Showing papers on "Organic radical battery published in 2011"

Electrochemical Na Insertion and Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Hard-Carbon Electrodes and Application to Na-Ion Batteries

Abstract: Recently, lithium-ion batteries have been attracting more interest for use in automotive applications. Lithium resources are confirmed to be unevenly distributed in South America, and the cost of the lithium raw materials has roughly doubled from the first practical application in 1991 to the present and is increasing due to global demand for lithium-ion accumulators. Since the electrochemical equivalent and standard potential of sodium are the most advantageous after lithium, sodium based energy storage is of great interest to realize lithium-free high energy and high voltage batteries. However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no successful reports on electrochemical sodium insertion materials for battery applications; the major challenge is the negative electrode and its passivation. In this study, we achieve high capacity and excellent reversibility sodium-insertion performance of hard-carbon and layered NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 electrodes in propylene carbonate electrolyte solutions. The structural change and passivation for hard-carbon are investigated to study the reversible sodium insertion. The 3-volt secondary Na-ion battery possessing environmental and cost friendliness, Na+-shuttlecock hard-carbon/NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 cell, demonstrates steady cycling performance as next generation secondary batteries and an alternative to Li-ion batteries.

Functional Materials for Rechargeable Batteries

Abstract: There is an ever-growing demand for rechargeable batteries with reversible and efficient electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Rechargeable batteries cover applications in many fields, which include portable electronic consumer devices, electric vehicles, and large-scale electricity storage in smart or intelligent grids. The performance of rechargeable batteries depends essentially on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the electrochemical reactions involved in the components (i.e., the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and separator) of the cells. During the past decade, extensive efforts have been dedicated to developing advanced batteries with large capacity, high energy and power density, high safety, long cycle life, fast response, and low cost. Here, recent progress in functional materials applied in the currently prevailing rechargeable lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride, lead acid, vanadium redox flow, and sodium-sulfur batteries is reviewed. The focus is on research activities toward the ionic, atomic, or molecular diffusion and transport; electron transfer; surface/interface structure optimization; the regulation of the electrochemical reactions; and the key materials and devices for rechargeable batteries.

Battery Technologies for Large-Scale Stationary Energy Storage

Abstract: In recent years, with the deployment of renewable energy sources, advances in electrified transportation, and development in smart grids, the markets for large-scale stationary energy storage have grown rapidly. Electrochemical energy storage methods are strong candidate solutions due to their high energy density, flexibility, and scalability. This review provides an overview of mature and emerging technologies for secondary and redox flow batteries. New developments in the chemistry of secondary and flow batteries as well as regenerative fuel cells are also considered. Advantages and disadvantages of current and prospective electrochemical energy storage options are discussed. The most promising technologies in the short term are high-temperature sodium batteries with β″-alumina electrolyte, lithium-ion batteries, and flow batteries. Regenerative fuel cells and lithium metal batteries with high energy density require further research to become practical.

Organic Radical Battery Approaching Practical Use

Abstract: The electrochemical redox reactions of organic polymers bearing robust unpaired electrons were investigated to determine the applicability of these polymers to rechargeable batteries. Such an “orga...

Electrochemical energy storage systems and methods

Abstract: A three-dimensional electrode array for use in electrochemical cells, fuel cells, capacitors, supercapacitors, flow batteries, metal-air batteries and semi-solid batteries.

Functionalization of poly(4-chloromethylstyrene) with anthraquinone pendants for organic anode-active materials†

Abstract: Condensation of anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid with poly(4-chloromethylstyrene) afforded a high-density redox polymer containing the anthraquinone pendants with reversible charge storage capability at negative potentials near −1 V versus Ag/AgCl. Electrochemically reversible redox response of the polymer, which was ascribed to the reduction of the pendant group to the anion radical and the dianion, suggested that the polymer was sufficiently robust in these redox states for charge storage application. Immobilizing the anthraquinone groups on current collectors was accomplished by the use of the polymer which was swellable and yet insoluble in both aqueous and nonaqueous electrolyte solutions. Such properties allowed the accommodation of external cations from the electrolyte solution to permeate through the polymer layer for electroneutralization of the negative charge produced at the reduced state, which led to the repeatable charging and discharging cycles without degradation of the charge storage capacity. Exploration of the aqueous electrochemistry of anthraquinone, which had been inaccessible by the lack of the solubility of the conjugated and fused-ring molecule in H2O, became feasible by virtue of the swelling property of the polymer layer in the aqueous electrolyte. While negative charge was relatively difficult to be stored with redox polymers compared to the positive charge due to the enhanced reactivity in their reduced states and small varieties of the appropriate redox sites, the present polymer was characterized as the excellent organic electrode-active materials that operated at sufficiently negative potentials which was essential for the fabrication of entirely organic batteries. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Improving Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries

Abstract: As energy demands increase for applications such as automotive, military, aerospace, and biomedical, lithium-ion battery capacities are forced to increase in a corresponding manner. For this reason, much research is directed toward the development of improved battery anodes. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), silicon, tin, and nanocomposites with these metals are the leading candidates for the next generation of lithium-ion battery anodes, leading to capacities 3 to 10 times that of graphite alone. This review looks at some of the studies addressing high capacity lithium-ion battery anodes.

Energy storage: Batteries take charge

Abstract: A nanostructured electrode can allow a lithium-ion battery to charge to 90% of maximum capacity in two minutes.

Organic Radical Battery Approaching Practical Use

Abstract: The electrochemical redox reactions of organic polymers bearing robust unpaired electrons were investigated to determine the applicability of these polymers to rechargeable batteries. Such an “orga...

From battery modeling to Battery Management

Abstract: The principles of rechargeable battery operation form the basis of the electronic network models developed for Nickel-based aqueous battery systems, including Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH), and non-aqueous battery systems, such as the well-known Li-ion. These electronic network models are based on fundamental physical and (electro)chemical processes, occurring during battery operation and also during over(dis)charging in the case of the aqueous battery systems. This enabled us to visualize the various reaction pathways, including conventional and pulse (dis)charge behavior but also, for example, the self-discharge performance.

New Development of Key Materials for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Abstract: The lithium /sulfur redox couple has almost the highest specific-energy density of 2 600 Wh /Kg among all the redox couples enabling for chargeable batteries and has a specific capacity of 1 675mAh /g,assuming complete reaction of lithium and sulfur to the product Li2S.Fruitful results were made with the purpose of enhancing the reversibility of the lithium sulfur battery and the utilization of sulfur in the cathode over the past twenty years.In this paper,the effects of the factors on the capacity fading of the lithium sulfur battery are studied.New method and technical development of lithium sulfur battery reported in recent years are reviewed,mainly including the development of the cathode materials,adhesive agents,electrolyte and anode of the battery.The further tendencies of lithium sulfur battery are also represented.

Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion Battery

Abstract: It has been 20 years since lithium ion battery appeared as a commercial product.Different kinds of new electrode materials are urgently needed to meet the demands of the society.In this review,some knowledge about lithium ion battery is first given.Then we focus on several new positive /negative electrode materials reported up to date.When they were used as lithium ion battery electrode materials,how they are synthesized,the main improvement methods and their electrochemical performance will be presented.Finally,we give a short summary of the advantages /disadvantages of these new electrode materials.Furthermore,an outlook for the potential applications of lithium ion batteries in the future is proposed.

Additives for improving the high temperature performance in non-aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to electrochemical batteries, and more specifically, to the combined additives in the non-aqueous electrolyte for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries containing spinel-based cathode that may enhance the performance of the batteries. The mixed additives comprising of 1,8-bis(dialkylamino)naphthalene, wherein alky group is described by C n H 2n+1 , n=1 to 3, and vinylene carbonate (VC) are added to the electrolyte of the lithium-ion batteries greatly improve the capacity recovery and reduce AC impedance growth during the high temperature storage. The incorporation of the two kinds of additives within the electrolyte of the battery can also improve the high temperature cycling performance.

Sodium Sulfur Battery and its Application

Abstract: Sodium sulfur battery is a secondary battery using alumina ceramic as electrolytes,sodium metal as cathode,and sodium polysulfide as anode.Sodium sulfur battery has advantages including large capacity,small size,long life and high efficiency,etc.Sodium sulfur batteries have been successfully used to steadily provide renewable resource and improve power quality such as load shifting for emergency power and wind power generation.This paper introduces the operation principle,characteristics,production technology and the latest research of sodium sulfur battery,and proposes to develop NaS battery.

Separator, method for manufacturing separator, and organic battery

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a separator, a method for manufacturing a separator, and an organic batterySOLUTION: A separator 10 in accordance with the present invention comprises a first diaphragm 11 composed of a high fiber material, and a second diaphragm 12 composed of a chlorophyll material in contact with the high fiber material The present invention provides a method for manufacturing the separator 10 and an organic battery having the separator 10 The separator 10 and an organic battery having the separator 10 can be manufactured by a simple manufacturing process and at a low manufacturing cost In the organic battery, a pollutant in conventional batteries is replaced by a natural environmental protective substance to avoid environmental pollution and protect the environment more effectively than conventional batteries and solar batteries