Showing papers on "Social psychology (sociology) published in 1999"

Dual-process theories in social psychology

Abstract: This informative volume presents the first comprehensive review of research and theory on dual-process models of social information processing. These models distinguish between qualitatively different modes of information processing in making decisions and solving problems (e.g., associative versus rule-based, controlled versus uncontrolled, and affective versus cognitive modes). Leading contributors review the basic assumptions of these approaches and review the ways they have been applied and tested in such areas as attitudes, stereotyping, person perception, memory, and judgment. Also examined are the relationships between different sets of processing modes, the factors that determine their utilization, and how they work in combination to affect responses to social information.

Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Behavioral Research: A Correlational Approach

Abstract: 1. Basic concepts of focused procedures 2. Basic procedures for two groups 3. One-way contrast analysis 4. Contrasts in factorial designs 5. Contrasts in repeated measures 6. Multiple contrasts.

XIV—Moral Philosophy Meets Social Psychology: Virtue Ethics and the Fundamental Attribution Error

Abstract: Ordinary moral thought often commits what social psychologists call 'the fundamental attribution error'. This is the error of ignoring situational factors and overconfidently assuming that distinctive behaviour or patterns of behaviour are due to an agent's distinctive character traits. In fact, there is no evidence that people have character traits (virtues, vices, etc.) in the relevant sense. Since attribution of character traits leads to much evil, we should try to educate ourselves and others to stop doing it.

Social Identity and Social Cognition

Abstract: List of Figures. List of Tables. List of Contributors. Preface and Acknowledgments. 1. Social Identity and Social Cognition: Historical Background and Current Trends: Michael Hogg and Dominic Abrams. 2. Integrating Social Identity and Social Cognition: A Framework for Bridging Diverse Perspectives: Don Operario and Susan T. Fiske. 3. Social Categorization and Social Context: Is Stereotype Change a Matter of Information or of Meaning? Penelope J. Oakes, S. Alexander Haslam and Katherine J. Reynolds. 4. Perceived Entitativity and the Social Identity Value of Group Memberships: Steven J. Sherman and David L. Hamilton. 5. Perceiving and Responding to Multiply Categorizable Individuals: Cognitive Processes and Affective Intergroup Bias: Theresa K. Vescio, Miles Hewstone, Richard J. Crisp and J. Mark Rubin. 6. Exploring Automatic Stereotype Activation: A Challenge to the Inevitability of Prejudice: Lorella Lepore and Rupert Brown. 7. Stereotyping, Processing Goals, and Social Identity: Inveterate and Fugacious Characteristics of Stereotypes: Vance Locke and Iain Walker. 8. Affective and Cognitive Implications of a Group Becoming Part of the Self: New Models of Prejudice and of the Self--Concept: Eliot R. Smith. 9. Social Identity, Social Cognition and the Self: The Flexibility and Stability of Self--Categorization: Dominic Abrams. 10. Implicit Self--Esteem: Shelly D. Farnham and Anthony G. Greenwald. 11. Joining Groups to Reduce Uncertainty: Subjective Uncertainty Reduction and Group Identification: Michael A. Hogg and Barbara A. Mullin. 12. Group Membership, Social Identity, and Attitudes: Deborah J. Terry, Michael A. Hogg, and Julie M. Duck. 13. Social Identity and Persuasion: Reconsidering the Role of Group Membership: Dean van Knippenberg. 14. Majority and Minority Influence: The Interactions of Social Identity and Social Cognition Mediators: Diane M. Mackie and Sarah B. Hunter. References. Subject Index. Name Index.

Theory and method of social representations

Abstract: This paper gives an overview of social representation theory, definitions of the key terms and of the social processes leading to a representation and to social identity. Six empirical studies are presented and details of their methods and findings are given to illustrate this social psychological approach. These studies are about the ontogenesis of gender, the public sphere in Brazil, madness on British television, images of androgyny in Switzerland, individualism and democracy in post-communist Europe and metaphorical thinking about conception. The methods are ethnography, interviews, focus-groups, content analysis of media, statistical analysis of word associations, questionnaires and experiments. Finally, social representation theory is compared to theories of attitudes, schemata and social cognition.

Risk and 'The other'

Abstract: From earthquakes to epidemics, AIDS to industrial accidents, the mass media continually bring into our daily lives the awareness of risk. But how do people respond to this increased awareness? How do people cope with living in what has been termed 'the risk society'? This book attempts to explain how, within a given social and cultural context, individuals make sense of impending crisis. In particular it tries to explain the phenomenon of a widespread sense of personal invulnerability when faced with risk: the 'not me' factor. Using a social psychological framework it highlights emotional factors which are a key component of responses to risk but have hitherto been neglected due to the tendency of much work on risk to concentrate almost exclusively on cognitive processing. This book will appeal to an international audience of post-graduates, academics and researchers in the areas of risk, psychology, sociology, medical anthropology and psychoanalytic studies.

Causes and Consequences of Social Interaction on the Internet: A Conceptual Framework

Abstract: Increasingly, people are connecting to the Internet from their homes in order to interact with others. This article discusses research on Internet social interaction in terms of the following questions: What predicts who will look for and form social relationships on the Internet and who won't? How do people present themselves to others over the Internet? How is social interaction on the Internet similar and different from the more traditional forms of interaction? And what are the consequences of participating in Internet groups and interacting with others one-on-one for the individual's self concept and social relationships? The conceptual framework offered here organizes research on the social psychology of the Internet into three time phases (before, during, and after extensive social interactions and group participation) and two distinct types of motivations that drive Internet social behavior (self-related and socially related). After a review of the research on these issues so far we conclude that ...

Filial piety and loyalty: Two types of social identification in

Abstract: The Confucian concepts of filial piety and loyalty are examined in terms of social identity theory in order to illustrate the arrangement of interpersonal relationships between self and others in Confucian culture. Filial piety, the core idea of Confucian ethics for ordinary people, is explained in the context of my previous analysis of the structure of Confucianism (Hwang, 1995). The social consequences of practicing Confucian ethics for ordinary people in the agricultural society of traditional China are illustrated with Fei’s (1948) concept of differential structure and F. L. K. Hsu’s (1971) psychosociogram. The concept of loyalty is contrasted with filial piety with reference to the optimal distinctiveness theory. Empirical studies are cited to illuminate the psychological implications of holding filial attitudes and of the modification of filiaty under the impact of modernization. Finally, suggestions for future research are offered based on current analysis of issues related to this topic. In my article ‘‘Face and favor: the Chinese power Game’’ (1987) I constructed a theoretical model to illustrate social interactions in Chinese society. In Chapter 6 of my book Knowledge and Action(1995), I analyzed Confucianism with reference to that model. The goal of this article is to explore the Confucian concepts of filial piety and loyalty in terms of social identification theory in order to distinguish the two types of arrangements for interpersonal relationships between self and other in Confucian culture. Reinterpreting Confucianism from the perspective of social psychology may enable psychologists to construct a series of theoretical models to describe various aspects of Chinese social behavior, and to conduct empirical research in Confucian societies. First, I use anthropologist Grace G. Harris’ (1989) distinctions between the three concepts of individual, self, and person to explain how the Confucian proposition of self and social relationships reflects the Chinese concept of personhood. Second, I present Confucian teachings on the ideal arrangement of interpersonal relationships for ordinary people and for scholars. Analysis focuses on the Confucian concepts of filial piety and loyalty, the cores of ethics for these two categories of person. I adopt social identity theory and the optimal distinctiveness theory to illustrate the two types of social identification implied in the Confucian concepts of filial piety and loyalty. In the final section, I review empirical research on related topics to examine the psychological consequences of holding filial attitudes, and their modification under the impact of Western influences. Suggestions for

Socially Shared Cognition, Affect, and Behavior: A Review and Integration

Abstract: In this article, we review 4 classes of models of socially shared cognition and behavior: supraindividual models, information-processing models, communication models, and social interaction models. Our review draws on research and theory in social psychology, sociology, and organization behavior. We conclude that these innovative perspectives on socially shared behavior represent a new approach to the study of groups and are distinct from traditional models of the group mind and crowd behavior. The key processes implicated in these models focus on the potency of immediate interaction, reciprocal influence processes between individuals and groups, goal-directed behavior, negotiated processing of information and ideas, and the maintenance and enhancement of social identity. This approach to socially shared understanding is not antagonistic toward the analysis of individual-level processes but rather maintains that individual-level processes are necessary but not sufficient to build a social psychology of sh...

Social determinants of food choice.

Abstract: Food choice is influenced by a large number of factors, including social and cultural factors. One method for trying to understand the impact of these factors is through the study of attitudes. Research is described which utilizes social psychological attitude models of attitude-behaviour relationships, in particular the Theory of Planned Behaviour. This approach has shown good prediction of behaviour, but there are a number of possible extensions to this basic model which might improve its utility. One such extension is the inclusion of measures of moral concern, which have been found to be important both for the choice of genetically-modified foods and also for foods to be eaten by others. It has been found to be difficult to effect dietary change, and there are a number of insights from social psychology which might address this difficulty. One is the phenomenon of optimistic bias, where individuals believe themselves to be at less risk from various hazards than the average person. This effect has been demonstrated for nutritional risks, and this might lead individuals to take less note of health education messages. Another concern is that individuals do not always have clear-cut attitudes, but rather can be ambivalent about food and about healthy eating. It is important, therefore, to have measures for this ambivalence, and an understanding of how it might impact on behaviour.

The social psychology of collective action : identity, injustice and gender

Abstract: Introduction. Social Psychological Approaches to Collective Action. Social Beliefs and Participation: Exploring Associations. Explaining Initial Involvement: Why Join Women's Groups? Outcomes of Participation. Explaining Non-activism. Conclusions. Appendixes. References. Index.

Environment and Social Theory

Abstract: Written in an engaging and accessible manner by one of the leading scholars in his field, Environment and Social Theory, completed revised and updated with two new chapters, is an indispensable guide to the way in which the environment and social theory relate to one another. This popular text outlines the complex interlinking of the environment, nature and social theory from ancient and pre-modern thinking to contemporary social theorizing. John Barry: examines the ways major religions such as Judaeo-Christianity have and continue to conceptualize the environment analyzes the way the non-human environment features in Western thinking from Marx and Darwin, to Freud and Horkheimer explores the relationship between gender and the environment, postmodernism and risk society schools of thought, and the contemporary ideology of orthodox economic thinking in social theorising about the environment. How humans value, use and think about the environment, is an increasingly central and important aspect of recent social theory. It has become clear that the present generation is faced with a series of unique environmental dilemmas, largely unprecedented in human history. With summary points, illustrative examples, glossary and further reading sections this invaluable resource will benefit anyone with an interest in environmentalism, politics, sociology, geography, development studies and environmental and ecological economics.

Mass media, social control, and social change : a macrosocial perspective

Abstract: Are mass media an agent of social control or social change? To varying degrees, the contributors to this book take up this question. Some place greater emphasis on control; others on change. But all share the view that the media processes and effects cannot be explained solely as a function of either control or change. The contributors to this volume also share a commitment to explaining media processes and effects from a structural, macro, or systemic perspective -- a sorely neglected level of analysis. The 17 chapters in this book are written by both established and emerging scholars from the fields of media studies, political communication, and media sociology. They examine a number of important topics, including social conflict, guided and secular social change, media and public opinion, civic communication, coverage of social groups, social movements, media impact on individuals, groups and institutions, and news making. This book is a must read for advanced students and scholars in mass communication, journalism, sociology, and political science.

The Complete Social Scientist: A Kurt Lewin Reader

Abstract: Part 1 Philosopher of Science: Introduction Cassirer's Philosophy of Science and the Social Sciences The Conflict Between Aristotle and Galileian Modes of Thought in Contemporary Psychology Psychoanalysis and Topological Psychology. Part 2 Research Psychologist: Introduction Intention, Will and Need Two Fundamental Types of Life Processes Levels of Aspiration Frustration and Aggression Patterns of Aggressive Behaviour in Experimentally Created "Social Climates". Part 3 Applied Psychology: Introduction Jewish Education and Reality Group Decision and Social Change Dynamics of Group Action. Part 4 Sage: Introduction Socializing the Taylor System Democracy and the School Personal Adjustment and Group Beloningness Psychology and the Process of Group Living.

Honor, Symbols, and War

Abstract: Nelson Mandela's presidential inauguration invitation to his former jailer; the construction and destruction of the Berlin Wall; the Gulf War's yellow ribbons. While the symbolic nuances of words and actions such as these are regular concerns for foreign policy practitioners, the subject has never been emphasized in international relations theory. That will change with the publication of this exceptionally original work.Many practitioners see symbolism as peripheral compared to resources, interests, military power, and alliances. Those who theorize about norms, ideas, and institutions tend to be open to the importance of symbolism, but they have not drawn out its details. Barry O'Neill's "Honor, Symbols, and War" puts symbolism at the center of the discussion. O'Neill uses the mathematical theory of games to study a network of concepts important in international negotiation and conflict resolution: symbolism, honor, face, prestige, insults, and apologies. His analysis clarifies the symbolic dynamics of several phenomena, including leadership, prenegotiation maneuvers, crisis tension, and arms-control agreements.This book will be of interest to political scientists, in particular those involved with game theory and international relations. Its findings also will prove useful to students of cultural anthropology, sociology, social psychology, and political behavior.Barry O'Neill is Associate Professor of Politics, School of Management, Yale University.

Living apart together

Abstract: Traditionally, marriage has been the social institution for couples that have been together for a long period. Some decades ago a new social institution appeared in the Western world: non-marital cohabitation, although this was slower to be accepted in some countries than in others. Living Apart Together (LAT) relationships, are a new phenomenon which seems to have the potential of becoming the third stage in the process of social change. In contrast to couples in commuting marriages which have one household in common, couples living in LAT relationships have one household each. We discuss some data on the frequency of LAT relationships in Sweden and Norway as well as some varieties of the phenomenon. Our analysis suggests that the existence of cohabitation as a social institution, alongside marriage, is a necessary precondition for LATs to be recognised as a social institution. LAT relationships could not exist unless a preceding social institution of cohabitation also exists.

Categorization in social psychology

Abstract: PART ONE: COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CATEGORIZATION Some Starting Assumptions Perceivers' Perspectives and Social Consensus Categorization and Cognition I Introducing Category Function and Structure Categorizationand Cognition II Category Learning, Formation and Use The Categorization Process in Social Psychology I Biased Stimulus Processing and Knowledge Activation Categorization as Meaning Creation I Self-Categorization Theory and Some Other Developments Categorization as Meaning Creation II Other Sense-Making Approaches Contrasting Perspectives on Motivated Relative Perception PART TWO: SOME EXPLORATIONS IN SOCIAL CATEGORIZATION Group Variability and Consistency The Constraints of the Social Context on Categorization Categorization, Covariation and Causal Explanation Conclusion Categorization as Explanation

The social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems: Interfaces of social and clinical psychology.

Abstract: Interfaces of Social and Clinical Psychology Where We've Been, Where We Are Attributional Processes - an Integration of Social and Clinical Psychology Everyday Egocentrism and Everyday Interpersonal Problems Social Comparisons in Dysphoric and Low Self-Esteem People Self-Regulation and Psychopathology Problematic Social Emotions Shame, Guilt, Jealousy and Envy The Social and Psychological Importance of Self-Esteem Speaking the Unspeakable - Self-Disclosure and Mental Health Maladaptive Image Maintenance Social Support and Psychological Disorder - Insights from Social Psychology Dysfunctional Relationships Group Dynamics and Psychological Well-Being - the Impact of Groups on Adjustment and Dysfunction Social-Clinical Psychology - a 20-Year Retrospective.

Cross-cultural Psychology

Abstract: This article examines some of the limitations of social psychology and shows how they can be remedied by increased attention to cross‐cultural studies. For example, many of the key constructs of the discipline, such as self, conformity, control, intelligence, and well being, are culture bound. The author proposes directions in theory development and methodology that will incorporate cultural syndromes in social psychological theories. Also, the author gives examples of methodologies that can consider simultaneously attributes of the participants (including their culture), attributes of the actors and targets of action (including their culture), attributes of the setting and context of the study, the prior relationships of the actor and target, and the attributes of the behaviors under examination.

Environmental psychology: Mapping landscape meanings for ecosystem management

Abstract: An intellectual map is a good starting point for any effort to integrate research on the human dimensions of ecosystem management We must remember going into such exercises, however, that every map maker imposes a certain point of view, sense of order, or set of conventions in the effort to represent the world Just as there are competing ways to divide the landscape into ecological or social units, there are many ways to divide intellectual territory One interpretation of the relevant intellectual domains to be inregrated and applicd to ecosystem management is the list of disciplines (chapters) that make up the present section of this volume Also influencing how the world will be represented is the selection of authors to write these chapters This chapter was described as social psychology in the original prospectus for the book, but we prefer to characterize our subject matter as environmental psychology We explicitly excluded subject matter from behavioral psychology, humanistic psychology, personality, psychophysiology, and cognitive science, though these are all relevant On a broad intellectual map, psychology is the place where individual differences in attitudes, values, and beliefs are usually charted For the purpose of identifying and suggesting ways psychology can contribute to this integrated effort we need to briefly describe how we would locate environmental psychology on the intellectual map before discussing the details of the terrain within its borders

Theory and research on small groups

Abstract: Research on small groups played an important role in the early formulation of social psychology. By the 1970s, however, the field had lost the interest of most social psychologists. Theory and Research on Small Groups reintegrates that work back into the mainstream of social psychology. The more recent issues-oriented' approach has not only resulted in many interesting findings-it has also applied basic social psychological theory in new ways and, moreover, led to new theoretical developments that deserve more attention. This volume, which features the work of esteemed researchers from around the world, is a bountiful resource worthy of notice by all social psychologists.

The Impact of Attitudes on Memory: An Affair to Remember

Abstract: Many theories of the effects of attitudes on memory for attitude-relevant information would predict that attitudinally congenial information should be more memorable than uncongenial information. Yet, this meta-analysis showed that this congeniality effect is inconsistent across the experiments in this research literature and small when these effects are aggregated. The tendency of the congeniality effect to decrease over the years spanned by this literature appeared to reflect the weaker methods used in the earlier studies. The effect was stronger in 2 kinds of earlier experiments that may be tinged with artifact: those in which the coding of recall measures was not known to be blind and those that used recognition measures that were not corrected for bias. Nonetheless, several additional characteristics of the studies moderated the congeniality effect and suggested that both attitude structure and motivation to process attitude-relevant information are relevant to understanding the conditions under which people have superior memory for attitudinally congenial or uncongenial information. Do attitudes exert a causal impact on what people learn and remember? Historically, psychologists have proposed a congeniality effect on memory—the hypothesis that people have better memory for information that supports, confirms, or reinforces their evaluations of social, political, and personal issues than for information that undermines or challenges these attitudes. This issue of whether attitudes influence memory has endured since the beginning of experimental research in social psychology. It is as central to contemporary research on attitudes and social cognition (see Eagly, 1992; Eagly & Chaiken, 1993) as it was to the "new look" perspective of the late 1940s, which held that psychological states such as expectancies, schemas, values, affect, and attitudes exert selective effects at all stages of information processing (e.g., Bruner & Goodman, 1947; see also Fiske & Taylor, 1991; Olson, Roese, & Zanna, 1996). Moreover, well before the "new look,"

The prediction of gambling behavior and problem gambling from attitudes and perceived norms

Abstract: The aim of this study was to characterise attitudes and social norms with respect to gambling among a population of adult Australians. A further aim was to evaluate whether gambling behaviour (as measured by its frequency) and problem gambling (as measured by its negative social effects on an individual) could be predicted by a model combining attitudes and social influences. With a sample of 215 late adolescents and adults, the Theory of Reasoned Action was found to significantly predict gambling frequency and problem gambling, with intentions predicting actual behaviour in both cases. Subjective norms only indirectly affected behaviour (through intention) in the case of problem gambling, but had both direct and indirect effects on gambling frequency, while attitudes to gambling predicted intentions, rather than directly predicting behaviour. Males were likely to gamble more often than females, and to judge their behaviour as a problem. Across the sample, although most had gambled at some time (89 per cent), gambling frequency and problem gambling were low, and attitudes and subjective norms with respect to gambling were a complex mixture of acceptance and rejection.

The Problem of “Us” Versus “Them” and AIDS Stigma:

Abstract: This article has two goals. The first is to consider what the social-psychological literature on social identity, ingroup-outgroup perception, and prejudice contributes to the understanding of AIDS...