Showing papers on "Potassium hydroxide published in 1974"

The effect of dilute corrosives on the esophagus.

Abstract: Cats were used in this study to demonstrate the effect of dilute corrosive drain cleaners upon the esophagus. Sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide in less than 10% strength all produced gross and microscopic evidence of severe damage after 30-second exposure. We suggest that presently allowable concentrations of these agents for household use should be banned and cite clinical data on accidental injury in childhood to suggest that "child-proof" packages will not afford much protection.

The Radiolytic-chain Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Alkaline 2-Propanol Solutions

Abstract: The radiolysis of solutions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s) and potassium hydroxide in simple aliphatic alcohols was studied. The major products in alkaline 2-propanol solutions were potassium chloride, acetone, lower chlorinated biphenyls, and biphenyl. Their yields increased and the concentration of the hydroxide ions decreased with the dose. Acetone and potassium chloride were formed in high yields, and their concentrations were almost equal to the diminution in the hydroxide ions. The dechlorination yield was determined as a function of the dose, the dose rate, and the concentrations of PCB’s, potassium hydroxide, and organic solutes. The chain-dechlorination reaction proceeded in the alkaline 2-propanol solution, but not in alkaline methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and butanols. The 2-propoxide radical anion, which is formed by the electron transfer from the hydroxide ion to the 2-propanol radical, is the chain carrier for the dechlorination reaction of PCB’s in alkaline 2-propanol solutions. The ...

Method for producing open framework zeolites

Abstract: High purity synthetic zeolites having open frameworks, such as offretite, uncontaminated with detectable traces of other zeolites, can be synthesized by the hydrothermal reaction of a silica source, alumina source, sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide in the presence of a zeolite nucleation slurry synthesized from a mixture of a silica source, alumina source, sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide and an organic template agent. The preferred organic template agents are the quaternary compounds wherein the central element is one from Group 5A of the Periodic Table and various conjugated aromatic compounds. The zeolite synthesis mixture itself does not contain any organic ion template agent. With this organic template agent not being required, the nucleation slurry is used to promote crystallization of the synthesis mixture to the open framework type of zeolite.

Photoinduzierte 1, 3-dipolare Cycloaddition von 3-Phenyl-2H-azirinen an Azodicarbonsäure-diäthylester. 32. Mitteilung über Photoreaktionen†

Abstract: Irradiation of 2,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl- (1a), 2,3-diphenyl-2H-azirine (1b) or the azirine-precursors 1-azido-1-phenyl-propene (2a) and 1-azido-1-phenyl-ethylene (2b), respectively, in benzene in the presence of azodicarboxylic acid diethylestcr, yields the corresponding 1,2-carbethoxy-3-phenyl-delta3-1,2,4-triazolines 4a-d (Scheme 1). Refluxing 4 (a, c or d) in 0.2-0.4M aqueous ethanolic potassium hydroxide leads to the formation of the 1-carbethoxy-3-phenyl-delta2-1,2,4-triazolines 6 (a,c or d). Under the same conditions 4b is converted to 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (7b, Scheme 2). In 10M aqueous potassium hydroxide solution heating of either 4 (c or d) or 6 (c or d) yields the 3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoles 7 (c or d). Photolysis of 1-carbethoxy-5,5-dimethyl-3-phenyl-delta2-1,2,4-triazoline (6a) in benzene in the presence of oxygen and trifluoroacetic acid methylester gives the 5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-5-trifluoromethyl-3-oxazoline (13, Scheme 5). 5,5-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole seems to be the intermediate, which on losing nitrogen gives the benzonitrile-isopropylide (3a).

Process for preparing polyoxyalkylene having allyl end-group

Abstract: A process for preparing a polyalkylene oxide having allyl end-group, by subjecting an alkylene oxide monomer to addition polymerization in the presence of potassium hydroxide in an amount of 2 to 30% by mole to the monomer at a temperature of 20° to 100°C., and reacting the polymerized alkylene oxide with an allyl halide compound, or by subjecting the monomer to addition polymerization in the presence of potassium hydroxide, reacting the polymerized alkylene oxide with an organic polyhalide and then reacting with an allyl halide compound. Potassium hydroxide is preferably employed in combination with the specific initiator. There can be prepared polyalkylene oxide of which all of the chain ends are substantially allyl group.

Polishing composition and method of polishing

Abstract: A polishing composition suitable for polishing semi-conductive materials, e.g. silicon and germanium, comprises an aqueous slurry containing as a polishing agent a finely divided calcium-titanium-zirconium-oxygen product having the empirical formula CaTiZr 3 O 9 . Additional materials that may be present include sodium hypochlorite, sodium metasilicate, potassium hydroxide, and glycerine.

Black oxide coating for stainless steels

Abstract: A method of blackening ferritic and/or martensitic stainless steels which comprises treating said steels by (a) immersing said steel in a fused alkali metal hydroxide-salt bath, which as conventionally produced may initially contain from 3 to 8% water of hydration, for a period of 1-30 minutes, at a temperature of 540*-720*F., and (b) continually adding water during the heat treatment in step (a); said water can be introduced in the form of steam to replenish the original water of hydration of the fused bath and the amount of water added ranges from an effective amount to about 15% by weight of the fused salt mixture. This addition of water in the ranges 1-15% and 3-8% replenishes and reinvigorates the molten salt bath so that the bath likewise has a satisfactory water content based on the molten salt mixture. A preferred fused salt mixture is the eutectic mixture of sodium and potassium hydroxide, and an additive agent such as an alkali metal molybdate may be added to the fused salt mix.

Method of treating alunite ore

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for recovering aluminum hydroxide from ore containing alunite by roasting the ore to remove the water of hydration, leaching the roasted ore with a weak base to remove potassium and sulfate, extracting the aluminum content with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, and precipitating aluminum hydroxide crystals from the solution.

Redox treatment of alunite ore

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for recovering aluminum hydroxide from alunite ore by roasting the ore to remove water of hydration, roasting it again in a reducing atmosphere to remove sulfate, roasting a third time in an oxidizing atmosphere to convert any sulfides formed in the second roast, leaching with water to remove potassium and sulfate, extracting the aluminum content with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, removing contaminant silica from the leach solution, and precipitating aluminum hydroxide by cooling and seeding the solution.

Reaction of aromatic N-oxides with dipolarophiles. I. Reaction products of 3-picoline 1-oxide with phenyl isocyanate.

Abstract: The reaction of 3-picoline 1-oxide (VI) with phenyl isocyanate (I) in dimethylformamide at 110° gave the cycloadducts VII and VIII in 33.7 and 24.1% yield, respectively. The reaction at 150° gave 2-anilino-3-methylpyridine (IX) and 2-anilino-5-methylpyridine (X), along with a small amount of VII. Hydrolysis of VII and VIII in alcoholic potassium hydroxide affords IX and X, respectively. The structures of VII and VIII were discussed in the light of spectroscopic data. IX and X were identified by comparison with the authentic samples prepared by an alternative route.

Determination of amylase

Abstract: A method for the determination of amylase activity and a useful highly stable color reagent aqueous solution therefore are disclosed. The solution comprises, as a color reagent, an aromatic nitro containing compound such as 3,5-dinitrosalicyic acid, a color stabilizing chelating compound such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and a hydroxide base. Eliminating the necessity for centrifuging prior to the determination of amylase activity can be achieved by including potassium hydroxide for at least a part of the base in the solution.

Hydrolyzed reaction product of a polyepoxide with a phenolic compound having a group hydrolyzable to carboxyl

Abstract: Coating compositions applicable by conventional coating techniques as well as by electrodeposition are provided by reacting an epoxy-containing organic material with a compound containing at least one phenolic hydroxyl group and a group hydrolyzable to a carboxyl group. Examples of such hydrolyzable groups include ester groups, amide groups and nitrile groups. Compounds include esters of benzoic, salicylic and diphenolic acids, and phenolphthalein. The resultant product may then be hydrolyzed and solubilized, using any of the known hydrolyzing agents, e.g., aqueous potassium hydroxide, aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous solutions of the various amines used in the art.

Process for the polymerization of dodecalactam in the presence of potassium carbonate

Abstract: This invention concerns a process for the polymerization of dodecalactam in the presence of potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate and water, offering a fast way of obtaining a high yield of polyamides with high molecular weight and with excellent resistance of degradation, and consequently hydrolysis, when kept in contact with boiling water. Polymerization is carried out, preferably at between 290* and 320*C, in the presence of between 0.05 and 2.5% of potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate. The polymers thus obtained can be readily used to manufacture molded articles, sheets, tubes or pipes, by extrusion, injection or blowing.

Electron spin resonance studies of interactions of ammonia, copper, and cupriammonia with cellulose

Abstract: The electron spin resonance spectra (ESR) of complexes of copper with fibrous cotton cellulose under various experimental conditions were determined. Cupric ions dissolved in solutions of strong bases, such as concentrated ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide, formed complexes with fibrous cotton cellulose. These complexes had paramagnetic resonance properties and generated characteristic ESR spectra. Cupric ions dissolved in solutions of highly ionized neutral salts, such as sodium chloride, formed complexes with cellulose. These complexes also generated the same characteristic ESR spectra as the complexes formed in solutions of strong base. The reaction between cupric ions and cellulose was evidently very rapid and reversible. When the concentration of ammonia was decreased in, or ammonia was removed from, the cupric ion–ammonium hydroxide–cellulose complexes, the paramagnetic resonance properties of the complex were decreased or lost. Similar results were received when potassium hydroxide was removed from the complexes. The compositions of the complexes evidently are variable, that is, under different experimental conditions the relative intensities of the lines of the ESR spectra of the complexes varied, although the hyperfine splittings of the lines were constant. It was concluded that reactions of cupric ions to form complexes with adjacent hydroxyl groups on the cellulose molecule depended on an optimum spatial arrangement of the hydroxyl groups, that is, distance between the groups. Evidently, wetting of cotton cellulosic fibers with solutions of strong bases or neutral salt allowed rotation about the C2–C3 bond to yield this optimum arrangement. When the base or salt was removed, rotation occurred to give less favorable positions of the hydroxyl groups for complexing with cupric ions.

Soap curd dissolving drain cleaner

Abstract: Drain cleaning compositions, especially effective in dissolving soap curd, are provided which comprise in aqueous solution a potassium salt of nitrilotriacetic acid, N-2-hydroxyethylimino diacetic acid, an alkylene polyamine polycarboxylic acid, or mixtures thereof, and potassium hydroxide, wherein the compositions are substantially free of other alkali metal ions and the alkylene polyamine polycarboxylic acid has the formula (HOOCCH.sub.2).sub.2 N[(CH.sub.2).sub.x NCH.sub.2 COOH].sub.y CH.sub.2 COOH where x and y may each independently be from 1 to 4.

A method for the determination of total sulphur in silicate rocks

Abstract: After oxidising sulphides to sulphates with a mixture of sodium chlorate and hydrochloric acid, the sample is refluxed with a reducing mixture of sodium iodide, red phosphorus, hypophosphorous acid, orthophosphoric acid and propionic acid. The hydrogen sulphide generated is absorbed in potassium hydroxide solution and titrated against 2-(hydroxymercuri)benzoic acid solution with dithizone as indicator. The approximate range covered is 5 to 2000 mg kg–1 of sulphur in the rock.

Modification of membrane permselectivity by graft copolymerization

Abstract: The permselectivity and other performance characteristics of a polyethylene-graft-poly(potassium acrylate) copolymer membrane were considerably enhanced by subsequent grafting of polystyrene to the membrane. Careful control of the conditions of the grafting procedure, using cobalt-60 gamma radiation initiation, allowed the preparation of membranes with prescribed graft compositions. The permeation behavior of the components of a silver oxide salt and concentrated potassium hydroxide solution were found to be very dependent on the graft content and its distribution in the membrane. The use of optimum polymerization conditions produced membranes in which the transport of the silver salt was reduced more than was that of the electrolyte, i.e., the ratio of silver salt flux to electrolyte flux was decreased by at least an order of magnitude. In addition, the resistance of the membrane to the degradation action of the two penetrating species was significantly increased. A structure model has been proposed which accounts for the observed property changes. These effects suggest that similar modifications may be useful for other polymer-penetrant systems and applications.

Extraction of zinc and lead from their sulfides

Abstract: Sulfidic ores of lead or zinc such as galena or sphalerite are smelted under vacuum in the absence of CO 2 and oxygen with a flux consisting of solid NaOH or KOH to free the lead or zinc as free metal and to form sodium or potassium disulfides which are used as flux in smelting additional sulfidic ores to liberate more metal and form still higher polysulfides of sodium or potassium also usable as flux up to the pentasulfide form. By the process of the invention, substantially complete use is made of the sulfur atoms initially combined with the lead or zinc to remove the sulfur combined with said metals. Potassium hydroxide, its lower sulfur content polysulfides can be reconstituted by exposing to air a leach solution of potassium pentasulfide.

Concentrating sodium or potassium hydroxide

Abstract: Method of concentrating sodium or potassium hydroxide liquids by means of a heated evaporator whereby for a preliminary pre-evaporation of the liquid to be concentrated the liquid is first of all heated by direct contact with the superheated evaporation vapors issuing from the evaporator; a suitable apparatus for this method is disclosed which comprises an evaporator and a pre-evaporator this arranged at the upstream side of the evaporator and heated by direct contact with the evaporation vapors issuing from the evaporator.

Reaction of Biguanides and Related Compounds. IX. Condensation of N-Amidino-O-alkylisourea and 1-Substituted 3-Amidino-2-thiourea with Benzil

Abstract: The reactions of N-amidino-O-alkylisourea and 1-substituted 3-amidino-2-thiourea with benzil were examined. The reaction of N-amidino-O-alkylisourea with an equivalent amount of benzil in ethanol gave 5, 5-diphenylglycocyamidine by heating for 10 hr under reflux, 5, 5-diphenylglycocyamidine and 2-alkoxyamidinylidene-5, 5-diphenylhydantoin by heating for 2 hr under the similar conditions and 2-alkoxyamidinylidene-5, 5-diphenylhydantoin and 3a, 6a-diphenylglycoluril-2, 5-dialkoximidoylimide by treatment for 1 hr at room temperature. Similarly, heating of 1-aryl-3-amidino-2-thiourea with benzil in ethanol for 10 hr under reflux gave 5, 5-diphenylglycocyamidine. On the other hand, by heating in ethanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide for 2 hr under reflux, 2-arylthiocarbamoyl-5, 5-diphenylglycocyamidine.

Aqueous hydroxide ion. Part 1.—Hydrogen isotope fractionation studies by proton magnetic resonance

Abstract: The hydrogen isotope fractionation of the aqueous hydroxide ion has been studied through p.m.r. measurements on lithium, sodium, and potassium hydroxide solutions in light and heavy water. The experimental results are analysed in terms of the models OH– and HaO–(HbOHc)3 for the hydroxide ion. Only for the latter model is it possible to reconcile our data with literature data and only for certain ranges of values of the fractionation constants and chemical shifts of the protons involved.

Method of making tetra sodium and tetra potassium 2,2,5,5-tetrahydrofurantetracarboxylate

Abstract: Colorless, crystalline tetrasodium or tetrapotassium tetrahydrofuran-2,2,5,5-tetracarboxylate and hydrates thereof useful as sequestrants and detergency builders are prepared by addition of 2,2,5,5-tetracyanotetrahydrofuran to aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide.

Reaction of Benzyl Halides with 2-Phenyl-5-oxazolone

Abstract: The reaction of benzyl halides with 2-phenyl-5-oxazolone obtained by the dehydration of hippuric acid was carried out in dimethylformamide by use of 50% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide as a base.After hydrolysis of the reaction mixture, N-benzoyl-α-benzylphenylalanine (1) and its benzyl ester (2) were obtained, respectively, in about 40% and 10% yields.Even when equimolecular amounts of both reactants were used, di substituted derivative (1) was a main product, and monosubstituted derivative (N-benzoyl-dl-phenylalanine) was not obtained, but it was obtained as a by-product by use of quaternary ammonium hydroxide as a base. Disubstituted derivative was obtained in good yield (65% or 59%) by the reaction of benzyl halide derivative having electron-withdrawing group such as p-nitrobenzyl bromide or p-cyanobenzyl bromide.

Gas-chromatographic determination of dilauryl ββ′-thiodipropionate and its primary oxidation products

Abstract: A method is described for the gas-chromatographic determination of dilauryl ββ′-thiodipropionate and its oxidation products, dilauryl sulphenyldipropionate and dilauryl sulphonyldipropionate. The sample is first hydrolysed in a 5 N methanolic solution of potassium hydroxide and the resulting lauryl alcohol is then determined gas chromatographically by using the internal marker technique.The method can be used to determine concentrations down to 10 µg ml–1, with a standard deviation of ±3 per cent.

Peroxydisulfate-initiated reactions of 1-heptene with acetic and propionic acids

Abstract: 1. A study was made of the sodium peroxydisulfate-initiated reaction of 1-heptene with acetic and propionic acids at 90–105°, as well as the effect of potassium hydroxide on this reaction. 2. We were the first to discover that an olefin can be oxidized by a peroxydisulfate. The composition and character of the oxidation products are in agreement with the mechanism of a one-electron oxidation of the olefin and the formation of the cation-radical\(R--CH--\mathop {CH_2 }\limits^ + \) as the primary reaction product. 3. Potassium hydroxide substantially suppresses the oxidation of the olefin by the peroxydisulfate and facilitates the homolytic alkylation of acids by the olefin.

有害物質による環境汚染の衛生化学的研究(第7報)排ガス中のビリジンの比色定量法

Abstract: Several conventional methods for spectrophotometric determination of pyridine in stack gases were examined, but they did not show a satisfying result and a new method has been established. The gas containing pyridine was absorbed in 0.1 N sulfuric acid and reacted with pyrazolone and cyanogen chloride to form a blue complex. The absorbance was measured at near 620 nm. The calibration curve followed Beer's low. Ammonia and nitrogen dioxide did not interfere but sulfur dioxide interfered the determination, which was removed by potassium hydroxide trap without loss of pyridine. The color was stable at least for 60 min and the procedure is comparatively simple.