Showing papers on "Social psychology (sociology) published in 1995"

Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes.

Abstract: Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or unconscious fashion. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that past experience influences judgment in a fashion not introspectively known by the actor. The present conclusion--that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation--extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology. Methodologically, this review calls for increased use of indirect measures--which are imperative in studies of implicit cognition. The theorized ordinariness of implicit stereotyping is consistent with recent findings of discrimination by people who explicitly disavow prejudice. The finding that implicit cognitive effects are often reduced by focusing judges' attention on their judgment task provides a basis for evaluating applications (such as affirmative action) aimed at reducing such unintended discrimination.

Social Exchange Theory

Abstract: Much of social life involves interactions between individuals or corporate actors in dyads, groups, organizations or networks that can be viewed as social exchanges. This chapter presents an overview of the main theories of social exchange focusing on the key contributors in sociology, including George Homans, Peter Blau, Richard M. Emerson and those whose work subsequently built on their original formulations. The theories that have been developed in recent decades have focused on the social structures created by repeated exchanges and the ways in which these structures both constrain and enable actors to exercise power and influence. Other related social processes addressed within the exchange tradition include interpersonal commitment, trust, fairness, procedural and distributive justice, coalition formation and collective action. Recent work also focuses on emotions and their role in social exchange. The methodological challenges of studying social exchange in the laboratory and in the world outside the lab are addressed as well as links between exchange theory and topics under study by economic sociologists and network scholars more broadly, including Internet-mediated exchanges and their growing significance.

Prejudice: Its Social Psychology

Abstract: Preface. Chapter 1: The Nature of Prejudice. Chapter 2: Prejudiced Individuals. Chapter 3: Social Categorization and Prejudice. Chapter 4: Stereotyping and Prejudice. Chapter 5: The Development of Prejudice in Children. Chapter 6: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations. Chapter 7: Prejudice Old and New. Chapter 8: Prejudice from the recipients' point of view. Chapter 9: Reducing Prejudice. References.

Game Theory and its Applications: In the Social and Biological Sciences

Abstract: Andrew Coleman provides an accessible introduction to the fundamentals of mathematical gaming and other major applications in social psychology, decision theory, economics, politics, evolutionary biology, philosophy, operational research and sociology.

The Importance of Us: A Philosophical Study of Basic Social Notions

Abstract: 1. Norms, tasks, and we-attitudes. 2. Intentional joint action. 3. We-intentions and their cognates. 4. Social groups: a conative approach. 5. Group actions. 6. Joint goals and group goals. 7. Group beliefs. 8. Social roles. 9. The existence of social entities. 10. Towards a general dynamic theory of society.

Social Justice and Social Movements

Abstract: SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Tom R. Tyler and Heather J. Smith Department of Psychology University of California, Berkeley INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS WORKING PAPER NO. 61 JANUARY 1995 Draft of a chapter to appear in D. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, and G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (4th edition). N.Y.: McGraw-Hill. Please do not quote. Comments are welcome. Department of Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall - 1650, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650. (work: 510-642-5292/ FAX: 510-642-5293). e-mail: TTyler@Garnet.Berkeley.Edu. We would like to thank Robert Boeckmann for his help in preparing this chapter.

Institutional and Resource Dependence Determinants of Responsiveness to Work-Family Issues

Abstract: Whether and how organizations choose strategies that address pressures from both their exchange and the institutional environments has recently become a central question in organization theory. We ...

Social Postmodernism: Feminist encounters: locating the politics of experience

Abstract: Feminist and antiracist struggles in the 1990s face some of the same urgent questions encountered in the 1970s. After two decades of engagement in feminist political activism and scholarship in a variety of sociopolitical and geographical locations, questions of difference (sex, race, class, nation), experience, and history remain at the center of feminist analysis. Only, at least in the US academy, feminists no longer have to contend as they did in the 1970s with phallocentric denials of the legitimacy of gender as a category of analysis. Instead, the crucial questions in the 1990s concern the construction, examination, and, most significantly, the institutionalization of difference within feminist discourses. It is this institutionalization of difference that concerns me here. Specifically, I ask the following question: how does the politics of location in the contemporary United States determine and produce experience and difference as analytical and political categories in feminist “cross-cultural” work? By the term “politics of location” I refer to the historical, geographical, cultural, psychic, and imaginative boundaries which provide the ground for political definition and self-definition for contemporary US feminists. Since the 1970s, there have been key paradigm shifts in Western feminist theory. These shifts can be traced to political, historical, methodological, and philosophical developments in our understanding of questions of power, struggle, and social transformation. Feminists have drawn on decolonization movements around the world, on movements for racial equality, on peasant struggles, and on gay and lesbian movements, as well as on the methodologies of Marxism, psychoanalysis, deconstruction, and poststructuralism to situate our thinking in the 1990s.

Distance Matters: Physical Space and Social Impact

Abstract: Studies of college students and citizens of south Florida, United States, students in Shanghai, China, and an international sample of social psychologists show that social influence, measured by the frequency of memorable interactions, is heavily determined by distance. In all three cases, although there was a great deal of interaction with distant persons, the relationship between distance and interaction frequency was well described by an inverse power function with a slope of approximately -1, consistent with the expectation that social impact is proportional to the inverse square of the distance separating two persons. This result confirms one principle from Latane's 1981 theory of social impact and helps explain the ability of opinion minorities to cluster and survive in the face of majority influence.

Religiousness, Race, and Psychological Well-Being: Exploring Social Psychological Mediators

Abstract: Research and theory combine to suggest that the relationship between religious belief and psychological well-being should be more positive among Black than among White individuals. Further, this relationship should be mediated by social psychological aspects of religion that have positive implications for well-being, such as self-enhancing religious attributions and a positive social identity associated with one's religious affiliation. These predictions were examined in a sample of 66 Black and 59 White university students. Religious belief salience and psychological well-being were moderately positively correlated, but only among Black subjects. The relationship between religious belief and well-being was partially mediated by attributions to God that enhance life meaning and positive social identification resulting from one's religious affiliation, again only among Black subjects. Implications of these results for the self-maintenance of Black college students are discussed.

Social Psychology and Health

Abstract: Changing conceptions of health and illness Determinants of health behaviour: a social psychological analysis Beyond persuasion: the modification of health behaviour Behaviour and health: excessive appetites Behaviour and health: self-protection Stress and health Moderators of the stress-health relationship The role of social psychology in health.

A Social Psychological Model for Predicting Sexual Harassment

Abstract: This article presents a Person X Situation model of sexual harassment. In the tradition of Lewin (1951), this model suggests that sexually harassing behavior may be predicted from an analysis of social situational and person factors. Sexual harassment is a behavior that some people do some of the time. The social norms in specific organizational settings may “permit” sexual harassment. Certain individuals may possess proclivities for sexual harassment. When individuals with a proclivity for sexual harassment are placed in social situations that permit or accept this sort of behavior, the behavior is most likely to occur. From a review of research relating social norms in organizational settings and sexual harassment incidence, women are found more likely to experience sexual harassment in workplaces where men perceive the social norms as permitting such behavior. Research on sexual harassment proclivities in men also is reviewed. A profile of men who are high in the likelihood to sexually harass (LSH) is developed through an examination of correlations between the LSH scale and (1) standard self-report inventories, (2) social cognitive measures, and (3) social behaviors measured in laboratory settings. Possible applications of the Person X Situation analysis to different forms of sexual harassment are discussed.

Attitudes toward Rape: Feminist and Social Psychological Perspectives

Abstract: Introduction PART ONE: A CIRCLE IN THE MAKING Feminist Visions Attitudes toward Rape and Rape Victims Survey Research Rape Perceptions and Attributions Experimental Research Social and Institutional Responses to Rape Field Research Returning to the Victim Theory and Research on Psychological Reactions to Sexual Violence PART TWO: A CIRCLE IN THE BREAKING Changing Attitudes Changing Systems Feminist Action-Oriented Research Conclusion

The Social Psychology of Gender

Abstract: This brief undergraduate supplemental text is the latest edition to the prestigious McGraw-Hill Series in Social Psychology. This text is a major new contribution to the rapidly emerging field of the social psychology of gender. Shawn Burn has included the highest level of research and scholarship making this book academically rigorous, yet keeping it accessible for the undergraduate student. The goal of this text is to diffuse the gender-based stereotypical differences reinforced by our society with systematic, objectively grounded research. Social Psychology of Gender focuses our attention on the power of social norms and cultural traditions and on the reward structures inherent in different socialization pressures. This text also explores how we may escape the limitations of traditional gender roles, changing them for our better mental and physical health and for a fuller enjoyment of life.

Ideological discourse analysis

Abstract: Ideological analysis of language and discourse is a widely practised scholarly and critical endeavour in the humanities and the social sciences. The presupposition of such analyses is that ideologies of speakers or writers may be uncovered by close reading, understanding or systematic analysis, if language users explicitly or unwittingly express their ideologies through language and communication. Despite these widespread practices and assumptions, however, the theory that relates discourse and these underlying ideologies is far from explicit. Indeed, in discourse studies, as well as in cognitive and social psychology or the social sciences, we do not know much about how exactly ideologies are either developed by or through discourse, on the one hand, or how they control or otherwise influence text and talk, on the other hand. In this paper, therefore, I summarize some theoretical assumptions developed in my current project on discourse and ideology, and discuss some specific issues that have so far been ignored in the practice of ideological discourse analysis.

Depression research methodologies in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: A review and critique.

Abstract: Personality and social psychological studies of depression and depressive phenomena have become more methodologically sophisticated in recent years. In response to earlier problems in this literature, investigators have formulated sound suggestions for research designs. Studies of depression published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JPSP) between 1988 and 1993 were reviewed to evaluate how well these recommendations have been followed. Forty-one articles were examined for adherence to 3 suggestions appearing consistently in the literature: (a) multiple assessment periods, (b) multiple assessment methods, and (c) appropriate comparison groups. The studies published in JPSP have not adhered well to these standards. The authors recommend resetting minimum methodological criteria for studies of depression published in the premier journal in personality and social psychology.

Birth Order and Evolutionary Psychology: A Meta-Analytic Overview

Abstract: (1995). Birth Order and Evolutionary Psychology: A Meta-Analytic Overview. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 75-80.

Social Postmodernism: Politics, culture, and the public sphere: toward a postmodern conception

Abstract: Recent years have seen a burgeoning of interest in the United States of the concept of the public sphere. This concept finds its most sophisticated theoretical elaboration in Jurgen Habermas's 1962 book, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere . In fact, it was the belated publication of an English translation of this book in 1989 that sparked the current revival of interest in this topic (Habermas 1989). This revival is in my view quite salutary. The idea of the public sphere is a valuable conceptual resource for contemporary critical theory. It designates a theatre in modern societies in which political participation is enacted through the medium of talk. It is the space in which citizens deliberate about their common affairs, hence, an institutionalized arena of discursive interaction. This arena is conceptually distinct from the state; it a site for the production and circulation of discourses that can in principle be critical of the state. The public sphere in this sense is also conceptually distinct from the official economy; it is not an arena of market relations but rather one of discursive relations, a theatre for debating and deliberating rather than for buying and selling. Thus, this concept of the public sphere permits us to keep in view distinctions between state apparatuses, economic markets, and democratic associations. Such distinctions are essential to democratic theory. They are especially important today, when “democracy” has once again become a keyword of political life, invoked to justify various postcommunist scenarios, even as its meaning is hotly contested. If the idea of the public sphere is an indispensable resource for the political theory of contemporary democracy, it is no less important for contemporary cultural critique.

Social Psychology: A Critical Agenda

Abstract: Preface. Part I: 1. The Mission, Message and Marketing of Social Psychology. 2. Towards a Critical Social Psychology. Part II: 3. From Personality to Textual Identities. 4. Between Ourselves. 5. In Social Worlds. Part III: 6. From Attitudes to Opinionation as Discourse. 7. Science and Common Sense. Part IV: 8. From Animosity to Atrocity: Social Psychology Explains Aggression. 9. Social Emotions. 10. Pomosexualities: Challenging the Missionary Position. Part V: 11. Methods of Enquiry. 12. Inconclusions. Bibliography. Index.

Social intelligence and interaction : expressions and implications of the social bias in human intelligence

Abstract: Introduction Esther N. Goody Part I. Primary Processes: l. The ape legacy Richard W. Byrne 2. How to invent a shared lexicon Edwin Hutchins and Brian Hazlehurst 3. Kinship organization Nurit Bird-David Part II. The Interactive Negotiation of Meaning in Conversation: 4. On projection Jurgen Streeck 5. Interaction sequences and anticipatory interactive planning Paul Drew 6. Where does foresight end and hindsight begin? David Good Part III. Genres as Tools that Shape Interaction: 7. Politeness strategies and the attribution of intentions Penelope Brown 8. Interaction planning and intersubjective adjustment of perspectives by communicative genres Thomas Luckmann Part IV. Expressions of a Social Bias in Intelligence: 9. Divination as dialogue David Zeitlyn l0. Social intelligence and prayer as dialogue Esther N. Goody 11. Interactional biases in human thinking Stephen C. Levinson 12. Stories in the social and mental life of people Michael Carrithers.

Social Psychology: An Introduction

Abstract: Social cognition and social thinking causal attribution and social knowledge the nature and measurement of attitudes changing attitudes social influence group processes leadership and group decision making prejudice inter-group behaviour aggression affiliation, attraction and love prosocial behaviour language and communication the physical environment and social behaviour.