Showing papers on "Rivalry published in 2013"

Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism.

Abstract: We present a process model that distinguishes 2 dimensions of narcissism: admiration and rivalry. We propose that narcissists' overarching goal of maintaining a grandiose self is pursued by 2 separate pathways, characterized by distinct cognitive, affective-motivational, and behavioral processes. In a set of 7 studies, we validated this 2-dimensional model using the newly developed Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (NARQ). We showed that narcissistic admiration and rivalry are positively correlated dimensions, yet they have markedly different nomological networks and distinct intra- and interpersonal consequences. The NARQ showed the hypothesized 2-dimensional multifaceted structure as well as very good internal consistencies (Study 1, N = 953), stabilities (Study 2, N = 93), and self-other agreements (Study 3, N = 96). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry showed unique relations to the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), the Big Five, self-esteem, pathological narcissism, and other narcissism-related traits like Machiavellianism, psychopathy, self-enhancement, and impulsivity (Study 4, Ns = 510-1,814). Despite the positive relation between admiration and rivalry, the 2 differentially predicted general interpersonal orientations and reactions to transgressions in friendships and romantic relationships (Study 5, N = 1,085), interpersonal perceptions during group interactions (Study 6, N = 202), and observed behaviors in experimental observations (Study 7, N = 96). For all studies, the NARQ outperformed the standard measure of narcissism, the NPI, in predicting outcome measures. Results underscore the utility of a 2-dimensional conceptualization and measurement of narcissism.

The rise of heritage : preserving the past in France, Germany and England, 1789-1914

Abstract: Where does our fascination for 'heritage' originate? This groundbreaking comparative study of preservation in France, Germany and England looks beyond national borders to reveal how the idea of heritage emerged from intense competition and collaboration in a global context. Astrid Swenson follows the 'heritage-makers' from the French Revolution to the First World War, revealing the importance of global networks driving developments in each country. Drawing on documentary, literary and visual sources, the book connects high politics and daily life and uncovers how, through travel, correspondence, world fairs and international congresses, the preservationists exchanged ideas, helped each other campaign and dreamed of establishing international institutions for the protection of heritage. Yet, these heritage-makers were also animated by fierce rivalry as international tension grew. This mixture of international collaboration and competition created the European culture of heritage, which defined preservation as integral to modernity, and still shapes current institutions and debates.

First Things First: The Pressing Danger of Crisis Instability in U.S.-China Relations

Abstract: Since the mid-1990s, much has been written about the potentially disruptive impact of China if it emerges as a peer competitor challenging the United States Not enough attention has been paid, however, to a more immediate danger—that the United States and a weaker China will find themselves locked in a crisis that could escalate to open military conflict The long-term prospect for a new great power rivalry ultimately rests on uncertain forecasts about big shifts in national capabilities and debatable claims about the motivations of the two countries By contrast, the danger of crisis instability involving these two nuclear-armed states is a tangible near-term concern An analysis that examines the current state of US-China relations and compares it with key aspects of US-Soviet relations during the Cold War indicates that a serious Sino-American crisis may be more likely and more dangerous than expected The capabilities each side possesses, and specific features of the most likely scenarios for US

A model of binocular rivalry and cross-orientation suppression

Abstract: Binocular rivalry and cross-orientation suppression are well-studied forms of competition in visual cortex, but models of these two types of competition are in tension with one another. Binocular rivalry occurs during the presentation of dichoptic grating stimuli, where two orthogonal gratings presented separately to the two eyes evoke strong alternations in perceptual dominance. Cross-orientation suppression occurs during the presentation of plaid stimuli, where the responses to a component grating presented to both eyes is weakened by the presence of a superimposed orthogonal grating. Conventional models of rivalry that rely on strong competition between orientation-selective neurons incorrectly predict rivalry between the components of plaids. Lowering the inhibitory weights in such models reduces rivalry for plaids, but also reduces it for dichoptic gratings. Using an exhaustive grid search, we show that this problem cannot be solved simply by adjusting the parameters of the model. Instead, we propose a robust class of models that rely on ocular opponency neurons, previously proposed as a mechanism for efficient stereo coding, to yield rivalry only for dichoptic gratings, not for plaids. This class of models reconciles models of binocular rivalry with the divisive normalization framework that has been used to explain cross-orientation. Our model makes novel predictions that we confirmed with psychophysical tests.

Factor‐Market Rivalry and Competition for Supply Chain Resources

Abstract: Organizations monitor factor-markets for strategic inputs that directly contribute to the firms' unique advantage. Thus, managers may be unaware of essential supporting inputs that bundle with strategic inputs to sustain the organization's success. Increasingly, supply chain resources are part of that strategic bundle of resources essential for achieving the firm's competitive advantage. This research employs a conceptual theory-building approach to examine competition among diverse industries in factor-markets using the example of supply chain services and the relatively new lens of factor-market rivalry theory. Data relative to air cargo capacity in China, port capacity in South Vietnam and the U.S. port and rail system provide the context for theoretical and practical insights into the implications of factor-market rivalry on firm performance.

Firm rivalry, knowledge accumulation, and MNE location choices

Abstract: The international business (IB) literature has mostly emphasized the impact of location and firm characteristics on location choices. However, industries with a significant presence of multinational enterprises (MNEs) are oligopolistic in nature, which suggests that rivalry among firms plays an important role in firms’ dynamic decision-making processes. This paper explores how rivalry and differential knowledge accumulation among competitors affect MNEs’ geographic expansion across time and markets. Specifically, we build a model in which two competing firms with different capabilities simultaneously decide a sequence of market entries. Following previous research, we allow the possibility that certain markets are closer (a better fit) to one firm than to the other, and that certain knowledge is more transferable across markets (less market specific). We then solve the model computationally, and identify three equilibrium strategies – avoid, collocate, and stronger-chases-weaker – depending on the initial relative firm capabilities, market attractiveness, market–firm fit, and knowledge transferability. By explicitly incorporating firm rivalry across multiple markets, our model offers a comprehensive approach to understanding the drivers behind MNEs’ sequential location choices, and offers alternative explanations for some important empirical observations in IB, such as bunching and second-mover advantage in market entries.

Beyond Myths, Lies and Stereotypes: The Political Economy of a ‘New Scramble for Africa’

Abstract: Commentators across the political spectrum have increasingly drawn attention to a ‘new scramble for Africa’. This ‘new scramble’ marks the latest chapter of imperialist engagement, with not only Western states and corporations but also those of ‘emerging economies’ seeking to consolidate their access to African resources and markets. The ‘new scramble for Africa’ involves therefore significant transformations related to shifts in global politico-economic power. However, as this article elaborates, much of the burgeoning literature on the ‘new scramble for Africa’ is premised upon problematic substantive, theoretical and ontological claims and debates. In particular, the article seeks to challenge two commonplace and related narratives. Firstly, the highly questionable representations of the scale and perceived threat of emerging powers’ (particularly China’s) involvement in Africa, in contrast to the silences, hypocrisy and paternalistic representation of the historical role of the West. Second, and relatedly, debate and analysis are framed predominantly within an ahistoric statist framework of analysis, particularly that of inter-state rivalry between China and other ‘emerging’ states vs. Western powers. Absent or neglected in such accounts are profound changes in the global political economy within which the ‘new scramble for Africa’ is to be more adequately located.

The China Choice: Why We Should Share Power

Abstract: 1. A HARD CHOICE 2. AMERICA IN ASIA 3. CHINA: POWER AND AMBITION 4. THE MILITARY BALANCE 5. THE ASIAN SETTING 6. AMERICA'S OPTIONS, AMERICA'S OBJECTIVES 7. THE REALITY OF RIVALRY 8. A CONCERT OF ASIA 9. DEALING WITH CHINA 10. THE PRESIDENT'S SPEECH ENDNOTES INDEX

The R&D investment-uncertainty relationship: Do strategic rivalry and firm size matter?

Abstract: This paper uses a real options perspective to augment a standard research and development (R&D) investment model and implement a firm-level empirical analysis to assess the practical significance of market uncertainty and its interactions with strategic rivalry and firm size. We use a measure of firm-relevant market uncertainty along with panel data and find that firms invest less in current R&D as uncertainty about market returns increases. The effect of firm-specific uncertainty on R&D investment is smaller in markets where strategic rivalry is likely to be more intense. Furthermore, holding access to financing constant, the effect of uncertainty on R&D investment is attenuated for large firms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Saudi Arabia and Iran : soft power rivalry in the Middle East

Abstract: Introduction Chapter 1: The Middle East in International Relations Chapter 2: Arabian Gulf vs. Persian Gulf Chapter 3: History, Politics and Narratives of State-Building, Chapter 4: Religious Incongruence Chapter 5: Ethno-Tribal Incongruence Chapter 6: The Response of the State Chapter 7: Internal-External Security Dilemmas Conclusion

War, Rivalry, and State Building in the Middle East

Abstract: We examine how war and rivalry affect state building in the Middle East. We argue that wars and rivalries promote state capacity, defined as the ability of a government to penetrate society for the purposes of resource extraction. Using cross-national time-series data for eighteen Middle Eastern countries from 1960 to 2003, we find that the structural pressure caused by the presence of international and domestic rivals augments extractive capacity. Conversely, both international and civil wars jeopardize state building in the Middle East. Furthermore, the negative effects of war upon state capacity are far greater than the constructive effects of rivalry.

Supermarkets as a natural oligopoly

Abstract: This paper proposes and tests a model of supermarket competition based upon an endogenous fixed cost (EFC) framework (Sutton, J. Sunk Cost and Market Structure: Price Competition, Advertising, and the Evolution of Concentration. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991.). The relevance of the EFC framework to supermarket competition stems from the industry's surprisingly uniform competitive structure: irrespective of the size of the local market, a small number of firms (between three and six) capture the majority of sales. As markets grow, local rivalry drives firms to expand their fixed investments, limiting the number of firms that can profitably enter even the largest markets. Although markets stay concentrated, competition remains fierce, reflecting the inherently rivalrous nature of the underlying competitive mechanism. The goal of this paper is to identify the strategic focus of this rivalry, namely the drive to provide an ever greater variety of consumer products, and to eliminate alternative explanations for the observed structure by highlighting the unique form of firm conduct that characterizes this industry. (JEL D21, D43, L11, L13, L22, L81)

Investigating the impact of conference realignment on rivalry in intercollegiate athletics

Abstract: The current study quantitatively investigated how fan perceptions and willingness to consider committing anonymous acts of aggression toward participants of the rival teams differed between a rival in a current conference and an anticipated one in a new conference. A sample of 168 online fans of teams affected by conference realignment were administered a survey containing the Sport Rivalry Fan Perception Scale (SRFPS: Havard, Gray, Gould, Sharp, 8c Schaffer, 2013) and questions regarding willingness to consider committing anonymous acts of aggression (Wann, Haynes, McLean, 8c Pullen, 2003; Wann, Petersen, Cothran, 8c Dykes, 1999; Wann 8c Waddill, in press). Two-way MANOVA revealed significant differences existed regarding one SRFPS subscale, and ANOVA indicated that fans were more likely to consider committing anonymous acts of aggression toward participants of the current than anticipated rival team. Discussion centers on academic and sport marketing implications of the findings and potential areas for future research

How Rivalries End

Abstract: Chapter 1. The Problem of Rivalry Deescalation and Termination Chapter 2. The Evolution of Expectations and Strategies Chapter 3. The Egyptian-Israeli Rivalry, 1948-1970 Chapter 4. The Egyptian-Israeli Rivalry, 1970-1979 Chapter 5. The Israeli-Syrian Rivalry, 1948-2000, and the Israeli-Palestinian Rivalry, 1980s and Early 1990s Chapter 6. The Indo-Pakistani Rivalry, 1947-2010 Chapter 7. Other Eurasian Rivalries and Their Interdependence Chapter 8. The Outcome: Assessing the Rivalry Deescalation Theory Appendix Notes References Index

Skyscrapers and skylines: new york and chicago, 1885–2007†

Abstract: This paper investigates skyscraper competition between New York City and Chicago. The urban economics literature is generally silent on strategic interaction between cities, yet skyscraper rivalry between these cities is a part of U.S. historiography. This paper tests whether there is, in fact, strategic interaction across cities. First, I find that each city has positive reaction functions with respect to the other city, suggesting strategic complementarity. In regard to zoning, I find that height regulations negatively impacted each city, but produced positive responses by the other city, providing evidence for strategic substitutability.

Energy, Economics, and Security in Central Asia: Russia and Its Rivals

Abstract: : Five Central Asian states emerged out of the Soviet Union's Central Asian republics in 1991. Although U.S. policy makers presumed that Iran would inevitably sweep them into its sphere of influence, this has not happened. Nor is it likely to occur. Instead there has developed a multistate competition for influence and even control of these new states. This competition involves Russia as the leading force in the area and Moscow's main rivals are Turkey, Iran, Pakistan (and India), China, and the United States. This rivalry is particularly strong in the struggle among these states to gain positions of leverage over the energy economy, i.e. production, pipelines, and refining in Central Asia because this region is blessed with enormous energy deposits. These deposits are crucial to Central Asia's integration with the world economy and economic progress. Indeed, energy exports may be the only way these governments can hope for any economic stability and progress in the future.

A monocular contribution to stimulus rivalry

Abstract: When corresponding areas of the two eyes view dissimilar images, stable perception gives way to visual competition wherein perceptual awareness alternates between those images. Moreover, a given image can remain visually dominant for several seconds at a time even when the competing images are swapped between the eyes multiple times each second. This perceptual stability across eye swaps has led to the widespread belief that this unique form of visual competition, dubbed stimulus rivalry, is governed by eye-independent neural processes at a purely binocular stage of cortical processing. We tested this idea by investigating the influence of stimulus rivalry on the buildup of the threshold elevation aftereffect, a form of contrast adaptation thought to transpire at early cortical stages that include eye-specific neural activity. Weaker threshold elevation aftereffects were observed when the adapting image was engaged in stimulus rivalry than when it was not, indicating diminished buildup of adaptation during stimulus-rivalry suppression. We then confirmed that this reduction occurred, in part, at eye-specific neural stages by showing that suppression of an image at a given moment specifically diminished adaptation associated with the eye viewing the image at that moment. Considered together, these results imply that eye-specific neural events at early cortical processing stages contribute to stimulus rivalry. We have developed a computational model of stimulus rivalry that successfully implements this idea.

Russia, the West and the Integration Dilemma

Abstract: By excluding one another from initiatives promoting engagement and integration with post-Soviet states, the West and Russia have created an inadvertent and unnecessary rivalry.

Perceptions of highly identified fans regarding rival teams in US intercollegiate football and men’s basketball

Abstract: Havard et al. (2013) developed and validated the sport rivalry fan perception scale (SRFPS) as a way to measure fan perceptions of four aspects regarding a rival team (indirect competition, academic prestige, sportsmanship, sense of satisfaction through direct competition). The current study investigated differences in SRFPS subscale mean scores of highly-identified intercollegiate football and men’s basketball fans in the USA regarding type of favourite team, proximity to favourite team, season ticket holder status of favourite team, and the outcome of the most recent rivalry contest. A series of MANCOVAs indicated that favourite team (football or basketball), season ticket holder status, and outcome of the most recent rivalry contest contributed to significant differences in rival perceptions after controlling for team identification. Discussion focuses on implications of these findings for academics and practitioners, as well as areas for future research.

Competitive Strategies against Continental Powers: The Geopolitics of Sino-Indian-American Relations

Abstract: This article makes three arguments about the Sino-American competition, the Sino-Indian rivalry, and the US-India partnership. First, past maritime-continental rivalries suggest that China will pose a greater challenge to American interests as it confronts fewer threats on land, while the US may require continental allies to counter-balance China's rise. Second, whereas a Sino-Indian continental security dilemma could benefit the US by compelling China to invest in capabilities that do not threaten it, a Sino-Indian maritime security dilemma could have the opposite effect. Third, Washington should consider India as a prospective continental ally rather than a potential maritime partner.

Shooting for a Century: The India-Pakistan Conundrum

Abstract: The rivalry between India and Pakistan has proven to be one of the world's most intractable international conflicts, ever since 1947 when the British botched their departure from the South Asian subcontinent. And the enmity is likely to continue for another thirty-five years, reaching the century mark. This has critical implications for both countries and the rest of the world. Renowned South Asia expert Stephen P. Cohen explains why he expects this rivalry to continue in this first comprehensive survey of the deep historical, cultural, and strategic differences that underpin the hostility. In recent years the stakes have increased as India and Pakistan have each acquired a hundred or more nuclear weapons, blundered into several serious crises, and become victims of terrorism, some of it from across their borders. America is puzzled by the problem of dealing with a rising India and a struggling Pakistan, and Cohen offers a fresh approach for U.S. policy in dealing with these two powers. Drawing on his rich experience in South Asia to explore the character, depth, and origin of Indian and Pakistani attitudes toward each other, Cohen develops a comprehensive theory of why the dispute between New Delhi and Islamabad is likely to persist. He also describes the terrible cost of this animosity for the citizens of India and Pakistan, including the region's high levels of violence and low level of economic integration. On a more hopeful note, however, he goes on to suggest developments that could ameliorate the tension, including a more active role for the UnitedStates in addressing a range of issues that divide the nations. Kashmir is one of these issues, but as much a consequence as a cause of the rivalry. Can India and Pakistan resolve their many territorial and identity issues? Perhaps the best they can expect in the near term is a limited degree of normalization, including bottom-up ideas generated by the peace and business communities, as well as a realistic assessment by strategic elites of the two states' shared common interests. "Right now, full normalization seems unlikely," Cohen writes in the preface, "so this book is suffused with conditional pessimism: normalization would be desirable, but there are worse futures than a projection of the present rivalry for another thirty years or more".

Qualitative Assessment of Rivalry and Conference Realignment in Intercollegiate Athletics

Abstract: Conference realignment has fundamentally impacted the landscape of intercollegiate athletics in a myriad of ways, one of which is the competitive relationships schools share with each other. The loss of traditional rivals has left many teams, schools, and fan bases the task of finding new teams to fill the void (Maisel, 2011; Thorburn, 2010; Ubben, 2011). The current study utilized various individual and group theories to qualitatively investigate fan reactions to their favorite teams moving to a conference separate from their traditional rivals. In particular, participants were asked to describe their initial and lasting impressions of their favorite teams no longer playing their traditional rivals, their perceptions of conference realignment in general, and to describe the ways conference realignment has and will impact their favorite and traditional rival teams. Through interviews with sixteen fans of intercollegiate teams impacted by conference realignment, fundamental need for rivalry was identified as the core category, along with three supporting categories; derogation of the rival, life cycle of the rivalry, and replacing the rivalry. The current study can help academics and practitioners understand how fans replace a traditional rival that is lost as a consequence of conference realignment. Areas for future research are also discussed.

Hooligan Wars: Causes and Effects of Football Violence

Abstract: The good, the bad, the beautiful game: a mix that few can explain and yet whenever football hooliganism breaks out, the government, the football authorities, the police and journalists are all too ready to offer quick-fix solutions - solutions that rarely consider the underlying causes of the violence. Is it about boys becoming men? Racism and the hatred of all things foreign? Or about a defence of territory and national pride? This title looks behind the easy answers by comparing England's fan culture to football supporters' experience in France, Germany and Holland. The role of fascist groups is investigated. The effect of media coverage of hooliganism is analyzed. And the impact of all-seater stadiums reviewed. Rivalry with "the other lot" and winding up those we love to put one over on will always be a big part of what it means to be a football fan. Is the connection between this and violence something that can never be broken? What would football be like free of hooliganism? In trying to rid the game of its ugly underbelly, are we in danger of softening too many of those rough edges that makes it so special? This is a book that takes risks by asking awkward questions. Football violence is a self-fulfilling prophecy. It's time to break the spell.

Saudi Arabia and Iran: Power and Rivalry in the Middle East

Abstract: IntroductionChapter 1: The Middle East in International RelationsChapter 2: Arabian Gulf vs. Persian GulfChapter 3: History, Politics and Narratives of State-BuildingChapter 4: Religious IncongruenceChapter 5: Ethno-Tribal IncongruenceChapter 6: The Response of the StateChapter 7: Internal-External Security DilemmasConclusion

Cold Peace: China–India Rivalry in the Twenty-First Century

Abstract: Foreword Section 1: Threat Perceptions 1 A Civil Rivalry Section 2: Territory 2 Defining the Dispute 3 Return to Rivalry 4 The Elusive Settlement Section 3: Tawang and Tibet 5 Tawang 6 Tibet 7 The Rise of the Sikyong and the Succession of the Dalai Lama Section 4: Third Parties 8 The United States in China-India Relations 9 Sweeter than Honey: Pakistan in China-India Relations Section 5: Turf 10 China and the Indian Ocean: A Quest for Energy Security 11 Securing India's Ocean: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands 12 India Looking East: Freedom of Navigation and the South China Sea Section 6: Trade 13 Trade and the Global Commons 14 Summary of Conclusions Bibliography

Clearing the Hurdle: Border Settlement and Rivalry Termination

Abstract: Why do interstate rivalries end? In pursuit of this question, we advance a territorial theory of rivalry, which bridges the limited theoretical work on rivalry termination, the logic of commitment problems, and recent research associated with the territorial peace. We argue that unsettled borders are caused by an underlying commitment problem that contributes to the formation and perpetuation of rivalry. Ending the rivalry (by settling the borders) requires overcoming this fundamental commitment problem. We suggest that the signing of an international border agreement therefore represents a tangible indicator that states have overcome this commitment problem. After such agreements, we consequently expect rivalry termination to hasten and the rivalries that persist to experience fewer, shorter, and less severe conflict episodes. Empirical analysis of rivalries during the period 1816–2001 confirm these expectations. Such findings offer support to our unified territorial theory of rivalry and suggest that th...

Same Bed, Different Dreams: China's ‘peaceful rise’ and Sino–Russian rivalry in Central Asia

Abstract: China is already outpacing Russia, which is encountering ever more difficulties in trying to arrange a continental bloc of satellite states. While it may not be possible for China to organize its own version of such a bloc given the deep-rooted regional fears and apprehensions about Chinese objectives, in the coming years it will probably be the primary foreign economic presence in Central Asia, able to cash in on the political advantages that accrue to any such power.