Showing papers on "Rapid eye movement sleep published in 1986"
TL;DR: The subpopulation of cholinoceptive PRF neurons accelerated during both spontaneous andcarbachol-induced REM sleep is most likely to account for REM sleep triggering by carbachol, and the PRF neuron found to be decelerated by carbACHol displayed under control conditions, the accelerated discharge pattern during REM sleep which is typical of PRf neurons.
116 citations
TL;DR: Cold induced increased wakefulness and decreased stage 2 sleep, without significantly affecting other stages of sleep, and unsuppressed REM sleep in association with peripheral vasoconstriction and increased Tty and VO2 in cold-exposed humans, do not signify an inhibition of thermoregulation during this sleep stage as has been observed in other mammals.
Abstract: Four naked men, selected for their ability to sleep in the cold, were exposed to an ambient temperature (Ta) of 21 degrees C for five consecutive nights. Electrophysiological stages of sleep, O2 consumption (VO2), and skin (Tsk), rectal (Tre), and tympanic (Tty) temperatures were recorded. Compared with five nights at a thermoneutral Ta of 29 degrees C, cold induced increased wakefulness and decreased stage 2 sleep, without significantly affecting other stages. Tre and Tty declined during each condition. The decrease in Tre was greater at 21 degrees C than at 29 degrees C, whereas Tty did not differ significantly between conditions. Increases in Tty following REM sleep onset at 21 degrees C were negatively correlated with absolute Tty. VO2 and forehead Tsk also increased during REM sleep at both TaS, whereas Tsk of the limb extremities declined at 21 degrees C. Unsuppressed REM sleep in association with peripheral vasoconstriction and increased Tty and VO2 in cold-exposed humans, do not signify an inhibition of thermoregulation during this sleep stage as has been observed in other mammals.
111 citations
TL;DR: The findings provide considerable support for a PRF cholinergic hypothesis of REMS generation and regulation and suggest that the alterations in REMS result from a muscarinic receptor mediated change in PRF neuronal activity.
Abstract: Although there is much evidence that single microinjections of cholinomimetics into the pontine reticular formation (PRF) evokes rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), no study has yet demonstrated whether protracted manipulations of PRF cholinergic levels can produce sustained alteration of this sleep state. In this study, in rats, an indwelling, chronically implanted osmotic mini-pump was used to infuse carbachol, scopolamine, or saline solutions into various brainstem regions or the fourth ventricle for a period of five consecutive days. Throughout the period of pump operation, carbachol infusions chiefly in the PRF produced sustained REMS augmentation primarily during the night cycle, whereas scopolamine produced a sustained decrease in REMS primarily during the day cycle. The findings provide considerable support for a PRF cholinergic hypothesis of REMS generation and regulation and suggest that the alterations in REMS result from a muscarinic receptor mediated change in PRF neuronal activity.
109 citations
TL;DR: A statistical comparison of both experiments suggested that both steroids not only reduced REM sleep but also tended to enhance intermittent wakefulness, which represents a first demonstration of differential effects of synthetic and natural corticosteroids on sleep.
Abstract: The present two experiments were designed to investigate the effects of a synthetic and of a natural corticosteroid on nocturnal sleep in humans. Both experiments were held double-blind and designed according to a within-subject cross-over comparison. In the first experiment, 1 mg of dexamethasone applied orally prior to sleep (11.00 p.m.) led to a reduction of the percent of time spent in REM and in stage 4 sleep. The amount of stage 2 sleep tended to be increased after dexamethasone. In the second experiment, an infusion of 100 mg hydrocortisone throughout the night also reduced REM, but increased stage 4 sleep. A statistical comparison of both experiments suggested that both steroids not only reduced REM sleep but also tended to enhance intermittent wakefulness. This analysis also confirmed opposite effects on measures of slow-wave sleep of both substances. The results represent a first demonstration of differential effects of synthetic and natural corticosteroids on sleep, which has to be substantiated in further studies directly comparing effects of these steroids.
76 citations
TL;DR: It is strongly suggested that failure to measure concurrent sleep parameters and screen for occult sleep disorders could result in the incorrect diagnosis of abnormal nocturnal penile tumescence.
74 citations
TL;DR: In this article, sleep was studied in nine patients for two to four days after major non-cardiac surgery by continuous polygraphic recording of electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, and electromyogram.
Abstract: Sleep was studied in nine patients for two to four days after major non-cardiac surgery by continuous polygraphic recording of electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, and electromyogram. Presumed optimal conditions for sleep were provided by a concerted effort by staff to offer constant pain relief and reduce environmental disturbance to a minimum. All patients were severely deprived of sleep compared with normal. The mean cumulative sleep time (stage 1 excluded) for the first two nights, daytime sleep included, was less than two hours a night. Stages 3 and 4 and rapid eye movement sleep were severely or completely suppressed. The sustained wakefulness could be attributed to pain and environmental disturbance to only minor degree. Sleep time as estimated by nursing staff was often grossly misjudged and consistently overestimated when compared with the parallel polygraphic recording. The grossly abnormal sleep pattern observed in these patients may suggest some fundamental disarrangement of the sleep-wake regulating mechanism.
67 citations
TL;DR: Findings suggest that subjectively poor sleep is not necessarily "light" sleep, and there was little relationship between reported habitual aspects of sleep and baseline polygraphically defined sleep variables.
Abstract: Ten insomniacs with age- and sex-matched controls had studies of baseline sleep, relation of polygraphically defined sleep to retrospective reports, and arousal thresholds to electronic tones or to a recording of a voice calling out the subject's name. The two groups differed in 10 out of 13 questions about habitual sleep and daytime feelings. In contrast, polygraphic measures of baseline sleep indicated only that insomniacs tended to have slightly less total sleep and had a small but significant increase in early morning awakening time. Unlike the descriptions of habitual sleep, the subjects' retrospective reports of the previous night's sleep differed significantly only for the variable of total sleep time, and there were virtually no differences in the description of their status at a given moment. Auditory arousal thresholds were similar in the two groups, and both went back to sleep and stayed asleep with equal facility. These findings suggest that subjectively poor sleep is not necessarily "light" sleep. For both groups, arousal thresholds differed across the sleep stages, and thresholds to hearing the subject's name were lower than those in response to electronic tones. Although insomniacs had as much polygraphically defined sleep as controls between the forced awakenings of the arousal threshold studies, they perceived their sleep to be only approximately half as long. Insomniacs described themselves as having been awake more frequently than controls in 8 out of 10 forced awakening situations. In one case, insomniacs also overestimated the time between awakenings. In both groups, there was little relationship between reported habitual aspects of sleep and baseline polygraphically defined sleep variables. On questionnaires the following mornings, however, in both groups there was a positive correlation of subjective quality of sleep on the baseline nights with percentage of rapid eye movement sleep, and a negative correlation to various aspects of slow-wave sleep.
66 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Electrophysiological measures of all-night sleep were made on each night subsequent to medication, and paroxetine caused more frequent awakenings, reduced total sleep and strongly suppressed REM sleep, especially the 30 mg dosage.
Abstract: In a first double-blind, balanced order study, 12 subjects, mean age 57 years, took placebos at bedtime on 2 nights, paroxetine 15 mg on 2 nights and paroxetine 30 mg on 2 nights. In a second study, 12 subjects, mean age 56 years, took placebos on 2 mornings and paroxetine 30 mg on 2 mornings. Electrophysiological measures of all-night sleep were made on each night subsequent to medication. Paroxetine caused more frequent awakenings, reduced total sleep and strongly suppressed REM sleep, especially the 30 mg dosage. When it had been taken in the morning, paroxetine additionally delayed sleep onset and increased slow-wave sleep.
58 citations
TL;DR: The studies suggest that the mechanism of the reduction in ventilation and the hypercapnic ventilatory response seen during sleep, particularly NREM sleep, is likely to be multifactorial and not totally a product of decreasing central respiratory drive.
Abstract: Previous investigation in normal humans has demonstrated reduced ventilation and ventilatory responses to chemical stimuli during sleep. Most have interpreted this to be a product of decreasing central nervous system sensitivity to the normal stimuli that maintain ventilation, whereas other factors such as increasing airflow resistance could also contribute to this reduction in respiration. To improve our understanding of these events, we measured ventilation and occlusion pressures (P0.1) during unstimulated ventilation and rebreathing-induced hypercapnia during wakefulness and non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Eighteen subjects (10 males and 8 females) of whom seven were snorers (5 males and 2 females) were studied. Ventilation was reduced during both NREM and REM sleep (P less than 0.05), but this decrement in minute ventilation tended to be greater in snorers than nonsnorers. Unstimulated P0.1, on the other hand, was maintained or increased during sleep in all groups studied, with males and snorers showing the largest increase. The hypercapnic ventilatory response fell during both NREM and REM sleep and tended to be lower during REM than NREM sleep. However, the P0.1 response to hypercapnia during NREM sleep was well maintained at the waking level although the REM response was statistically reduced. These studies suggest that the mechanism of the reduction in ventilation and the hypercapnic ventilatory response seen during sleep, particularly NREM sleep, is likely to be multifactorial and not totally a product of decreasing central respiratory drive.
54 citations
TL;DR: It looks as though non-specific platform effects override the effects of PS deprivation, and it is improbable that the platform-pendulum controversy is due to differences in the amount ofPS deprivation or the other sleep parameters measured here.
54 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that in acute studies, the effects of inhibition of uptake on sleep are likely to arise from presynaptic inhibition of release of transmitter, although other mechanisms cannot be excluded.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) latency test are not biological markers for depressive illness but artifacts arising from dietary and sleep disturbances that accompany depression was examined, putting in question the diagnostic value of the DST and REM latency tests in clinical practice.
TL;DR: REM sleep propensity, as measured by the number of naps with REM and the amount of REM sleep among those naps that contained REM, was affected only by the circadian phase of the nap, with trough naps containing significantly less REM, and SWS remained wake-responsive at both phases of the diurnal cycle.
TL;DR: It is concluded that pineal hormones have sleep‐promoting effects, but that their correlation with the lightdark cycle does not imply that they are causal factors in generating diurnal rhythms of sleep and wakefulness.
Abstract: Melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine were administered continuously over a period of 1-3 months to adult male rats by means of subcutaneously implanted silastic capsules containing one or the other of these pineal hormones. Polygraphic recordings during several weeks following hormonal application showed an increase in the amount of time spent in both quiet and rapid eye movement sleep, during the light as well as the dark period; however, diurnal sleep-wake rhythmicity was not affected by either treatment. We conclude that pineal hormones have sleep-promoting effects, but that their correlation with the light-dark cycle does not imply that they are causal factors in generating diurnal rhythms of sleep and wakefulness.
TL;DR: The relative paucity of discharge timing relationships, the state dependency, and the low r values of the tonic rate correlations suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex has a complex and indirect relationship to central cardiovascular and respiratory control mechanisms.
TL;DR: Sleep was improved subjectively by both doses of promethazine which appears to be an effective hypnotic and sleep interruptions were reduced.
Abstract: Twelve volunteer poor sleepers of mean age 59 years took placebo on one night, promethazine 20 mg on one night and promethazine 40 mg on one night, in a double-blind balanced order study Sleep in the EEG laboratory was increased by nearly 1 h after either dose of promethazine, and sleep interruptions were reduced Slow-wave sleep was unaffected, but the larger dose reduced the percentage of sleep spent as REM sleep Sleep was improved subjectively by both doses of promethazine which appears to be an effective hypnotic
TL;DR: The equivalent sound pressure level measured for high-density road traffic seems to be a valuable predictor for subjective sleep disturbances as long as the maximum levels do not exceed it by more than 8-10 dBA.
Abstract: Eighteen female and 18 male students (21-30 years) slept in the lab during 12 consecutive nights each, where a high-density road traffic noise was played back with four intensities. EEG and EOG were recorded continuously throughout the nights. In the morning the subjects assessed their sleep and completed a reaction time test. The following conclusions were made: Performance was not affected by noise. REM sleep decreased abruptly as soon as the sound pressure level exceeded 44 dBA. With increasing noise, sleep was assessed as increasingly worse. Noise-induced sleep disturbances were not related to sex. The equivalent sound pressure level measured for high-density road traffic seems to be a valuable predictor for subjective sleep disturbances as long as the maximum levels do not exceed it by more than 8-10 dBA. On the basis of the assessment of sleep and supported by the abrupt decrease of REM sleep, an equivalent noise level of 40 dBA indoors was defined as a critical load, above which nocturnal noise cannot be tolerated any longer. Language: en
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: None of the classical sleep disturbances reported in depression (short REM latency, decreased delta sleep and increased REM density) were observed in mania suggesting that with the exception of sleep continuity disturbances, sleep in manic is comparable to sleep in normal subjects.
Abstract: Sleep polygraphic recordings were performed in six unmedicated male manics, in age and sex matched unipolar and bipolar depressives and in normal controls. No difference was evidenced between manics, depressives and controls when percentages of sleep stages 1, 2, 3, 4 and REM were considered. Manics demonstrated poorer sleep efficiency, longer sleep onset latency and reduced sleep period time than normal controls but no more so than in our depressed patients. None of the classical sleep disturbances reported in depression (short REM latency, decreased delta sleep and increased REM density) were observed in mania suggesting that with the exception of sleep continuity disturbances, sleep in mania is comparable to sleep in normal subjects.
TL;DR: The possibility that two fatal sleep-associated syndromes (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and the Oriental Nocturnal Death Syndrome) may involve deficits of REM was discussed and the mechanism used by the brain to promote and ensure recovery from sleep was discussed.
TL;DR: Asthmatics with nocturnal wheeze may suffer bronchoconstriction during REM sleep, and multivariate analysis showed that the overnight decreases in forced expiratory volume in one second and peak expiratories flow rate were significantly related both to time and to REM sleep.
Abstract: Many patients with asthma are troubled by nocturnal wheeze. The cause of this symptom is unknown, but sleep is an important factor. A study was carried out to determine whether nocturnal bronchoconstriction is related to any specific stage of sleep. Eight asthmatics with nocturnal wheeze and eight control subjects performed forced expiratory manoeuvres immediately after being woken from rapid eye movement (REM) or non-REM sleep, wakings being timed to differentiate temporal effects from those related to the stage of sleep. The control subjects showed no significant temporal bronchoconstriction or bronchoconstriction related to the stage of sleep. All patients showed bronchoconstriction overnight, the mean peak expiratory flow rate falling from 410 (SEM 50) 1/min before sleep to 186 (49)1/min after sleep. After the patients had been woken from REM sleep the forced expiratory volume in one second was on average 300 ml lower (p less than 0.02) and peak expiratory flow rate 45 1/min lower (p less than 0.03) than after they had been woken from non-REM sleep. As wakenings from REM sleep were 21(8) minutes later in the night than those from non-REM sleep multivariate analysis was performed to differentiate temporal effects from those related to the stage of sleep. This showed that the overnight decreases in forced expiratory volume in one second and peak expiratory flow rate were significantly related both to time and to REM sleep. This study suggests that asthmatics may suffer bronchoconstriction during REM sleep.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the acrophase of REM sleep is advanced by several hours for a few months after alcohol withdrawal have also been observed in patients with endogenous depression.
TL;DR: The results suggest that dopaminergic mechanisms may indeed be involved in the effects of REM sleep deprivation and/or stress.
Abstract: 3 H-Spiroperidol binding to dopamine receptor sites of rat striatal tissue was studied following 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REM dep.). The density of dopamine receptor binding sites (B max ) was decreased after 48, 72, and 96 hr of REM dep. The apparent dissociation constant (K D ) decreased after 96 hr, indicating an increase in apparent affinities. The control experimental animals also presented a time-dependent decrease of B max and K D as compared to unhandled controls. These results suggest that dopaminergic mechanisms may indeed be involved in the effects of REM sleep deprivation and/or slress.
TL;DR: The data indicate that in dogs the sum of forces which dilate the upper airway during W decreases during SWS and REM sleep, and the consistent coupling between inspiratory drive andupper airway dilatation during wakefulness persists in SWS, but is frequently uncoupled during REM sleep.
Abstract: We measured the pressure within an isolated segment of the upper airway in three dogs during wakefulness (W), slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Measurements were taken from a segment of the upper airway between the nares and midtrachea while the dog breathed through a tracheostoma. These pressure changes represented the sum of respiratory-related forces generated by all muscles of the upper airway. The mean base-line level of upper airway pressure (Pua) was -0.5 +/- 0.03 cmH2O during W, increased by a mean of 2.1 +/- 0.2 cmH2O during SWS, and was variable during REM sleep. The mean inspiratory-related phasic change in Pua was -1.2 +/- 0.1 cmH2O during wakefulness. During SWS, this phasic change in Pua decreased significantly to a mean of -0.9 +/- 0.1 cmH2O (P less than 0.05). During REM sleep, the phasic activity was extremely variable with periods in which there were no fluctuations in Pua and others with high swings in Pua. These data indicate that in dogs the sum of forces which dilate the upper airway during W decreases during SWS and REM sleep. The consistent coupling between inspiratory drive and upper airway dilatation during wakefulness persists in SWS, but is frequently uncoupled during REM sleep.
TL;DR: Compared to baseline, scopolamine produced a significant decrease in REMS during the period of drug administration; during the withdrawal days, however, REMS increased during the morning period, and 3H-QNB was used as the ligand to assess for changes in muscarinic receptor binding.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the dorso-lateral pontine area, which is considered to exert a tonic inhibitory influence in the generation of the phasic activity during PS, also mediates in the sleep-wakefulness cycle as an inhibitory region for controlling proportions of PS.
TL;DR: The results indicate that both REM sleep duration and PGO spikes have a cholinergic component and that the auditory stimulus exerts its REM enhancing properties in a manner which seems to be independent of the PGO spike density.
TL;DR: Data presented in this paper report a marked decrease in 3H-cyclic AMP synthesis after REMSd, which is in accordance with previous results showing adrenergic receptor down-regulation following REMD, and in view of possible interaction with dopaminergic systems and depression management.
Abstract: Beta adrenergic sites in rat brain are reduced after repeated treatment with antidepressant drugs, with REM sleep deprivation (REMd) having the same effect. This paper reports the effects of REMSd in the production of 3 H-cyclic AMP in frontal cortical slices by NE challenge. Data presented in this paper report a marked decrease in 3 H-cyclic AMP synthesis after REMSd, which is in accordance with previous results showing adrenergic receptor down- regulation following REMSd. Results are discussed in view of possible interaction with dopaminergic systems and depression management.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that rapid eye movements contingent auditory stimulation in man leads to some consistent (quantitative and qualitative) modifications of REM sleep behavior.
TL;DR: Analysis of data of the second part of the night revealed that plasma cortisol was primarily decreasing when rapid eye movement sleep (REM) was present, and there was no evidence for a particular EEG event triggering the first rise of plasma cortisol during the night.
Abstract: The relationship between the plasma cortisol level and sleep stages was investigated in a single male subject across 17 nights. Blood samples were taken every 30 min from 11.00 p.m. until 02.30 a.m. and every 15 min during the rest of the night. Data analyses performed for the whole nights did not give evidence for strong relations between plasma cortisol and sleep stages. Analyses on data of the second part of the night, beginning with the onset of the first cortisol peak, revealed that plasma cortisol was primarily decreasing when rapid eye movement sleep (REM) was present. Sleep stage I and periods of wakefulness were associated with increasing cortisol levels. There was no evidence for a particular EEG event triggering the first rise of plasma cortisol during the night.
TL;DR: BAHS produced a significant increase in the percentage of REM sleep as well as a decrease in undifferentiated sleep and latency to the first REM.
Abstract: Several investigators have described the altered sleep patterns in Down's syndrome subjects. The most relevant findings have been a reduction in percentage of REM sleep, a prolonged latency to the first REM episode, an increase in undifferentiated sleep, and a reduced ratio of the oculomotor frequencies. Because it is of interest to identify new drugs able to increase the percentage of REM sleep in mentally retarded subjects, we studied the effects of butoctamide hydrogen succinate (BAHS) on nocturnal sleep in eight young institutionalized Down's syndrome subjects. BAHS produced a significant increase in the percentage of REM sleep as well as a decrease in undifferentiated sleep and latency to the first REM.