Showing papers on "Space (commercial competition) published in 2001"

Critique of information

Abstract: This penetrating book raises questions about how power operates in contemporary society. It explains how the speed of information flows has eroded the separate space needed for critical reflection. It argues that there is no longer an 'outside' to the global flows of communication and that the critique of information must take place within the information itself. The operative unit of the information society is the idea. With the demise of depth reflection, reflexivity through the idea now operates external to the subject in its circulation through networks of humans and intelligent machines. It is these ideas that make the critique of information possible. This book is a major testament to the prospects of culture, politics and theory in the global information society.

Analysing regulatory space: fragmented resources and institutional design

Abstract: Title Analysing Regulatory Space: Fragmented Resources and Institutional Design Authors(s) Scott, Colin Publication date 2001 Publication information Public Law, : 283-305 Publisher Sweet and Maxwell Item record/more information http://hdl.handle.net/10197/6785 Publisher's statement This is a pre-copy edited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Public Law following peer review. The definitive published version Public Law, Summer, 283-305 is available online on Westlaw UK or from Thomson Reuters DocDel service.

Internet packet filter management and rectangle geometry

Abstract: We consider rule sets for internet packet routing and filtering, where each rule consists of a range of source addresses, a range of destination addresses, a priority, and an action. A given packet should be handled by the action from the maximum priority rule that matches its source and destination. We describe new data structures for quickly finding the rule matching an incoming packet, in near-linear space, and a new algorithm for determining whether a rule set contains any conflicts, in time O(n3/2).

Astropolitik: Classical Geopolitics in the Space Age

Abstract: intellectually grounded in the best tradition of geopolitics, has something genuinely new to say, and makes vital contributions to the dialogue between the interrelationships between space and national security ... A stunning intellectual achievement and the first book that can legitimately claim to present a comprehensive theory of space power - - Air and Space Power Journal " ... groundbreaking and will definitely command attention ... a daring and forward-looking book ... one of the most daring and exciting books to be written on this subject" - Comparative Strategy Mr B. Haggman, Centre for Research on Geopolitics "presents one of the most important contributions, also one of the first, in the field" Defense Review "Outstanding literature relevant to policy on outer space is rare. More often than not, the policy maker dealing with space matters has to trawl through narrow and dry technical tomes, or fantastical speculation of no relevance whatsoever. As an excellent example of relevant writing on outer space policy, Everett Dolman"s Astropolitik is most welcome...highly recommended and rewarding read for anyone interested in current thinking on the direction of US military and civil space policy, and how such thinking might affect space policy in Britain." RUSI Journal "a timely cascade of grand-strategic thought" "A timely text that examines the theoretical, political and policy structures of space. ...Required reading for serious space-power advocates, this book will dominate the field of space theory." - Aerospace Power Chronicles

Space syntax based agent simulation

Abstract: Space syntax derives from a set of analytic measures of configuration that have been shown to correlate well with how people move through and use buildings and urban environments. Space syntax represents the open space of an environment in terms of the intervisibility of points in space. The measures are thus purely configurational, and take no account of attractors, nor do they make any assumptions about origins and destinations or path planning. Space syntax has found that, despite many proposed higher-level cognitive models, there appears to be a fundamental process that informs human and social usage of an environment. In this paper we describe an exosomatic visual architecture, based on space syntax visibility graphs, giving many agents simultaneous access to the same pre-processed information about the configuration of a space layout. Results of experiments in a simulated retail environment show that a surprisingly simple ‘random next step’ based rule outperforms a more complex ‘destination based’ rule in reproducing observed human movement behaviour. We conclude that the effects of spatial configuration on movement patterns that space syntax studies have found are consistent with a model of individual decision behaviour based on the spatial affordances offered by the morphology of the local visual field.

How territorial animals compete for divisible space: a learning-based model with unequal competitors.

Abstract: It is widely assumed that aggressive behavior affects space acquisition in territorial species, but to date most workers have focused on competition for indivisible space, that is, space that cannot be divided or shared. We present a learning‐based model that investigates the effects of aggressive interactions on space acquisition when unequal competitors arrive and settle in patches of divisible space. This model assumes that aggressive interactions act as punishment, in the sense that previous aggressive interactions in a given area reduce an individual’s likelihood of returning to that area. Individually based, spatially explicit simulations incorporating this and other assumptions were used to investigate the effects of different types of aggressive interactions on the space use of individuals and dyads settling in divisible space. At the individual level, final space use was related to the amount of punishment that individuals inflicted on their opponents during aggressive interactions; in ...

Space syntax and spatial cognition: or why the axial line?

Abstract: Space syntax research has found that spatial configuration alone, represented and measured ina specific manner, explains a substantial proportion of the variance between aggregate humanmovement rates in different locations in both urban and building interior space. Althoughit seems possible to explain "how" people move on the basis of these analyses, thequestion of "why" they move this way has always seemed problematic since the analysiscontains no explicit representations of either motivations or individual cognition. One possibleexplanation for the predictive power of the method is that the way people understandtheir environment and decide on movement behaviours is somehow implicitly embedded inspace syntax analysis. This paper explores the contribution made by space syntax theories andresearch to our understanding of environmental cognition, and addresses the question ofwhy the axial representation is so empirically successful. On the basis of a review of some ofthe relevant findings of space syntax research, it proposes that "cognitive space", defined asthat space which supports our understanding of configurations more extensive than ourcurrent visual field, is not a metric space, but topological or pre-topological in nature. Ahypothetical process for deriving a non-metric space from the metric visibility graph involvingexploratory movement is developed. The resulting space is shown to closely resemble theaxial graph. Recent research using simulation agents with vision confirms that axial movementpatterns follow from a simple random movement rule combined with a forward facingvisual field. It is argued that the social effects of spatial configuration in structuring communicationand transaction between individuals is based on co-presence in space, and that copresenceis determined by the local visual field and the way that configuration brings movementroutes through that field, are thus largely exosomatic in nature.

Method and system for collaborative web research

Abstract: A collaborative Web research method (and system), includes organizing a plurality of documents in a N-dimensional space according to a collection of subject words, and based on the organizing, retrieving, by a user, said documents organized in the N-dimensional space according to the collection of subject words.

Experiencing Change: The Mathematics of Change in Multiple Environments

Abstract: ed from their work. Instead, the boys engaged in a process of making each environment into a lived-in space for themselves and of developing family resemblances across their trips in these lived-in spaces, to create a family of trips that included the similarities among trips as well as the distinct identity of each trip. Of course it is sometimes important for a teacher and her or his students to step back from a diverse set of activities and ask what they have in common and to reflect on the general mathematical principles that describe the activities. However, we argue that these general principles become meaningful and relevant only to the extent that they are rooted in an ongoing background of experiences.

Dispatching Buses in Parking Depots

Abstract: Very often, space is a scarce resource in bus depots located in congested urban areas: Vehicles arriving at the end of their trips are packed together in a rather small space. This implies that when a vehicle has to leave to start a new trip, most often other vehicles have to be moved to clear the way. Here a new model, based on "Noncrossing Matching" and "Generalized Assignment," is presented to allocate parking spaces to vehicles in a depot to minimize the shunting cost. The results obtained by applying this approach to a real-life case are discussed.

Innovation Steps Towards Efficient Goods Distribution Systems for Urban Areas

Abstract: The distribution of goods for urban areas is vital to the prosperity of these areas. Nevertheless, there are various environmental and accessibility problems related to the urban goods distribution process. Only a comprehensive set of policy actions, that addresses the problems at different geographical scales and at various functional levels in concert, can solve these problems. These functional levels refer to the organisational aspects of the system (logistics), the goods transport and goods traffic means, the infrastructures, and the spatial system in which the urban goods distribution process must function. Progressive innovation is required on all these levels to achieve an efficient urban goods distribution system, efficient both in terms of commercial interests and societal interests. In the thesis, an integrated long-term problem-solving vision of a future urban goods distribution system is developed. The proposed integrated logistics concept for urban goods distribution, is based on the optimal bundling of the movements of goods (consolidation) in time as well as space. This should be done by providing logistic services, such as city logistics, backbone logistics and network logistics, in close harmony with appropriate technological means, such as advanced vehicle technologies, advanced infrastructures, and other supporting systems. The integrated concepts are based on the application of different transport systems in different areas: that is, the concept is based on intermodality. Introducing such a complex, integrated goods distribution system will require a long string of co-ordinated actions from a wide variety of public and private actors. This necessitates the development and application of an implementation strategy that includes all the necessary actions.

Dream or Reality: Complete Basis Set Full Configuration Interaction Potential Energy Hypersurfaces

Abstract: All knowledge about molecules outside of our solar system comes from study of their spectra. Although laboratory measurements are usually the prime source for the data needed to interpret astronomical observations, there are a number of reasons why theory has played, and will continue to play, a central role in the study of molecules in space.

The architecture of intelligence

Abstract: From the Publisher: "Throughout history we have lived in different spaces and architects, using different alphabets, have given them form: informal space, gestural and primitive, pre-Miletus (or pre-alphabet as de Kerckhove calls it); the space arterialized by the Greeks and Romans: the sacred and mystic space before Giotto; that perspective space of the Renaissance; the industrial and mechanical, analytical and non-perspective space after Cezanne Each new space on arriving has required new principles and new alphabets that have been created through difficult, exhausting, rough but exciting processes Today, the need for creating a new alphabet for the new information space is pressing We can only begin to catch a glimpse of its characteristics Like dolphins that take in oxygen to jump from the sea and follow ships and see the outlines of islands and coasts, a few pioneers are working in an attempt to define the possibilities and principles of precisely this new space This book will help you join in this search"--BOOK JACKET

System and method for business process space definition

Abstract: A method and system for representing business processes such as in a workflow model. Each of a plurality of processes is defined as a 3-tuple including a noun, a verb and an attribute, and a selected process is displayed as a point in navigation space. In this manner, business processes are classified and organized in terms of a 3-dimensional process navigation space facilitating process identification, decomposition and definition by traversal of this space.

Society seen through the prism of space:outline of a theory of society and space

Abstract: Two questions challenge the student of space and society above all others: will new technologies change the spatial basis of society ? And if so, will this have an impact on society itself ? For the urbanist, these two questions crystallise into one: what will the future of cities have to do with their past ? Too often these questions are dealt with as though they were only matters of technology. But they are much more than that. They are deep and difficult questions about the interdependence of technology, space and society that we do not yet have the theoretical apparatus to answer. We know that previous �revolutions� in technology such as agriculture, urbanism and industrialisation associated radical changes in space with no less radical changes in social institutions. But we do not know how far these linkages were contingent or necessary. We do not, in short, have a theory of society and space adequate to account for where we are now, and therefore we have no reasonable theoretical base for speculating about the future. In this paper, I suggest that a major reason for this theoretical deficit is that most previous attempts to build a theory of society and space have looked at society and tried to find space in its output. The result has been that the constructive role of space in creating and and sustaining society has not been brought to the fore, or if it has, only in a way which is too general to permit the detailed specification of mechanisms. In this paper I try to reverse the normal order of things this by looking first at space and trying the discern society through space: by looking at society through the prism of space. Through this I try to define key mechanisms linking space to society and then use these to suggest how the questions about the future of cities and societies might be better defined.

From Abstract to Concrete: Subjective Reading of Urban Space

Abstract: Urban designers, perceiving the city mainly as a morphological phenomenon, are primarily concerned with the sensory, and particularly with the visual, qualities of urban space. This view of the city as a spatial physical structure requires abstraction, to enable comprehension of the complexity and continuity of the urban space, its transparency and its indeterminacy. However, this abstraction often fails to take into account the properties of the city as a place of habitation, ignoring the sociocultural specificities of its different users. The paper attempts to take urban design beyond this abstraction, which is so indifferent to the human element, towards a more concrete and specific approach. It calls for a shift in the rather theoretical postmodern interest in the urban space, important though it is in its morphological inclusiveness, to embody a pluralistic subjective perception of the space and its use, bearing in mind fundamental relationships between space and social processes.

Systems and methods for generating string correlithm objects

Abstract: In one aspect of the invention, a system for processing data includes a memory operable to store a plurality of correlithm objects. Each correlithm object includes a plurality of values defining a point in a particular space. The particular space is defined by a plurality of dimensions and includes a plurality of points. The system also includes a processor operable to generate the values in at least a portion of the correlithm objects. A distance between a first point associated with one of the correlithm objects and each of the plurality of points in the particular space defines a distribution having a mean and a standard deviation such that a ratio of the mean to the standard deviation increases with the number of dimensions of the particular space. A distance between the first point and a second point associated with another of the correlithm objects is substantially larger than the mean of the distribution.

Editorial: On demarcating the space between ‘lay expertise’ and ‘expert laity’

Abstract: Abstract Textual and discursive analyses of various institutional and professional sites have been a mainstay among this journal's priorities. This special issue, with its focus on interaction in health care settings, quite clearly connects with this objective. Conversation analysis in particular has been a visible strand of inquiry in this field, and this is further borne out by the contributions to this special issue. As the title ‘Lay diagnosis’ suggests, we have here a wide range of perspectives on lay participation in medical discourse. The guest editorial (Beach) and the two retrospective commentaries (ten Have and Drew) capture in clear terms the scope and remit of the special issue. Many of the contributors are well known for their previous work in health care communication. Here they extend their ongoing work to focus on the patients' perspective. This is the point of departure from mainstream discourse analytic and sociolinguistic studies—as well as previous conversation analytic studies—which have been predominantly doctor-focused. As Drew points out, the paradox is that ‘in censuring medical practice for silencing the voice of the patient, such research has itself largely ignored the role of patients in their interactions with doctors’.

Possibilities and limitations of call-by-need space improvement

Abstract: Innocent-looking program transformations can easily change the space complexity of lazy functional programs. The theory of space improvement seeks to characterize those local program transformations which are guaranteed never to worsen asymptotic space complexity of any program. Previous work by the authors introduced the space improvement relation and showed that a number of simple local transformation laws are indeed space improvements. This paper seeks an answer to the following questions: is the improvement relation inhabited by interesting program transformations, and, if so, how might they be established? We show that the asymptotic space improvement relation is semantically badly behaved, but that the theory of strong space improvement possesses a fixed-point induction theorem which permits the derivation of improvement properties for recursive definitions. With the help of this tool we explore the landscape of space improvement by considering a range of classical program transformation.

UNIVERSAL - design spaces of learning media

Abstract: The paper illustrates how the model of computational media can be introduced in the field of higher education. In our practical work, we identified four distinct design spaces for learning media and named them as follows: artifact design space, agent design space, process design space, and business model design space. We have applied the design space approach in the UNIVERSAL project, an open, pan-European brokerage platform for learning resources. The UNIVERSAL initiative served as a reference project illustrating how issues can be addressed in these areas. We also emphasize the importance of a media acceptance model as part of the business model design space.