Showing papers on "Observer (quantum physics) published in 1973"

An adaptive observer for single-input single-output linear systems

Abstract: A full order adaptive observer is described for observing the state of a single-input single-output observable continuous differential system with unknown parameters. Convergence of the observer states to those of the system is accomplished by directly changing the parameters of the observer using an adaptive law based upon Lyapunov stability theory. Observer eigenvalues may be freely chosen. Some restriction is placed upon the system input in that it must be sufficiently rich in frequencies in order to insure convergence.

Evaluation of Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Data in Terms of Information Theory, with Applications in Radiography

Abstract: A method is presented for quantitative evaluation of observer detection performance data based on elementary principles of information theory. The resulting index of detectability, average information content per observation, is compared with previously proposed measures of observer performance both on theoretical grounds and for the practical problem of evaluating radiographic screen-film systems.

Observers for systems with unknown and inaccessible inputs

Abstract: Observer theory for constant-coefficient, linear systems is extended to systems with unknown, inaccessible inputs. Two types of observers for such systems are defined, and simplified criteria for their existence are developed. A theorem regarding the structure of these observers is given which allows the application of results for systems with single unknown inputs to systems with multiple unknown inputs.

Observer design for a linear functional of the state vector

Abstract: A procedure is described for the design of an observer of minimum order with arbitrary dynamics to provide a specified linear functional of the state vector of a linear system.

Observer-estimators for discrete-time systems

Abstract: The theory of observer-estimators for linear discrete-time systems is described. Both deterministic and stochastic cases are considered; in particular, the case that some observations are noise free while others are noisy is considered. Asymptotic properties for both time-varying and time-invariant systems are analyzed and the influence of observability and detectability assumptions is considered. The results unify approaches to deterministic and stochastic state estimation problems for linear discrete-time systems. Optimal filtering in the presence of colored noise is considered as a special case.

Specific optimal control of the linear regulator using a minimal order observer

Abstract: The problem of designing an optimal (n — m)-order Luenberger observer for an nth-order time-invariant linear system with m (m

Observer theory for continuous-time linear systems*

Abstract: This paper describes the theory of constructing observer–estimators for linear, continuous-time systems. Both deterministic and stochastic cases are considered; in particular, the case that some observations are noise-free while others are noisy is considered. Asymptotic properties for both time-varying and time-invariant systems are analyzed and the influence of observability and detectability assumptions is considered.

Resolution of point sources of light as analyzed by quantum detection theory

Abstract: The resolvability of point sources of incoherent thermal light is analyzed by quantum detection theory in terms of two hypothesis-testing problems. In the first, the observer must decide whether there are two sources of equal radiant power at given locations, or whether there is only one source of twice the power located midway between them. In the second problem, either one, but not both, of two point sources is radiating, and the observer must decide which it is. The decisions are based on optimum processing of the electromagnetic field at the aperture of au optical instrument. In both problems the density operators of the field under the two hypotheses do not commute. The error probabilities, determined as functions of the separation of the points and the mean number of received photons, characterize the ultimate resolvability of the sources.

Observer theory for delayed differential equations

Abstract: A minimal order observer for a deterministic differential delay equation is proposed. A desirable feature of thi9 observer is both its stability property and its analytical complexity compare favourably with the minimal order observer for ordinary differential equations

Observer theory for lumping analysis of monomolecular reaction systems

Abstract: A new approach for the lumping analysis of reversible and/or irreversible monomolecular reaction systems (MRS) with constant or time-dependent rate coefficients in discrete and continuous mixtures is presented. The observer theory initiated by Luenberger is proposed and extended to obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions of exact and approximate lumping of such systems. Examples are given to illustrate the implications of lumping and to demonstrate the generality and promising aspects of the observer approach. It is shown that this theory is a unifying method for the lumping analysis of MRS. New insights on lumping analysis are discussed.

On the design of observers for insensitivity to plant parameter variations

Abstract: A completely algebraic formulation of the design of dynamical observers of the Luenberger type is available in the literature. This formulation places in evidence all the available degrees of freedom in the design of the observer. A natural question which arises is whether the design freedom can be utilized to achieve certain desirable overall system properties. Attention is turned in this paper to the possibility of realizing zero sensitivity to plant parameter variations of a quadratic performance index. It is established that the desired insensitivity is impossible to achieve for all initial states with the available design freedom.

Further results on the design of optimal compensators using a minimal-order observer†

Abstract: This paper reconsiders the problem of designing an optimal dynamic compensator based on a minimal-order Luenberger observer, for the regulation of an nth order linear time-invariant plant. The usual quadratic cost on the state and control is averaged over initial plant state values. Necessary conditions for the optimal compensator are obtained. An explicit solution is found which contradicts some previously published results.

Finite-time observer for nonlinear dynamic systems

Abstract: This paper introduces finite-time observers for a class of non-linear dynamic systems. The concept of observability is first shown to be a necessary condition for the existence of a finite-time observer for the system. Then a finite-time observer for an important class of systems is constructed with a novel structure which avoids the use of differentiators.

Xerographic method for making a responsive answer system

Abstract: Permanent, meaningful information is so associated with removable, confusing information, at least some of which is usually similar in character to said permanent, meaningful information, as to make it effectively impossible for an observer to discriminate between the two types of information even though both types of information in the association may be legible. Such a system is advantageously used in instructional systems and particularly in responsive answer formats.

Observing a function of the state

Abstract: This paper discusses a well known change of co-ordinates for multiple output systems from a different viewpoint, and a new, simplified, low order observer design. The discussion of the transformation given here exhibits more of the system structure than previous presentations. The observer design procedure does not require explicitly performing a change of basis on the system, and includes the construction of the linear transformation relating the system state to the asymptotic observer state.

Design of optimal controllers for distributed systems using finite dimensional state observers

Abstract: The problem of constructing an "observer" to enable us to implement an approximate optimal control for a distributed parameter system is examined where the state is measured at a few pre-specified points. The observer is formulated as the output of a dynamical system described by a set of ordinary differential equations. Both distributed and boundary control problems are studied and the observer-formulation is set up for both cases. Some reasonable assumptions have been made in order that the approximation introduced by the eigenfunction expansion technique be satisfactory. For the case of the boundary control problem, a simple example is solved to illustrate the method.

A reduced adaptive observer for multivariable systems

Abstract: An adaptive observer for multivariable systems is presented for which the dynamic order of the observer is reduced, subject to mild restrictions. The observer structure depends directly upon the multivariable structure of the system rather than a transformation to a single-output system. The number of adaptive gains is at most the sum of the order of the system and the number of input parameters being adapted. Moreover, for the relatively frequent specific cases for which the number of required adaptive gains is less than the sum of system order and input parameters, the number of these gains is easily determined by inspection of the system structure. This adaptive observer possesses all the properties ascribed to the single-input single-output adpative observer. Like the other adaptive observers some restriction is required of the allowable system command input to guarantee convergence of the adaptive algorithm, but the restriction is more lenient than that required by the full-order multivariable observer. This reduced observer is not restricted to cycle systems.

Development of a Technique for Realistic Prediction and Electronic Synthesis of Helicopter Rotor Noise

Abstract: : A helicopter rotor noise prediction program was developed so that the acoustic characteristics of new, untested rotor designs could be evaluated as well as the effects of basic rotor design changes on the acoustic signature of existing rotors. The prediction program is general enough to be able to consider future designs in hover and steady state flight for any observer location. The program output is the digital pressure time history produced by the helicopter rotors at the observer location. This pressure time history corresponds to that which would be recorded by a microphone place at the observer location. The program output can be Fourier analyzed so that the noise spectrum can be generated. The digital pressure time history can also be converted to an analog signal for subjective evaluation.

Perception and operation in the definition of observable

Abstract: A discussion of the roles of assumption and abstraction in physics is presented, with emphasis on the fact that if abstractions are used long enough it becomes difficult to disentangle them from what is actually observed. The unclear meaning of the wordsame in the context of two observers measuring the same observable is also discussed. An observable is defined operationally as a list of instructions, and this definition also defines the wordsame in this context. Methods for the combination of these observables are presented. An observer decides whether or not a list of instructions is physically realisable by examining the states of the system, and it is shown how these states are based on the observer's powers of perception. Finally, an account of the operational nature of cellular space-time is given, the fuzzy nature of the cell boundaries is discussed, and it is shown how measuring rods consisting of ‘straight’ strings of cells may be constructed.

Digital flight control design using implicit model following.

Abstract: A design procedure for determining the control gains of a discrete-time ('digital') control system is presented. The method is separable into four distinct steps: (1) the definition of closed-loop response criteria, (2) the choice of a discrete-time model which provides the desired response, (3) the determination of control gains which implicitly force the actual system to follow the desired response, and (4) the reduction of the measurement state by the introduction of an 'observer' (a form of integral-differential compensation). It is shown that a single desired response does not completely define the 'ideal' system. The response criterion generally leaves some parameters of the model unspecified, allowing two courses for improving the model: (1) definition of additional response criteria, or (2) redefinition of the discrete-time model for improved implicit model-following with the actual closed-loop system.

Linear regulators and observers

Abstract: The design of a regulator system using a constant gain observer in the feedback loop is discussed. By examining the poles of the closed-loop plant and observer, it is explicitly clear that the closed-loop response is jointly determined by the plant and observer poles and zeros.

Optimal observer design to minimize the effect of system parameter variations

Abstract: The sensitivity of an observer to variations in the parameters of the system being observed is considered. An equation is developed for the error in the observer output caused by variations in the system parameters. An analogue computer design procedure is utilized to minimize a quadratic performance index. An example is provided to illustrate this procedure.

Why a New Approach to Found Quantum Theory

Abstract: The mathematical elegance of the theory of quantum mechanics and the crucial conceptual problems arising from it are most fascinating. The well-known books of Dirac1 and of von Neumann2 are most useful if one tries to ‘understand’ what is meant by the ‘physical interpretation’ of quantum mechanics. Concerning the problem of the measuring process, Heisenberg’s book Die physikalischen Prinzipien der Quantentheorie 3 is very fundamental. The beauty of the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics can be felt by studying the books of Wigner4, van der Waerden5 and Weyl6, which also describe the connection between group theory and quantum mechanics. Although group-theoretical methods are essential for a logical construction of quantum mechanics (e.g. the representations of the Galilei-group in non-relativistic quantum mechanics), I would like to discuss here the problems of the foundation of quantum mechanics only.

The adaptive observer

Abstract: The simple generation of state from available measurements, for use in systems for which the criteria defining the acceptable state behavior mandates a control that is dependent upon unavailable measurement is described as an adaptive means for determining the state of a linear time invariant differential system having unknown parameters A single input output adaptive observer and the reduced adaptive observer is developed The basic ideas for both the adaptive observer and the nonadaptive observer are examined A survey of the Liapunov synthesis technique is taken, and the technique is applied to adaptive algorithm for the adaptive observer