Showing papers on "Pregnancy published in 1975"
TL;DR: The frequency (43%) of adverse outcome of pregnancy for chronic alcoholic women suggests that serious consideration be given to early termination of pregnancy in severely Chronic alcoholic women.
Abstract: A specific pattern of malformation involving prenatal-onset growth deficiency, developmental delay, craniofacial anomalies, and limb defects is now recognized in offspring of chronic alcoholic women. Historical evidence suggests that this is not a new observation. A recent French study of 127 offspring of alcoholic mothers indicates that this specific syndrome has been recognized in other parts of the world. Many of the features of this disorder could be related to the kind of malorientation of brain structure seen at the autopsy of one patient described herein. The frequency (43%) of adverse outcome of pregnancy for chronic alcoholic women suggests that serious consideration be given to early termination of pregnancy in severely chronic alcoholic women.
421 citations
364 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of the risk by year of birth shows a pattern of steadily declining risk for both solid and haematopoietic tumours; this may be partly attributable to lower radiation doses per film exposed but is also due to the smaller numbers of films used.
Abstract: This paper reviews data relating to obstetric radiography from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers, i.e. for deaths in Britain from 1953 to 1967. Some 8513 cases were traced and used in the analyses, together with an equal number of matched controls. The relative risk estimate (1-47 overall) does not vary significantly between different tumour groups, for different ages at death, nor between sexes. Other epidemiological factors-sibship position, maternal age, social class, region of residence and maternal morbidity-are analysed and show varying degrees of association, but not sufficient to "explain" the observed risk in terms of a selection effect. The dependence of the risk on the number of films exposed is highly significant and adequately described by a linear relationship. The timing of and reason for the exposure are also examined. Analysis of the risk by year of birth shows a pattern of steadily declining risk for both solid and haematopoietic tumours; this may be partly attributable to lower radiation doses per film exposed but is also due to the smaller numbers of films used. A consequence may well be that the risk-always of small clinical significance-would become virtually undetectable in future investigations.
278 citations
TL;DR: It seems very likely that host immune mechanisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neonatal E. coli K1 meningitis.
277 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that caloric supplementation during pregnancy produced the observed increase in birthweight.
Abstract: The high prevalence of low-birthweight (less than or equal to 2,500 gm) babies in many poor communities is a major public health problem. Studies in humans in situations of acute starvation suggest an effect of maternal nutrition on birthweight, but less clear results appear under situations of moderate maternal malnutrition. We studied the effects of food supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight in four rural villages of Guatemala, in which two types of supplements were distributed: protein-caloric and caloric. The caloric supplementation increased the total caloric intake during pregnancy. In both supplements, the amount of calories supplemented during pregnancy showed a consistent association with birthweight. In the combined sample the proportion of low-birthweight babies in the high-supplement group (G greater than or equal to 20,000 supplemented calories during pregnancy) was 9% compared with 19% in the low-supplement group (less than 20,000 supplemented calories during pregnancy). The relationship between caloric supplementation and birthweight (29 gm of birthweight per 10,000 supplemented calories) was basically unchanged after controlling for the maternal home diet, height, head circumference, parity, gestational age, duration of disease during pregnancy, socioeconomic status, and different rates of missing data. Moreover, a similar association was found in consecutive pregnancies of the same mother. We concluded that caloric supplementation during pregnancy produced the observed increase in birthweight.
263 citations
TL;DR: Until there are more data bearing on this question, this possible risk of diazepam ingestion in the first trimester of pregnancy should be considered when prescribingdiazepam for women in their reproductive years.
259 citations
TL;DR: In this article, 50 patients with clinical evidence of premature labor were treated with 100 mg of indomethacin in suppository form followed by 25 mg orally administered in every 6 hours up to 24 hours after uterine contractions ceased.
252 citations
TL;DR: Associations between drug consumption during pregnancy and the birth of children with oral clefts were studied in material from the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations, consisting of 599 children with clefts and their matched controls.
Abstract: Associations between drug consumption during pregnancy and the birth of children with oral clefts were studied in material from the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations, consisting of 599 children with clefts and their matched controls. Information concerning maternal drug consumption was partly prospective. During the first trimester, analgesic, chemotherapeutic and antineurotic drugs had all been significantly more frequently used by the mothers of children with clefts, than by the control mothers. The consumption of drugs was in general more frequent among mothers of children with cleft lip, with or without cleft palate, than among those of children with cleft palate alone.
225 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that maternal ACTH levels increase progressively throughout pregnancy, that urinary free cortisol levels are raised and show resistance to suppression by dexamethasone and evidence is presented suggesting that ACTH may be produced by the placenta.
Abstract: IT is well known that the free fraction of plasma cortisol is increased in pregnancy1, but it has not been established whether this is a result of maternal pituitary or placental adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion. Maternal plasma ACTH levels in human pregnancy have been variously reported as elevated2, or depressed3; but there is no information on the relationship between ACTH levels and the stage of gestation. We now report that maternal ACTH levels increase progressively throughout pregnancy, that urinary free cortisol levels are raised and show resistance to suppression by dexamethasone and we present evidence suggesting that ACTH may be produced by the placenta.
206 citations
TL;DR: Pregnancy may be allowed to continue under close supervision in cases of uncertainty of duration of gestation, in gravidas carrying small babies, in young primigravidas, and in multigravida in whom placentofetal function tests are normal.
204 citations
TL;DR: Two experiments were designed to assess the importance of maternal nutrition in the later stages of gestation on reproductive performance of beef females and on the growth and survival of their calves and there was a tendency for a higher percentage of adequately-fed heifers to show estrus by 40 days postpartum.
Abstract: Two experiments were designed to assess the importance of maternal nutrition in the later stages of gestation on reproductive performance of beef females and on the growth and survival of their calves. In experiment 1, 59 Hereford first-calf heifers were assigned to one of two levels of dietary energy (high [HI which was 100% of the recommended level of prepartum energy or low [L] which was 65% of the N.R.C. [1970] recommended level) 100 days prior to predicted calving. After calving both groups were fed N.R.C. (1970) recommended levels of energy and protein. Heifers fed the H ration gained 36.1 kg during the 100-day prepartum period while the heifers on the L ration lost 5.8 kilograms. The heifers restricted in energy prepartum had lighter calves at birth but the calves were born with the same degree of calving difficulty as calves of adequately fed dams. More calves from nutritionally deprived heifers died at or near birth and the surviving calves were lighter at weaning. There was a tendency for a higher percentage of adequately-fed heifers to show estrus by 40 days postpartum. In experiment 2, 43 second-calf cows were allotted, 100 days prepartum, to a restricted intake ration of approximately 50% of the N.R.C. (1970) recommended level of energy for cows during gestation. Thirty days prior to predicted calving, one group of cows (H) was
TL;DR: Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine of 1944-1945 reduced postpartum maternal weight, birth weight, placental weight, length at birth, and head circumference at birth; and third trimester exposure accounted for the whole of the famine effects.
Abstract: Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine of 1944-1945 reduced postpartum maternal weight, birth weight, placental weight, length at birth, and head circumference at birth. These conclusions are based on maternities occurring in the famine area and exposed to famine during some part of gestation as compared both with maternities in nonfamine areas, and with maternities before and after the famine. Third trimester exposure accounted for the whole of the famine effects. Length of gestation was not affected by third trimester exposure, and did not mediate the effects on infant exposure, and did not mediate the effects on infant dimensions at birth. Effects were apparent only below a threshold value of official food rations of 1,500 cal daily average during the third trimester. (Calorie value for official food rations can be assumed to be lower than actual food intake.) Maternal weight declined 4.3% during the famine and rose 10.5% after the famine. Birth weight declined 9% during the famine, and rose 9% after the famine. Placental weight declined 15% during the famine, and rose 14% after the famine. Length at birth declined 2.5% during the famine, and rose 1.5% after the famine. Head circumference declined 2.7% during the famine, and rose 2.4% afterward.
TL;DR: The approximate total of presacral tumors and cysts in adults encountered over a 30-year-period in a major metropolitan area and the interest in this subject was stimulated by just such a discovery.
Abstract: THE mSCOV~RY Of a presacral mass in an adult raises a number of questions for the examining physician: What are the possible causes of this mass? Is it malignant or benign? What diagnostic procedures are in order? What consultation should be obtained? What surgical approach, if any, should be considered? Our interest in this subject was stimulated by just such a discovery. This paper presents the approximate total of presacral tumors and cysts in adults encountered over a 30-year-period in a major metropolitan area. Medical records from all of the area's major hospitals were examined. Follow-up data were obtained from the patients' physicians and by patient contact, where possible, or from medical records. In nearly all instances, tissue was obtained for examination, t Sixty-three cases were accepted for this study.
TL;DR: Babies of 144 mothers who took salicylates regularly in pregnancy had a significantly reduced birth-weight and their perinatal mortality was increased, but the incidence of congenital anomalies was not significantly raised.
TL;DR: A follow-up study of 147 babies born to mothers known to be carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) revealed no evidence for a relationship between breast-feeding and the subsequent development of antigenaemia in the babies.
TL;DR: Infants born to mothers on continuous therapy with this agent should be considered at risk for developing complications of maternal use of propranolol.
TL;DR: Until more definitive data are available it would be prudent to emphasize the need to verify the absence of pregnancy before initiation of oral contraception and to discontinue hormonal agents as tests...
Abstract: A study of 19 patients with multiple congenital anomalies described by the acronym VACTERL (Vertebral, Anal, Cardiac, Tracheoesophageal, Renal, and Limb) revealed exposure at the vulnerable period of embryogenesis to a progestogen/estrogen compound or a progestogen alone in 13 patients. These hormones were taken as a "pregnancy test," and for a variety of other reasons. Comparison of VACTERL patients with paired and matched controls, one group with chromosomal anomalies (other than Down syndrome) and another group with functional murmurs, revealed a significant difference with respect to exposure to hormonal contraceptives. The multiple anomalies of skeletal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal structures recapitulate the systems involved in the thalidomide syndrome, but present a variation of the pattern. Until more definitive data are available it would be prudent to emphasize the need to verify the absence of pregnancy before initiation of oral contraception and to discontinue hormonal agents as tests for pregnancy.
TL;DR: Three small infants whose mothers had received oral anticoagulant therapy during the first trimester of pregnancy are described, and two had stippling of epiphyses and bones and deformities of the bones of the hand.
TL;DR: It was found that young women using oral contraceptives containing a daily dose of 100 micrograms of mestranol had higher concentrations of bone mineral than non-users, while those who had lactated were among the poorly mineralized.
Abstract: Estimating bone mineral by the photon absorption (125I) method applied to the distal part of the radius, it was found that young women using oral contraceptives containing a daily dose of 100 micrograms of mestranol had higher concentrations of bone mineral than non-users. Women twenty to fifty-nine years old who had lactated were among the poorly mineralized, while those who had lactated but were now using oral contraceptives in various combinations were among the highly mineralized.
TL;DR: The aim of this brief review is to summarize the main clinical and biochemical features of the principal conditions associated with significant fatty infiltration of the liver as the primary pathologic finding.
Abstract: Fatty liver may be defined as an acctJmulation of lipid, consisting principally of triglycerides in most cases, which exceeds 5~ of the liver weight. The clinical importance of excess fat varies with its cause and quantity. In some instances (ie, obesity) it may be of little consequence, whereas in others (ie, fatty liver of pregnancy) it may lead to hepatic failure and death. The aim of this brief review is to summarize the main clinical and biochemical features of the principal conditions associated with significant fatty infiltration of the liver as the primary pathologic finding.
TL;DR: The results indicate that in pregnancy a diminished "peripheral sensitivity" to endogenous insulin apparently develops.
Abstract: Glucose and insulin concentrations during basal fasting conditions and after an oral challenge with glucose have been studied during early, mid and late pregnancy and also after delivery in a group of 9 normal women. No significant changes in the fasting serum glucose concentration was observed during pregnancy. In contrast the fasting serum insulin gradually increased. No changes in the mean glucose concentration curve were observed until the second half of pregnancy where the level of the curve was significantly elevated, but statistically calculated limits of normality derived from a special study of non-pregnant normal controls were not exceeded. The serum insulin response to glucose was significantly increased at all stages of gestation and in parallel the insulin-to-glucose index calculated for the total areas below the insulin and glucose concentration curves increased significantly. The fasting insulin-to-glucose index also increased and was found to be significantly correlated to the stage of gestation. The shape of the glucose and insulin curves was modified in the opposite direction by pregnancy: the peak value of glucose was delayed whereas that of insulin was advanced. The results indicate that in pregnancy a diminished "peripheral sensitivity" to endogenous insulin apparently develops.
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that primiparous females that raised litters to weaning and were tested for responsiveness to donor's pups 25 days postweaning exhibited an immediate onset of maternal responsiveness.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the directional goals which women strive towards during pregnancy are fourfold and seem to provide the basic framework of motivation in maternal behaviour, and the progression in pursuit of these tasks is directly related to the progress of pregnancy.
Abstract: The directional goals which women strive towards during pregnancy are fourfold and seem to provide the basic framework of motivation in maternal behaviour. Two of the four tasks are directed toward the outer world during pregnancy on behalf of her child: ensuring safety and acceptance of her unborn child. The other two tasks are directed toward the formation of the maternal role and relationship: developing the capacity to give and binding-in to the as yet unborn child. The progression in pursuit of these tasks is directly related to the progress of pregnancy.
TL;DR: It is found that ethanol seemed to produce distinct teratological effects in Wistar rats and chick embryos when it was administered intravenously to the pregnant mother or the hen at critical periods in gestation.
Abstract: JONES et al. have recorded several combined aspects of dysmorphogenesis, severe physical growth retardation and mental deficiency in the human and named it “foetal alcoholic syndrome”, suggesting the defects to be associated with offspring of chronically alcoholic mothers1. Sandor and Amels2 found that ethanol seemed to produce distinct teratological effects in Wistar rats and chick embryos when it was administered intravenously to the pregnant mother or the hen at critical periods in gestation.
TL;DR: Corticosteroids, when indicated for the treatment of severe asthma, do not appear to noticeably increase the risk of maternal or fetal complications, and thus should not be contraindicated in pregnancy.
Abstract: Corticosteroids were used during seventy pregnancies in 55 asthmatic patients. In this series there was one spontaneous abortion and 71 live births (including two sets of twins). There were no maternal, fetal, or neonatal deaths. On the basis of recorded gestation, slightly more premature births were noted in this series than would be expected in the general population. However, there was no increased incidence of toxemia, uterine hemorrhage, or congenital malformations when compared to the general population, Corticosteroids, when indicated for the treatment of severe asthma, do not appear to noticeably increase the risk of maternal or fetal complications, and thus should not be contraindicated in pregnancy. ( JAMA 233:804-807, 1975)
TL;DR: It is concluded that lead contamination of water may be one factor in the multifactorial aetiology of mental retardation and that every effort should be made to reduce the lead content of drinking-water.
TL;DR: 131I deserves further use in treatment of hyperthyroid children with Graves's disease, and was successfully re-treated with 131I in patients or their offspring treated from 1949 through 1968.
Abstract: To evaluate the long-term results of 131I therapy for children, we studied the course of 87 patients (three to 18 years old, 24 boys and 63 girls) treated from 1949 through 1968, for hyperthyroidism due to Graves's disease. Dose of 131I per patient ranged from 2.9 to 31 mCi (mean ± S.D., 9.75 ± 6.5). Patients were followed for five to 24 years (mean, 12.3±3.5). Hyperthyroidism was controlled in 85 within one to 14 months (mean, 3.3±2.6). Recurrence of thyrotoxicosis due to toxic diffuse goiter, observed in only one case after 11 years, was successfully re-treated with 131I. Reproductive history and health status of the progeny of 13lI-treated patients were not different from those of the general population. No deaths and no cancer or leukemia were observed in patients or their offspring. The major cause of goiter regrowth was Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Hypothyroidism developed in 35 of 76 patients (46 per cent). 131I deserves further use in treatment of hyperthyroid children with Graves's disease (...
TL;DR: While total maternal serum calcium declines during pregnancy because of the physiologic hypoalbuminemia, the level of ionic calcium remains constant, in part, at least, because of increasing maternal PTH output.