Showing papers on "Social stress published in 1987"
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the theoretical perspective on the analysis of coping with negative life events are discussed, and the role of Similarity/Difference Information in Excuse-Making is discussed.
Abstract: I. Introductory Theoretical Viewpoint.- 1: The Effects of Theoretical Perspective on the Analysis of Coping with Negative Life Events.- II. Effort Expenditure Perspectives.- 2: Help-Seeking as a Coping Mechanism.- 3: Coping Difficulty, Energy Mobilization, and Appraisals of a Stressor: Introduction of a Theory and a Comparison of Perspectives.- 4: Effort Expenditure Following Failure.- 5: Depression, Self-Focused Attention, and Self-Regulatory Perseveration.- III. Control/Mastery Perspectives.- 6: Coping with Traumatic Events: The Role of Denial in Light of People's Assumptive Worlds.- 7: Daily Life Events and Mood.- 8: Coping After A Relationship Ends.- IV. Social Comparison Perspectives.- 9: Social Comparison and Illusions of Invulnerability to Negative Life Events.- 10: Downward Comparison as a Coping Mechanism.- V. Image Maintenance Perspectives.- 11: Threats to Identity: Self-Identification and Social Stress.- 12: Coping With the Prospect of Disapproval: Strategies and Sequelae.- 13: The Role of Similarity/Difference Information in Excuse-Making.- VI. Overview Perspective.- 14: Stress and Coping.- Author Index.
198 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, social factor differences between respondents with and without courtship violence experience and between male offenders and female victims were explored and the relevance of the theory of patriarchy to courtship, and for parent education and the counseling professions were discussed.
Abstract: Social factor differences between respondents with and without courtship violence experience and between male offenders and female victims were explored. Data from the Seven College Survey revealed that those with courtship violence experience (victims and offenders) exhibit relatively "problematic" social profiles. Especially significant were race, religion, social stress, isolation, disrupted home, distant-harsh parenting, early dating, and school, employment, and alcohol problems. Offenders differed from victims in closeness to male parents and frequency of church attendance. Implications for relevance of the theory of patriarchy to courtship, and for parent education and the counseling professions are discussed.
121 citations
TL;DR: Quitters had lower heart rates than relapsers during relaxation and intrapersonal situations and had lower anxiety scores at the end of the procedures, while women showed more stress and less confidence in their ability to cope than did men.
Abstract: Relapse remains a major problem in successful smoking cessation. This study evaluated selected responses and coping skills in male and female quitters and relapsers in four situational contexts: general social competence, smoking-specific "high-risk-for-relapse" situations, social anxiety, and relaxation. Results showed that quitters coped better than relapsers with intrapersonal (e.g., negative mood) smoking-specific situations. Quitters had lower heart rates than relapsers during relaxation and intrapersonal situations and had lower anxiety scores at the end of the procedures. Women showed more stress and less confidence in their ability to cope than did men. Groups did not differ in responses to the general social competence and social anxiety procedures. Results are discussed in the context of the importance of considering individual differences in responses and in coping skills for treatment and relapse prevention for smokers.
119 citations
TL;DR: Among socially subordinate males, HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I concentrations were significantly reduced by 31% and 25%, respectively, compared to concentrations in dominant individuals, suggesting that exposure of subordinate individuals to elevated levels of social stressors could cause lower HDL- C concentrations.
Abstract: Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease are promoted by elevated serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and are retarded by increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Considerable variability in these lipoproteins has been observed in studies of captive animals subjected to extensive experimental manipulations, or by epidemiological studies of human beings. We have examined these variables in wild male baboons living undisturbed in their natural habitat in the Serengeti Ecosystem of East Africa. Among socially subordinate males, HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I concentrations were significantly reduced by 31% and 25%, respectively, compared to concentrations in dominant individuals. There were no social rank differences in VLDL + LDL-C or its apolipoprotein (Apo B). Differences in age, sex hormone concentrations, rank-related diet, body weight, or gene pools were unlikely to explain this rank-related pattern. However, diminished HDL-C concentrations were associated with elevated basal cortisol concentrations, suggesting that exposure of subordinate individuals to elevated levels of social stressors could cause lower HDL-C concentrations.
89 citations
TL;DR: Although there is no generally accepted definition of 'a state of stress' in biological or social systems, biologists and social and behavioral scientists continue to use the term meaningfully by describing and measuring sources of stress and their observed effects on living organisms, without attempting to define the intervening variables.
86 citations
TL;DR: The conclusion is that the profound changes in males with sexual contact can attenuate the stress-reproductive disruption relationship.
68 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the distinction between stress associated with major life events and that associated with "daily hassles" as well as the possible moderating influences of social support was made.
Abstract: This research concerns the distinction between stress associated with major life events and that associated with "daily hassles" as well as the possible moderating influences of social support. We analyzed data from 159 school-age children, 6 and 9 years old, and their mothers to examine the relationship between stress and behavior symptoms. We considered a subsample of 35 of these families to be a high stress group because of marital separation or divorce within the 4-year period prior to the study. The findings documented the expected relationships between behavior symptoms and stress, whether operationalized as life events or hassles. Undesirable life events showed the strongest relationship to behavior symptoms. Multiple-regression models with R2 = .32 (p < .0001) included significant main effects for stress, social support, and some interactions between them. Evidence was provided for a moderating or buffering influence of social support on the relationship between stress and illness. However, the mo...
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, measures of appraisal, situational stressor, and locus of control were administered to first and second-year medical students (n = 433), based on a cognitive-phenomenological model of stress, it was hypothesized that appraisals of threat/challenge and change/accept would be related to locus-of control differentially depending on the type of stressor or situation appraised.
38 citations
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Despite severe methodological limitations in case identification and diagnosis, the finding that the highest overall rate of psychological disorders occurs in the lowest social class has remained remarkably persistent in the field studies conducted since the turn of the century.
Abstract: From the beginning of social epidemiological research in psychiatry, the relationship between social class and psychopathology was one of the main issues. As early as in 1855, in a report on the first attempt to investigate the true prevalence of mental disorder in a community in the United States, Dr. Edward Jarvis, a New England physician and epidemiologist, stated that “the pauper class furnishes, in ratio of its numbers, sixty-four times as many cases of insanity as the independent class” (Jarvis 1951, pp.52–53). Despite severe methodological limitations in case identification and diagnosis, the finding that the highest overall rate of psychological disorders occurs in the lowest social class has remained remarkably persistent in the field studies conducted since the turn of the century.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of violence in Israel for a period of 32 years (1950-1981) was analyzed, within a stress model according to which the probability of violence and agression as a reaction to stress will increase when social support systems fail or malfunction.
Abstract: In the present study violence in Israel for a period of 32 years (1950-1981) was analyzed, within a stress model according to which the probability of violence and agression as a reaction to stress will increase when social support systems fail or malfunction. Following this model, three types of variables were identified: 1. Measures of stress and social change: to the regular social stressors (i.e., inflation and unemployment), we added two measures of affluence (income per capita and rates of cars) as well as population density. 2. Measures of social support: rates of birth to unmarried mothers and marriage and divorce rates served as measures of the strength of the family. Another measure in this category was rates of psychiatric hospitalization. 3. Measures of violence: in addition to rates of homicide, robbery, and all offenses, inward directed aggression (suicide) was included in this category.
At the first stage of the data analysis, Guttman's Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-1) was applied, providing a two-dimensional space diagram of the correlations between the variables. At the second stage, a multiple regression analysis was introduced. The findings indicate that the theoretical model received substantial support mainly from four stress measures (inflation, income per capita, cars, and population density) and one measure of social support (divorce). Unemployment contributed significantly (in the expected direction) only to homicide.
Some theoretical implications of the findings, as well as their relevance to some developments in Israeli society are discussed, and suggestions are made for future research.
TL;DR: The lack of strong prospective evidence linking occupational and social stress to chronic disease stems from the failure of research designs to attend sufficiently to the aetiological chronicity of such diseases as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: This paper argues that the lack of strong prospective evidence linking occupational and social stress to chronic disease stems from the failure of research designs to attend sufficiently to the aetiological chronicity of such diseases. Studies of both supposedly acute stress (life events) and chronic stress in life or work must increasingly be designed to distinguish between stress which is sustained or chronic over a period of yean or even decades, and hence capable of causing a serious chronic disease, and brief or transient stress, which may produce transient or brief psychological or physiological disturbances but cannot generate major chronic disease. Prospective studies are needed which collect measures of both stress and health or disease at multiple points over an extended period of time. Measures of stress should focus more on affect (for example, feelings of pressure and tension) than on cognition (for example feelings of satisfaction). Limited existing evidence is consistent with these...
TL;DR: The data suggest that the individual behavioural and physiological reactivity determine in interaction with the social environtment the susceptibility for diseases.
Abstract: Factors affecting health and disease are somewhat neglected in the study of the dynamics of mammalian populations. The present paper summarizes a number of studies on social stress in rats and mice. Social situations induce classical stress responses in terms of corticosterone and catecholamines. More important is the fact that there is a considerable individual differentiation in the magnitude of the responses in relation to the behavioural stategy in a social situation. These physiological differences render individuals differentially susceptible for stress pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases and immune deficiencies. Moreover, the behavioural strategy largely determines the position of an animal in the social structure and hence the frequency of behavioural and physiological activation. The data suggest that the individual behavioural and physiological reactivity determine in interaction with the social environtment the susceptibility for diseases. The relevance of these observations for the dynamics of a population is discussed.
TL;DR: A quasi‐experimental design was used to test the social causation‐social selection hypotheses for the etiology of schizophrenic disorders through first admissions to psychiatric in‐patient facilities for Jerusalem Jewish residents aged 15 years and over.
Abstract: A quasi-experimental design was used to test the social causation-social selection hypotheses for the etiology of schizophrenic disorders. It was based on first admissions to psychiatric in-patient facilities for Jerusalem Jewish residents aged 15 years and over. Data were extracted from hospital charts; diagnoses were made based on the NHSI, DSM III and RDC classificatory systems. The results showed that among the lower class the ethnically advantaged had higher rates of schizophrenic disorders than the ethnically disadvantaged. The results were statistically significant when the ethnic contrast was maximized. Though the results support the social selection hypothesis, social stress factors are not entirely ruled out.
TL;DR: The schizophrenic group showed some evidence of increased skin conductance activity at rest, and in socially demanding conditions skin Conductance level and variability were increased in the right hand, and the present group of electrodermal ‘non-responders' was not in general autonomically underactive.
Abstract: Bilateral palmar skin conductance and heart rate were measured throughout a series of psychological tests and during both sitting and ambulant social interactions in 14 right-handed men with chronic schizophrenic disorder and 12 healthy volunteers matched for age and handedness. Miniature radio telemetry equipment was used to collect the physiological data. The schizophrenic group was effectively unresponsive to 70-dB auditory stimuli, while all but one of the control group responded and habituated to a nil response by the tenth tone in sequence. The schizophrenic group showed some evidence of increased skin conductance activity at rest, and in socially demanding conditions skin conductance level and variability were increased in the right hand. The present group of electrodermal 'non-responders' was not in general autonomically under-active. Asymmetry of skin conductance activity during social interaction may be a characteristic of chronic schizophrenic disorder.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: This article found a strong positive relationship between alcohol consumption, violence, and violent crime, both in the street and in the family, but this relationship is not consistent over all cultural groups, but appears to be largely complexly related to factors of social stress and individual affective and cognitive changes produced by alcohol.
Abstract: Sociological and criminological research has consistently demonstrated a strong positive relationship between alcohol consumption, violence, and violent crime, both in the street and in the family (Pernanen 1976; Shupe 1954; Straus et a1. 1980; Wolfgang and Strohm 1956). This relationship is not consistent over all cultural groups, but appears to be largely complexly related to factors of social stress (Levinson 1981) and individual affective and cognitive changes produced by alcohol (Williams 1966).
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of some physical and psychosocial Prenatal stressors on early development and its role in Disease Onset are discussed, as well as stress factors and stress coping among Inhabitants of New Guinea.
Abstract: Comparative Psychobiological Stress Research.- Population Density as a Stressor: Approaches to and Results of Research in the Social Sciences.- Delayed Auditory Feedback as a Stress Situation.- Stress Factors and Stress Coping Among Inhabitants of New Guinea.- Industrial Work and Social Risks.- The Effects of Some Physical and Psychosocial Prenatal Stressors on Early Development.- The Concept of Stress and its Role in Disease Onset.- Life Change and Illness Studies: Past History and Future Directions.- Stress, Psychosomatics, and Stress Coping from a Clinical-Psychological Point of View.- Verbal Behavior, Emotion, and Psychosomatic Pathology.- Psychoanalysis and Stress.- The Inner World of the Individual and Stress.- Death, Stress, and Life Itself.- Conclusion: Perspectives on Stress.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Hypochondriasis in the elderly is a common but often frustrating problem, and the certainty of the diagnosis is complicated by the existence of physical disabilities that accompany the aging process.
Abstract: hypochondriasis in the elderly is a common but often frustrating problem. The certainty of the diagnosis is complicated by the existence of physical disabilities that accompany the aging process. An increase in social stress and loss of sources of self-esteem are also influential factors. Approximately one-third of elderly hypochondriacs undergo a fortuitous remission, which is usually related to changes in the social environment. Recognition of these features is important to management.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: This paper found that rates of schizophrenia, major depression (at least in women), antisocial personality, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse appear to be highest in the lowest social class, and most of the major types of functional mental disorders show this relationship.
Abstract: No issues in psychiatric epidemiology have proved more persistent or compelling than those raised by the differences in rates according to social class. Most of the major types of functional mental disorders show this relationship. Specifically, rates of schizophrenia, major depression (at least in women), antisocial personality, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse appear to be highest in the lowest social class (Dohrenwend and Dohrenwend 1981).
TL;DR: It is suggested quantitatively that social stress might induced the vertiginous attacks with Meniere's disease.
Abstract: To clarify the relationships between the stress and the vertiginous attack, changes events, which 17 patients with Meniere's disease met in their community life during recent three months, were checked out by the Environmental Change Event Inventory (including 139 items) reported by Kobayashi (1977). When they checked out, they rated the degree of subjective shock by five point scale, for defining subjective weight of stressful impact in each change event. Moreover, the weight of objective stressful impact in each change event was used which was reported under the data of 1067 respondents by Yamamoto (1972). The total number of subjectively and objectively weighted change events was computed as social stressors with the subjects which was exposed in their community life.This study revealed the following features.(1) The score of social stressors of 11 patients with Meniere's disease which were suffering from vertiginous attacks was higher than that of 6 patients with no attack.(2) The score of social stressors of patients with many attacks was high.These data suggested quantitatively that social stress might induced the vertiginous attacks with Meniere's disease.