly variable in their virulence and immunosuppressive properties. Three of the strains tested were found to be highly virulent and immunosuppressive; two others were moderate; and two could be classified as mild.
127 citations
TL;DR: The experiments demonstrate the ability of the recombinant to protect chickens against challenge by a virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus and to elicit the formation of an anti-fusion protein antibody.
Abstract: In this paper we report on the identification of nonessential genes in the terminal repeats of the avipoxvirus fowlpox virus and the use of these as insertion sites in a vector system. Foreign genes inserted into these sites are shown to be present in two copies in the resultant recombinant virus. To test the potential use of this vector as a live vaccine the fusion gene of Newcastle disease virus has been inserted into a vaccine strain of fowlpox virus and inoculated into chickens. The experiments demonstrate the ability of the recombinant to protect chickens against challenge by a virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus and to elicit the formation of an anti-fusion protein antibody.
100 citations
TL;DR: Resistance of chickens that had been selectively bred for a high (HA) or low (LA) antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was compared and HA chickens were more resistant to respiratory agents and less resistant to E. coli than LA line chickens.
Abstract: Factors playing a part in the development of respiratory disease complex in chickens were investigated in a series of experiments. The experimental infection was produced by exposing chickens to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and the B1 vaccine strain of Newcastle disease virus and later exposing them to aerosols containing the O1:K1 serotype of Escherichia coli. Chickens became susceptible (pericarditis or death) to E. coli 8 days after mixed respiratory disease challenge. One day after respiratory disease challenge, lesions consisted of edema and infiltration with lymphoid cells and heterophils. At the time of susceptibility to E. coli, the lesions were strongly lymphoid with many dense follicular areas and very few heterophils. The incidence of pericarditis and death was similar when the concentration of bacteria in the aerosol inoculum ranged between 10(9)/ml and 10(5)/ml. At the time of maximum susceptibility to aerosol challenge, chickens were less susceptible to intravenously administered E. coli than were the uninfected controls. Resistance of chickens that had been selectively bred for a high (HA) or low (LA) antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was compared. HA chickens were more resistant to respiratory agents and less resistant to E. coli than LA line chickens. When the lines were exposed to respiratory disease followed by exposure to aerosols containing E. coli, the HA line had the lowest incidence of pericarditis and death.
65 citations
TL;DR: In immune birds, although clinical signs were either mild or absent, widespread virus replication occurred up to 19 days post-challenge, and virus was most frequently isolated from the proventriculus, cecal tonsil, bursa and brain.
Abstract: Chickens of 7 weeks or 20 weeks of age were divided into three groups according to their antibody status (high, low, absent) and were infected with a velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus. To follow patterns of viral replication, birds were necropsied at regular intervals up to 22 days and organs were sampled from each bird. In non-immune birds, virus could be isolated from all organs examined. In birds with antibody, virus was most frequently isolated from the proventriculus, cecal tonsil, bursa, and brain. However, because no one organ could be recommended for all situations, all four should be sampled for field diagnosis. In immune birds, although clinical signs were either mild or absent, widespread virus replication occurred up to 19 days post-challenge.
59 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that in most of the patients treated with colorectal carcinoma Dukes' Stage B2, C, or D, specific immunization led to a specific antitumor sensitivity.
Abstract: Sixteen patients with colorectal carcinoma Dukes' Stage B2, C, or D were treated with an autologous virus-modified tumor-cell vaccine after potential curative tumor resection (R0-Resection). An inoculum of 1 X 10(7) cells incubated with 32 hemagglutination units of nonirradiated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was given intracutaneously up to four times at 10-day intervals. The delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin reaction was measured. The vaccination was well tolerated. In 11 of 16 patients an increasing reactivity against the vaccine was observed during the vaccination procedure. A challenge test using autologous tumor cells without NDV after the vaccination cycle revealed a specific antitumor sensibilization in 12 patients. The DTH response was not due to bacterial contamination or sensibility to the virus. Histologic examination of the vaccination site showed a dense infiltration of predominantly helper T-lymphocytes. We conclude that in most of the patients treated active, specific immunization led to a specific antitumor sensitivity.
58 citations
TL;DR: Seropositivity was highest in the Trarza region, bordering the River Senegal, and four out of six of the NDV isolates were made from chickens in this region.
51 citations
TL;DR: Immunization with the recombinant fowlpox virus elicited protective immunity in chickens against both virulent Newcastle disease and f birdpox virus infection.
50 citations
TL;DR: Heat resistant ND vaccine incorporated in food pellets may provide a method for protecting village chickens against ND in tropical countries.
Abstract: The Australian, heat-resistant, a virulent V4 strain of Newcastle disease (ND) virus was selected for further heat resistance to give a variant designated V4-UPM. V4-UPM was sprayed on to food pellets which were fed to chickens in amounts calculated to give about 10(6) EID50 per chicken. Chickens vaccinated only once by feeding developed no haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies and were not protected against challenge with a viscerotropic velogenic strain of ND virus. Chickens given food pellet vaccine at 3 and 6 weeks of age developed HI antibodies and were substantially protected against parenteral and contact challenge with virulent ND virus. Similar protection was achieved when the V4-UPM vaccine was given intranasally on two occasions or when the vaccine virus was allowed to spread by contact from intranasally vaccinated chickens to nonvaccinated chickens. Heat resistant ND vaccine incorporated in food pellets may provide a method for protecting village chickens against ND in tropical countries.
48 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that vitamin A deficiency impairs CTL activity - a part of the cell-mediated defense system - and this may have important implications for recovery from viral infection.
47 citations
TL;DR: Combined administration of the anti-HN and anti-F MAbs had a synergistic protective effect, but no protective effects were shown by MAbs against the M protein.
Abstract: A series of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the haemagglutinin—neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) glycoproteins and the matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were tested for protective effects in passive immunization of newborn chickens against challenge with a virulent heterologous strain of NDV (Italien). MAbs with high virus-neutralizing activity directed to one antigenic site of the HN protein delayed virus growth and significantly prolonged survival time, but all chickens eventually succumbed to infection. MAbs directed to two antigenic sites of the F protein completely suppressed virus growth and prevented death of chickens, although the neutralizing activities of these anti-F MAbs were lower than those of the above anti-HN MAbs. Combined administration of the anti-HN and anti-F MAbs had a synergistic protective effect, but no protective effects were shown by MAbs against the M protein.
TL;DR: There was no report of Newcastle disease outbreaks in the vaccinated birds during the two-year period of the field trial, and the ease in administering the food pellet vaccine makes it readily accepted by the farmers.
TL;DR: Differences between the two study groups were evident: people having a known association with poultry showed significantly higher levels of antibodies to Newcastle disease and avian infectious bronchitis virus.
Abstract: The ability of three avian viruses to elicit antibody response in humans was surveyed for the purpose of identifying zoonotic diseases. Antibody levels in people associated with poultry were compared to those in people having limited poultry association. Antibody levels to three avian viruses: infectious bursal disease virus, a birnavirus; Newcastle disease virus, a paramyxovirus; and avian infectious bronchitis virus, a coronavirus were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Differences between the two study groups were evident: people having a known association with poultry showed significantly higher levels of antibodies to Newcastle disease and avian infectious bronchitis virus. Antibodies detected may be due to virus exposure rather than zoonoses.
TL;DR: Higher antibody in 1-day-old broilers resulted in fewer vaccine-induced reactions, less vaccine virus shed, and decreased duration of vaccine- induced immunity from coarse-spray vaccination.
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of breeder vaccination program and maternal antibody on the efficacy of Newcastle disease immunization of 1-day-old chicks. Experimental protocol was the same for both. In the first experiment, broilers were from breeders that were 32 weeks old, and in the second experiment, broilers were from breeders 50 weeks old. Breeders received three live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines and either a killed vaccine at 18 weeks or continual live boosting at 60-to-70-day intervals through lay. Broilers were vaccinated at 1 day of age with a commercial coarse-spray machine; they were bled, sera were examined for antibody against NDV, and broilers were challenged with virulent NDV at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of age. In the first experiment, maternal antibody was higher in chicks from the younger breeders given the inactivated vaccine, and in the second experiment maternal antibody was higher in chicks from older breeders given continual live vaccines. Higher antibody in 1-day-old broilers resulted in fewer vaccine-induced reactions, less vaccine virus shed, and decreased duration of vaccine-induced immunity from coarse-spray vaccination.
TL;DR: Chickens receiving two doses of vaccine on cooked, parboiled rice were completely protected against contact challenge with the virulent SL 88/1 Sri Lankan strain of Newcastle disease virus and kept in contact with these vaccinated chickens were similarly protected.
Abstract: An international effort (sponsored by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research) is being made to develop oral vaccines that will protect village chickens against Newcastle disease. The vaccines being used are derivatives of the avirulent Australian V4 strain that have been selected for enhanced heat resistance. The present study, undertaken in Sri Lanka, used local processed (parboiled) rice as a vehicle for the vaccine. Chickens receiving two doses of vaccine on cooked, parboiled rice were completely protected against contact challenge with the virulent SL 88/1 Sri Lankan strain of Newcastle disease virus Chickens kept in contact with these vaccinated chickens were similarly protected. Lower levels of protection were achieved with vaccine given on uncooked parboiled rice. V4 vaccine administered intranasally also gave complete protection. Serums from vaccinated chickens that survived challenge were tested for haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies, using both vaccine virus and challenge virus as antigens. Titres were higher against vaccine virus.
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this chapter, variation has recently been described at the genetic level by gene cloning and at the antigenic level by monoclonal antibodies; in this chapter these two factors are discussed separately.
Abstract: Variation among Newcastle disease variations (NDV) strains has traditionally been by functional tests, e.g., virulence, thermostability of the hemagglutinin, plaguing ability. Variation has recently been described at the genetic level by gene cloning and at the antigenic level by monoclonal antibodies (MAb); in this chapter we discuss these two factors separately.
TL;DR: Seven-week-old chickens infected oro-nasally with the lentogenic V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus showed no clinical signs and minimal gross pathology but the main system response was a rapid and progressive lymphoproliferative hyperplasia in the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, bursa and spleen which tended to peak after three weeks.
Abstract: Seven-week-old chickens infected oro-nasally with the lentogenic V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus showed no clinical signs and minimal gross pathology. There was slight ulcerative tracheobronchitis but the main system response was a rapid and progressive lymphoproliferative hyperplasia in the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, bursa and spleen which tended to peak after three weeks. By using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique with antibody prepared against homologous virus, viral antigen was localised chiefly in the cytoplasm of lymphoreticular cells, persisting for at least 28 days in the caecal tonsil. Positive cells were not seen in the bursa or brain.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The lymphoblast transformation response was transiently suppressed at this age by the variant strain only, and during the first week of infection, 1-day-old and 3-week-old chickens had lower neutralizing antibody titers to the variants strain than to the standard strain.
Abstract: T-cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were measured in chickens infected with standard and variant strains of infectious bursal disease virus. One-day-old and 3-week-old chickens were infected with these viruses and then given sheep RBC, killed Brucella abortus strain 19, and Newcastle disease virus. Appropriate serologic tests were used to monitor the primary and secondary responses to the antigens. Lymphoblast transformation assays were performed weekly. The response to the infectious bursal disease virus was determined by virus neutralization tests, microscopic examination of bursas, and bursal to body weight ratios. One-day-old chickens had T-cell-mediated and humoral immune suppression with both strains of virus, compared with controls. The lymphoblast transformation responses indicated that the variant strain was significantly (P less than 0.05) more suppressive than the standard strain. Three-week-old chickens had humoral immune suppression with the standard strain, but not with the variant strain. The lymphoblast transformation response was transiently suppressed at this age by the variant strain only. During the first week of infection, 1-day-old and 3-week-old chickens had lower neutralizing antibody titers to the variant strain than to the standard strain.
TL;DR: Inactivated Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus (AIV), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) antigens were evaluated for immunological efficacy in monovalent and polyvalent vaccines.
Abstract: SUMMARY. Inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) antigens were evaluated for immunological efficacy in monovalent and polyvalent vaccines. Vaccinated broilers were bled for hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests at 1- or 2-week intervals. Half of the chickens were challenged with the Largo isolate of velogenic viscerotropic (VV) NDV at 8 weeks post-vaccination, and the remainder were challenged with the Massachusetts 41 strain IBV at 9 weeks post-vaccination. Newcastle disease HI titers were reduced significantly (P < 0.05) from those of monovalent control vaccine groups when IBV antigen was emulsified in mixtures with low (1-3 x) concentrated NDV or NDV and AIV antigens. Avian influenza HI titers were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of the control monovalent groups when highly concentrated NDV was part of the polyvalent vaccine. Infectious bronchitis HI titers were higher than those of control monovalent groups in 13 of 15 vaccine groups when IBV antigen was in polyvalent formulations.
TL;DR: A serological survey on avian pathology in a village area was carried out in Niger as discussed by the authors, which allowed to determine the incidence of pullorosis (47 %), pasteurellosis (48 %), avian bursal disease (47%) and Newcastle disease (14 % in non vaccinated and 63 % in vaccinated animals).
Abstract: A serological survey on avian pathology in a village area was carried out in Niger. It allowed to determine the incidence of pullorosis (47 %), pasteurellosis (48 %), avian bursal disease (47 %) and Newcastle disease (14 % in non vaccinated and 63 % in vaccinated animals).
TL;DR: A triple antigen test comprising Newcastle disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus and avian influenza antigens for screening sera normally negative for antibodies to these viruses, was shown to be as sensitive as the corresponding single antigen ELISA in detecting seroconversion in experimentally inoculated birds.
Abstract: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) incorporating up to three different antigens for screening of avian sera for antibodies to several viruses or mycoplasma are described. A triple antigen test comprising Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus and avian influenza (AI) antigens for screening sera normally negative for antibodies to these viruses, was shown to be as sensitive as the corresponding single antigen ELISA in detecting seroconversion in experimentally inoculated birds and was also as sensitive as the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for NDV and AI, and the serum neutralisation test for ILT virus. Sensitivity was also demonstrated by comparison of end-points in serially diluted NDV, ILT or AI positive sera. A Mycoplasma synoviae ELISA was shown to be as sensitive as HI test for detection of MS and M. gallisepticum (MG) antibodies in experimentally inoculated birds and in field sera, and this antigen combined with NDV detected antibodies to MG, MS and NDV with sensitivity equivalent to the HI test in each case. The advantages of using pooled ELISA preparation for screening large numbers of sera which are normally negative for the pathogens concerned are discussed.
TL;DR: The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene and the phosphoprotein (P) gene of Newcastle disease virus were inserted into a replication competent avian leukosis virus vector and used to immunize 4-week-old chickens.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A serological survey on avian pathology in a village area was carried out in Niger to determine the incidence of pullorosis, pasteurellosis, avian bursal disease, Newcastle disease and Newcastle disease.
Abstract: A serological survey on avian pathology in a village area was carried out in Niger. It allowed to determine the incidence of pullorosis (47%), pasteurellosis (48%), avian bursal disease (47%) and Newcastle disease (14% in non vaccinated and 63% in vaccinated animals).
TL;DR: All the poultry in each of four distinct Moroccan villages were vaccinated against Newcastle disease using Hitchner B1 and inactivated vaccines and Necropsied birds showed lesions consistent with Newcastle disease.
TL;DR: The control of important poultry diseases in Asia is described in this article, with the emphasis on vaccines, vaccination programmes and procedures, where India is the only Asian country that is self-sufficient in vaccine production.
Abstract: The control of important poultry diseases in Asia is described, with the emphasis on vaccines, vaccination programmes and procedures. In most Asian countries there is routine vaccination for Newcastle disease, Marek's disease, infectious bronchitis, infectious avian encephalomyelitis, fowl pox and fowl cholera. However, depending on local conditions, programmes and procedures may differ from one country to another, or even from one farm to another within the same country. While some of the vaccines used are manufactured within the countries of the region, a large number are imported. India is the only Asian country that is self-sufficient in vaccine production.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is suggested that the recommendation of three successive vaccinations should be followed strictly, and birds that received the Komarov vaccine as the second booster after the two previous vaccines resisted challenge.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is recommended that, following B1 vaccincation at day-old and K vaccination at seven weeks old, revaccination with K strain should be performed at intervals of not more than seven months.
Abstract: An evaluation was undertaken of the efficacy of vaccination of day-old chicks with the Blacksburg (B1) strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) followed at various times by vaccination with the Komarov (K) strain. Antibody was detected by the haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test one week after vaccination with B1 and titres peaked at three weeks and had declined to undetectable levels by nine weeks.