Showing papers on "Standardization published in 1995"
TL;DR: Since 1990, the Standardization and Terminology Committee of the International Society of Biomechanics has been working towards a recommendation for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data, and the use of center of mass-based segmental reference frames should be routinely used.
823 citations
TL;DR: This paper advocates the use of the formal specification language Object-Z in the definition of standards, an extension to the Z language specifically to facilitate specification in an object-oriented style.
263 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an international sample of advertising agency executives consider creative impact the most important and pressure (from time, client, etc.) the least important reason to use some form of standardized advertising.
Abstract: Advertising for multinational products uses standardization most often in strategy, less often in executions, and least often in language. This study's international sample of advertising agency executives considers creative impact the most important and pressure (from time, client, etc.) the least important reason to use some form of standardized advertising. Despite this, it is views on client pressure which explain most of the variance in views on future use of standardization. That is, those respondents who believe that client pressure is increasing also believe that overall use of standardization will increase. A separate sample of agency executives reinforced some of these findings, particularly the role of the successful, big idea and client pressure in making the decision to standardize. Copy research also plays a role in standardization recommendations, but it is not used as extensively as might be necessary.
172 citations
TL;DR: The author looks at 20 clauses in ISO 9001 and maps them to practices in the CMM and provides answers to some common questions about the two documents.
Abstract: Organizations concerned with ISO 9001 certification often question its overlap with the Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model (CMM). The author looks at 20 clauses in ISO 9001 and maps them to practices in the CMM. The analysis provides answers to some common questions about the two documents. >
164 citations
TL;DR: An international committee under the auspices of an international agency needs to be established to develop an international classification system and guidelines for carrying out a complete inventory of the world's wetlands.
Abstract: Regional, national and local wetland classifications have been developed and successfully applied. These have invariably been orientated towards conservation and management goals, and the information used to assess wetland loss or to assign management priorities. Existing national and regional classification systems have not only been useful, but they provide an essential base for developing an international system. At the international level, differences among existing systems in the definition of a wetland and how wetland types are defined assume great importance and need to be resolved. Classification is an essential prerequisite for wetland inventory. A number of international inventories have been undertaken, although these have not generally utilized the available high technology and data storage systems available through remote sensing and geographic information systems. More extensive international inventories will require standardization of techniques for data collection, storage and dissemination. A minimum data set needs to be defined with standards for data accuracy. An international committee under the auspices of an international agency (e.g. IWRB, Ramsar Bureau, IUCN) needs to be established to develop an international classification system and guidelines for carrying out a complete inventory of the world's wetlands.
108 citations
TL;DR: A methodology by which researchers can assess the relative importance and test the significance of various marketing-related factors as they influence the degree of standardization/customization of international marketing strategy is presented.
Abstract: We present and illustrate a methodology by which researchers can assess the relative importance and test the significance of various marketing-related factors as they influence the degree of standardization/customization of international marketing strategy. The standardization decision is viewed as a continuum with complete standardization and complete customization as the two extremes. Specific hypotheses related to the impact of marketing mix variables on the degree of standardization are formulated. These hypotheses are empirically investigated through a survey of international marketing managers. This investigation is carried out using conjoint analysis. Bridging methodology is introduced in order to accommodate the large number of variables in the study. The analysis is conducted at the individual level, at the group level, and at the aggregate level. Finally, we discuss the methodological and managerial implications of the findings and potential areas of future research.
96 citations
TL;DR: An overview is given on standards and ongoing activities in this field, pointing to problems and perspectives, especially in the context of the activities of the different standardization committees.
73 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on product attribute preferences of British and German consumers with regard to automobile purchases and apply a partially individualized conjoint analysis to quantify the expressed preferences in each country and provide managerially relevant information on the product attributes that should or should not be standardized.
Abstract: The advantages and disadvantages of global marketing standardization are well documented. Managers, however, often view the standardization versus adaptation debate as a black and white issue. Yet there is an important middle ground which, for example, includes the use of standardized international branding together with the adaptation of product specifications to national preferences. Such fine‐tuning can lead to substantial competitive advantages for internationally active companies. Suggests a methodology that can be employed for assessing the scope for product standardization. Using the newly created European Union as an empirical backdrop, focuses on product attribute preferences of British and German consumers with regard to automobile purchases. The application of a partially‐individualized conjoint analysis enables the quantification of the expressed preferences in each country and provides managerially relevant information on the product attributes that should or should not be standardized.
64 citations
55 citations
TL;DR: More precise conceptualizations of interdependence and better models of the tradeoffs between standardization and alternative means of dealing with inconsistent data semantics are required to better understand how investments in standardized data impact organizational outcomes.
48 citations
TL;DR: The aims of this paper are to present the solutions introduced in FIP, PROFIBUS, and SERCOS network architectures which have already been adopted as national standards by some European countries and to offer a preliminary evaluation of the performance which can be expected from this kind of systems.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider whether technical standards function as effective public policy instruments and components in the processes of industrial globalization, and examine how standards are developed and applied, as well as examining how standardization policies increasingly influence innovation and competitiveness.
Abstract: Standards and standardization policies increasingly influence innovation and competitiveness. As well as examining how standards are developed and applied, this important new book considers whether technical standards function as effective public policy instruments and components in the processes of industrial globalization.
TL;DR: The resurgence of the traceability concept can be ascribed to the growing concern with quality in the analytical laboratory and the expansion of international trade relationships, which relies on harmonizing laboratory activities in order to mutually exchange results.
Abstract: Notwithstanding their theoretical and/or practical significance, some basic concepts of widespread, subconscious acceptance and use in the technical, social and economic fields lack a precise definition owing to their vague, imprecise meanings. Some such concepts represent new approaches and are assigned a variety of names when in fact they have been around as long as mankind. Such is the case with ‘honesty’ in the social field, ‘profitability’ in economic spheres and ‘traceability’ in the technical realm. Measuring has been a necessity since the spring-time of human activity. To measure is to compare and the comparison entails using a reliable reference or standard. Traceability in the technical field is a basic, generic concept related to the quality of the measurements made and the results obtained from them. Even though the traceability concept has been implicit in analytical chemistry activities since the very beginning, it only surfaced in the specialist literature fairly recently, through the metrological concepts inherent in quality assurance international regulations. In fact, while traceability is explicitly defined in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide no. 25, it is very often used as a matter of course or defined in rather variable terms. The resurgence of the traceability concept can be ascribed to the growing concern with quality in the analytical laboratory and the expansion of international trade relationships, which relies on harmonizing laboratory activities in order to mutually exchange results. Here, the traceability concept as pertinent to the analytical chemical field is dealt with systematically its various basic and applied notions are discussed, with special emphasis on the analytical chemical aspects and the prominent role of calibration and standardization in this context.
Book•
22 Feb 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a generic SEM/SEMP for You Rapid Identity Documentation Continuous Process Improvement and Process Audit Provisions Is a Static Identity Adequate? Procedures Media Continuous Improvement Process Process Process Audit SEM-SEMP Implementation First Things First Process Definition and Improvement SEM/sEMP Development Organizational Structure Changes Re-Education of Your Work Force The Database Approach Good Luck PART II - SEM /SEMP Introduction Document Purpose Functional Management Responsibility Continuous process Improvement Application On Programs Technical Objectives Technical Plan Summary Applicable Documents Government Documents NonGovernment Documents Development Environment Program Development Environments Ph
Abstract: PART I Introduction What Is the Purpose Where Are We Going Why Plan? When Plan? One Man's Axioms of System Engineering The Importance of Enterprise Identity It Works for People What Constitutes an Identity for an Enterprise? Customer Standards, Tailoring, and Enterprise Identity Sources of Inspiration Help! AFSCM 375 Series SAMSO and BMO Standards U.S. Army Field Manual MIL-STD-499 NASA System Engineering Manual Commercial and Societal Standards International Organization for Standardization DSMC Systems Engineering Mangement Guide Books In Print and Otherwise Selection Organizational Structures Updating Matrix Management A Model Program Organization Structure Physical Collocation Options Resistance to PDT Model Matrix For This Book Enterprise Integration Team (EIT) Integrated Program Planning The Ultimate Requirement and Program Beginnings Program Plan Tree Know Thyself Through Generic Program Planning Data Integrated Management System Overview Generating the Six Primary Documents Work Responsibility Who Plans the Program? A Generic SEM/SEMP For You Rapid Identity Documentation Continuous Process Improvement and Process Audit Provisions Is a Static Identity Adequate? Procedures Media Continuous Improvement Process Process Audit SEM/SEMP Implementation First Things First Process Definition and Improvement SEM/SEMP Development Organizational Structure Changes Re-Education of Your Work Force The Database Approach Good Luck PART II - SEM/SEMP Introduction Document Purpose Functional Management Responsibility Continuous Process Improvement Application On Programs Technical Objectives Technical Plan Summary Applicable Documents Government Documents Non-Government Documents Development Environment Program Development Environments Phasing Correlation Product Composition Sequence Model Alternatives Encouraged Environments Program Information Environment Management Style and the Working Environment Technical Program Planning and Control Precedence of Controlling Documentation Company Organizational Structure Generic Company Process Documentation Input-Process-Output Program Planning Transform Program Planning Documentation Program Work Definition and Authorization Performance Tracking and Reporting Development Controls Risk Management Configuration Management Data Management Parts, Materials, and Process Standardization Supplier Technical Controls Associate Contractor Relationships Customer Furnished Property Systems Engineering Process Process Overview System Definition Functional Decomposition Requirements Analysis Design and Integration Test and Evaluation Development System Analysis Development Requirements Verification System Test and Evaluation Quality Assurance Support Production Support Computer Software Coding Customer Readiness For Product Delivery Post-Delivery Support System Modifications Design For Disposal Material Control Production Process Definition and Control Inspection and Acceptance Testing Process Control Logistics and Operational Support Specialty Engineering Integration Specialty Engineering Basis System and Specialty Engineering Discipline Summaries Generic Specialty Engineering Process Description Specialty Engineering Tools PIT Integration Work Concurrent Development Team Activity Concurrent Development Aids Notes Acronyms Special Terms Appendix A, Traceability to External Standards Appendix B, Program System Engineering Assessment Criteria Appendix C, Company Process Diagram Appendix D, Task Descriptions Main Body Index SEM/SEMP Index
TL;DR: A new wave of agro-industrialization has taken place in the US pork sector since the mid-1980s, Driven by changes in consumer demand and by restructuring in US meat-packing, agroindustrialization is centered around lean-meat production and involves alterations in genetics, feeding regimes, facilities construction, and management practices "down on the farm" as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A new wave of agro-industrialization has taken place in the US pork sector since the mid-1980s, Driven by changes in consumer demand and by restructuring in US meat-packing, agro-industrialization is centered around lean-meat production and involves alterations in genetics, feeding regimes, facilities construction, and management practices ‘down on the farm’, Two main expressions of intensive accumulation in US meat-packing are evident, but the lean-meat imperative is integral to both, There is a movement towards an increased scale and standardization of production as major meat-packing firms develop value-added meats for general consumption. Counter to this is the manufacture of boutique meats by firms that are poised to exploit health and food safety-related challenges to energy-intensive and capital-intensive ‘productivist’ agriculture, In this paper the current thrust of agro-industrialization in the US pork sector is examined in historical perspective, within the rise, decline, and recomposition of t...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider standards relevant to environmental ergonomics, and include those that have been, or are likely to be, produced by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), under ISO TC 159 SC5 "Ergonomics of the physical environment" and working groups of CEN TC 122 'Ergonomic'.
TL;DR: The paper examines the actual and potential roles of business users of telecommunications services in influencing the development of technical standards and argues that this new standardization environment mandates a much more active role for users.
Abstract: The paper examines the actual and potential roles of business users of telecommunications services in influencing the development of technical standards. Variours institutional structures in the user community are examined as they relate to user particioation in formally constituted standards development arganizations. Discreparcies between users and suppliers in participatory motivations, strategies and resources are noted. The standardization process in telecommunications emerges as a technology-push initiative led by the suplly industries. However, structural changes in the telecommunications industries have resulted in new approaches to standards making. As a result, standards have acquired a new significane in terms of user control user technical and service evolution. Using the development of European standards for digital wireless telephony as an example, it is argued that this new standardization environment mandates a much more active role for users. However, it is also argued that the user stake...
01 Feb 1995
TL;DR: The use and integration of formal techniques, in particular Z, into the Open Distributed Processing (ODP) standardization initiative are discussed.
Abstract: This paper discusses the use and integration of formal techniques, in particular Z, into the Open Distributed Processing (ODP) standardization initiative.
TL;DR: For a database system to be accepted by a medical community, there are several important conditions that must be established in advance, and this list may be considered guidelines for establishing and using a clinical database in medicine.
Abstract: The collection of symptoms and signs and the storage and retrieval of data are the basis of medical activities. More recently, emphasis has been placed on standardization of medical records. Although subtleties in clinical findings may be lost, the paramount advantage in standardization (use of a common language) is to render individual records immediately comparable to each other. A further pivotal step has been the electronics resolution. Computers are perfect devices for recording, storing, and retrieving data.
Practical consequences of the combination of standardization and computerization are numerous. Medical practice is easier owing to the rapid access to the relevant features of the records and their display in a convenient, compact, and attractive format. Within and among centers using the same standards, selection of appropriate files, exchange of data, and comparisons of individual studies are made easy. But another critical issue is the possibility for pooling files from various centers for common studies. Information about a critical mass of patients thus becomes available and enables one to address classic questions with more efficiency than with conventional records [1-6], but also allows one to ask new questions that could not have been addressed at the level of a single center [7-10].
Requisites for a clinical database. For a database system to be accepted by a medical community, there are several important conditions that must be established in advance. This list may be considered guidelines for establishing and using a clinical database in medicine. Mandatory conditions would be:
1. A clear definition of and an agreement on data to be entered in the system must be obtained. This process needs a collaborative effort of the future users before the building of the program.
2. The design of the system must be flexible enough to accept new data and the addition …
TL;DR: How wireline standards are being adapted to wireless, how this strategy compares to the development of new protocols and standards, and how the computer industry and its associated standards bodies are working to effectively hide the underlying wireless protocols are shown.
Abstract: Standards play a vital role in bringing an industry to widespread commercial use. Without standardization, interoperability of comparable systems and services is impossible, and economies of scale are never reached for manufacturing and investment. Historically, the standards are established either by a dominant player in a particular industry, e.g., IBM/Microsoft's development of DOS, or by coordination among multiple, non-dominant vendors, as was the case with GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) or UNIX. The present article delves into the existing and emerging standards in the mobile data industry, with Ericsson's MOBITEX system used as an example. It shows how wireline standards are being adapted to wireless, how this strategy compares to the development of new protocols and standards, and how the computer industry and its associated standards bodies are working to effectively hide the underlying wireless protocols. >
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the modeling techniques used in open Systems Interconnection standardization, and the means of achieving modularity by use of the concepts of service and protocol is explained.
Abstract: The paper discusses the modeling techniques used in open Systems Interconnection standardization. There is a need for sudivision of the standardization work in order to allow orderly management of development, and the means of achieving this modularity by use of the concepts of service and protocol is explained. The conventions used in defining services are set out, so as to form an introduction to the detailed description in later papers. Various extension to the basic concepts of service and protocol are presented, and the relation of the models established to the real world are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that standards for standard setters are required and they show how such standards could be designed, but no guarantee that public institutions supplying standardization are interested in correctly matching this demand.
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The author first describes a definition of the satellite component of UMTS together with capabilities and limitations and the standardization approach is considered, business implications are discussed as is the regulatory environment.
Abstract: The author first describes a definition of the satellite component of UMTS. The objectives of the satellite component are then discussed together with capabilities and limitations. The standardization approach is then considered, business implications are discussed as is the regulatory environment. The author concludes with a consideration of international context. >
Journal Article•
TL;DR: With testing and evaluation of support surfaces standardized, clinicians will be able to choose a surface to meet the needs of patients the same way they make other treatment decisions: based on outcomes and the results of controlled, clinical studies.
Abstract: Due to the sparsity of prospective, controlled, clinical studies on the efficacy of and the lack of standardized information about support surfaces, current literature does not clearly define how these surfaces address patient needs. Standardization would help healthcare professionals make better informed decisions about the use of support surfaces. Standardization would also help researchers design and implement controlled, clinical studies by defining characteristics of surface evaluation, making it possible to replicate research activities. The first step toward standardization is to develop a performance-based set of criteria for classifying these surfaces. With respect to the three purposes identified: comfort, postural control and pressure management, only parameters that can be measured noninvasively, have been considered. The nine parameters are life expectancy of the surface, skin moisture control, skin temperature control, redistribution of pressure, product service requirements, fail safety, infection, flammability, and patient/product friction. Specific guidelines for each of these nine parameters are discussed in depth. With testing and evaluation of support surfaces standardized, clinicians will be able to choose a surface to meet the needs of patients the same way they make other treatment decisions: based on outcomes and the results of controlled, clinical studies.
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider that hierarchical control of standard-setting within network monopolies is no longer appropriate due to the recent trend towards vertical disintegration, deregulation and internationalization, and propose alternative external institutions, in particular committees, markets and regulatory commissions, play an increasing role within the standardization processes.
Abstract: Standards of compatibility have gained considerable attention in recent economic modelling in industrial economics (for example, Gilbert (ed.), 1992) as well as in public policy (see Commission of the European Communities, 1991).1 Within large technical systems (e.g. railway systems, telecommunications systems) the complicated procedure of standard-setting has gained particular attention (e.g. Weinkopf, 1993, Genschel and Werle, 1992). Hierarchical control of standard-setting within network monopolies is considered no longer appropriate due to the recent trend towards vertical disintegration, deregulation and internationalization (for further discussion, see Knieps, 1993). As a consequence of the growing number of interfaces between decentralized subsystems, alternative external institutions, in particular committees, markets and regulatory commissions, play an increasing role within the standardization processes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the means and methods given in the work standards are not the constraints on carrying out the work but the important refer- ences which should further be improved by the creative efforts of workers and that creativity and work standardiza- tion are mutually complementary.
Abstract: Fully displaying creativity is indispensable not only for developing new product and technology but also for man aging any business for market growth and profitability. Work standardization, on the other hand, is stressed in the ISO 9000 Series Standards to assure product quality. Thus both elements are indispensable for corporate management. However, they are often thought to be mutually exclusive, because the remaining room for creative work is reduced along with the progress of work standardization. It is dem onstrated in the present study, on the contrary, that the means and methods given in the work standards are not the constraints on carrying out the work but the important refer ences which should further be improved by the creative efforts of workers and that creativity and work standardiza tion are mutually complementary.
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the application of that architecture to testing Class 4 Transport with thirteen vendors' implementations of the protocols prior to a demonstration of ISO protocols at the National Computer Conference in 1984.
Abstract: At the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology of the national Bureau of Standards, an architecture has been specified for testing protocols in layers four through seven of the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). This paper describes the application of that architecture to testing Class 4 Transport with thirteen vendors' implementations of the protocols prior to a demonstration of ISO protocols at the National Computer Conference in 1984. The test results are summarized and an evaluation of the architecture and individual tools is presented. The paper concludes with a summary of a more ambitious demonstration of networking using implementation of ISO protocols.