Showing papers on "Trace metal published in 1977"
TL;DR: A review of the use of indicator organisms to study trace metal pollution can be found in this paper, where it is suggested that the macroalgae and bivalve molluscs are the most efficient and reliable indicators developed to the present time.
757 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the collection, preservation and storage of natural water samples for the analysis of trace levels of heavy metals have been critically reviewed, with particular reference to the analyses of zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and mercury.
207 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a trace metal speciation scheme was applied to the determination of the chemical forms of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in four natural fresh waters and a tap water.
194 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, soil cores, grasses, and ambient air aerosols were sampled in the vicinity of a Pb smelting complex in Kellogg, Idaho, where 34 elements analyzed by instrumental neutron activation and x-ray fluorescence were the most highly enriched, ranging in surface soils up to 7900 ppM Pb, 29,000 ppM Zn, and 140 ppM Cd.
Abstract: Soil cores, grasses, and ambient air aerosols were sampled in the vicinity of a Pb smelting complex in Kellogg, Idaho. Of 34 elements analyzed by instrumental neutron activation and x-ray fluorescence, Cd, Sb, Ag, Pb, Au, Zn, Se, As, In, Ni, Cu, and Hg were the most highly enriched, ranging in surface soils up to 7900 ppM Pb, 29,000 ppM Zn, and 140 ppM Cd. For grasses, Pb ranged up to 10,000 ppM, Zn to 12,000 ppM, and Cd to 4400 ppM. Aerosol enrichments above contributions from local resuspended soils were 4100 for Cd, 180 for As, 110 for Pb, and 60 for Zn. These soil profiles, grass analyses, and aerosol enrichments indicate that other toxic elements, Cd, Se, As, Ni, and Hg, in addition to Pb, have significantly contaminated the Kellogg environment as a result of the smelting operations.
139 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that in the laboratory pea plants and pine tree seedlings release zinc and lead into the atmosphere, and the significance of the process is discussed in terms of the overall trace metal composition of atmospheric particulates.
Abstract: Studies with radioisotopes indicate that in the laboratory pea plants and pine tree seedlings release zinc and lead into the atmosphere. Field studies carried out on radiolabeled plots vegetated with a variety of grasses and small herbaceous plants also show that these elements are released into the atmosphere. The metals, associated with particles of various sizes, are released from the plant surfaces, and the loss mechanism is influenced by growth conditions, the concentrations of the elements in the leaves, and meteorological factors. For plants whose leaves have about equal concentrations of zinc and lead, the amount of zinc released is usually two orders of magnitude greater than the amount of lead. The significance of the process is discussed in terms of the overall trace metal composition of atmospheric particulates.
107 citations
TL;DR: Dissolved and particulate trace metals have been measured in the Southern Bight and the Rhine estuary in order to study the relative importance of precipitation and sedimentation processes as compared to mobilization processes in the estuary.
100 citations
TL;DR: The Baltic area is revealed to be considerably polluted by trace metals; in contrast, the waters of Kattegat and skagerrak are considered to be relatively unpolluted.
Abstract: Concentrations of zinc and cadmium in whole soft parts of mussels, Mytilus edulis (L.), collected from 54 locations in Scandinavian waters were determined. Local variations in concentrations of the two metals found in samples taken close to industrial sources of zinc and cadmium confirmed the ability of the mussel to act as an accurate indicator of pollution by these metals over the entire range of salinities in which this species can exist. In addition, offshore samples remote from industrial discharges revealed higher concentrations of zinc and cadmium in mussels from lowsalinity areas (Gulf of Finland, Southern Bothnian Sea, Baltic proper) than in those from high-salinity areas (Kattegat, Eastern Skagerrak). Major decreases in metal concentrations present in the mussel were apparent in the regions of the Sound and the Great Belt, which are areas of rapid salinity change due to mixing of Baltic water with water from Kattegat. Comparison of these results with those reported for zinc and cadmium in water throughout the study area suggested the existence of a higher biological availability of these metals in regions of low salinity; possible reasons for this are discussed. Data from the present survey are also compared to those reported for mussels taken elsewhere. This comparison reveals the Baltic area to be considerably polluted by trace metals; in contrast, the waters of Kattegat and skagerrak are considered to be relatively unpolluted.
84 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a decrease in the trace metal concentrations of bottom sediments in the seaward direction in the estuaries of the rivers Rhine and Ems was observed.
78 citations
77 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a vertical flux model was constructed which showed atmospheric input of trace metals to the Sargasso Sea to be of the same approximate magnitude as the rate of removal of PTM from the mixed layer by sinking in association with POC.
76 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, 10 urinary stones composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate were analyzed for trace metal content by emission spectroscopy trace metals found in amounts of 0001 per cent or more were iron, copper, zinc, tin, lead, and aluminum.
Abstract: Ten urinary stones composed of calcium oxalate or a mixture of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate were analyzed for trace metal content by emission spectroscopy Trace metals found in amounts of 0001 per cent or more were iron, copper, zinic, tin, lead, and aluminum The inhibitory effect of each of these trace metals on the crystal growth of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate was tested Results indicated that none of the metal affect the crystal growth of calcium oxalate at concentrations approximating those found in normal urine The metal ions copper (II), zinc (II), tin (II), and aluminum (III) did affect the crystal growth of calcium phosphate when present at physiologic concentrations; however, their contribution to the total calcium phosphate inhibitor activity in urine was estimated to be insufficient to have a regulatory role in urinary stone growth
TL;DR: The concentrations and distribution of cadmium, cooper, nickel, lead and zinc have been studied in a small river and its estuary in South Wales as discussed by the authors, where the river drains the Lower Swansea Valley, an area severely contaminated by smelting and other industries over the last 250 years.
TL;DR: In this paper, the concentrations of thirteen metals in sediments obtained from Long Island Sound were measured and compared to seven other areas located in the U.S. and U.K.
TL;DR: Sediment contamination and benthic macroinvertebrate distribution were studied in Palestine Lake, Indiana, a public 80-ha system contaminated by effluents from a nearby electroplating plant as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: The trace concentrations of a number of metals including chromium, zinc, lead, vanadium and copper have been determined in intertidal sediments from the south bank of the Humber estuary.
TL;DR: In this paper, anthropogenic Zn flux to the nodule surface was calculated to be 80 mg m−2 yr−1, based on radiometrically dated sediments from the same area suggest that the ferromanganese nodules have grown in thickness between 0.02 and 0.16 mm yr− 1.
TL;DR: A new separation technique is described which should aid attempts to determine the physicochemical forms of trace metals in aquatic systems and it was apparent that, within the precision of the technique, almost 100% of the added trace metals was dialysed in the 5-h time period.
Abstract: A new separation technique is described which should aid attempts to determine the physicochemical forms of trace metals in aquatic systems. The technique involves combined dialysis and ion exchange, and permits the dialysis experiment to be completed in times very much shorter than normal. Experiments reported in this paper indicated that an optimum time of 5 h was necessary for complete dialysis of all dialysable species from natural water samples. The method has been tested for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe in synthetic solutions prepared from distilled-deionized water. In all cases it was apparent that, within the precision of the technique, almost 100% of the added trace metals was dialysed in the 5-h time period. The results give in- formation on the concentration of ionic species present in the water. Three natural river water samples were also dialysed, and the results compared with total and filterable (< 0.4 µm) trace metal concentrations obtained for the same samples.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured trace metal levels in five species of finfish collected from the New York Bight and two from Long Island Sound and found that the trace metal contents were similar for the various species examined and also for a single species when comparing catch locations.
TL;DR: A batch method for the determination of ion-exchangeable trace metals in natural waters is reported and uptake was found to occur rapidly, being virtually completed within 1 h.
Abstract: A batch method for the determination of ion-exchangeable trace metals in natural waters is reported. The technique employs the resin Chelex 100 and has been tested for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe using both synthetic and natural water samples. Quantitative recovery of ionic spikes was achieved and uptake was found to occur rapidly, being virtually completed within 1 h. Evidence is provided for the presence in the natural water samples of stable bound trace metal species. This batch method should prove particularly useful for field studies of the physicochemical forms of trace metals in aquatic environments.
TL;DR: It is found that there are smaller amouts of Cs, Ba and Pb associated with the nutrient metals K and Ca in a marine animal compared to a terrestrial animal, and food-chain enhancement and depletion of metals can be evaluated by comparing rations of trace metals to abundant nutrient metals in seawater and tuna.
Abstract: The occurrences of K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb have been determined in various tissues of the tuna fish Thunnus alalunga. K, Rb, and Cs are distributed uniformly throughout the organs of the fish; 95% of the ca and Sr, and 70% of the Ba and Pb are contained in the skeleton. It is found that there are smaller amouts of Cs, Ba and Pb associated with the nutrient metals K and Ca in a marine animal compared to a terrestrial animal. This difference is a result of the purity of K and Ca in sea-water and the smaller amounts of trace metals associated with them compared to the impurity of K and Ca in terrestrial rocks. Food-chain enhancement and depletion of metals can be evaluated by comparing rations of trace metals to abundant nutrient metals in seawater and tuna. Cs is enriched relative to K in going from seawater to tuna by a factor of 13. Sr and Ba are both depleted by factors of 5 relative to Ca in going from seawater to tuna, while Pb is enriched relative to Ca by a factor of 14. Special clean laboratory procedures were used to prepare samples for accurate analysis by stable isotope dilution mass spectrometric techniques.
TL;DR: It was shown that the levels of silver, cadmium and nickel in plankton did not differ markedly for the various locations, and copper, lead, and zinc levels varied greatly as a function of either species or geographic location.
Abstract: A study was conducted to obtain baseline data on trace metal levels in zooplankton from New York Bight and Long Island Sound, and to determine any differences in metal levels related to geographical location of sampling. It was shown that the levels of silver, cadmium and nickel in plankton did not differ markedly for the various locations. Silver levels ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 ppM in all samples, whereas Cd levels were in the range of 0.5 to 2.4 ppM and Ni levels ranged from 0.9 to 4.6 ppM for all samples. Most lower limits for Cr were less than 7 ppM which the highest level was 35.2 ppM. The copper, lead, and zinc levels in zooplankton obtained from the New York Bight varied greatly as a function of either species or geographic location.
TL;DR: In this paper, results obtained from a remote continental station in the Southern Hemisphere, Chacaltaya Mountain near La Paz, Bolivia, and a mid-ocean station, at Bermuda, are compared.
TL;DR: This new mixture was shown to be satisfactory for zinc, copper, and iron, but minor changes have been recommended for manganese.
Abstract: In an earlier study (Alexander et al., 1974) it was shown that the mineral mixture used in association with a synthetic diet was deficient in zinc, copper, iron, and manganese. A new mixture containing appropriately increased amounts of these trace metals has now been evaluated by means of metabolic balance studies carried out on children with phenylketonuria. This new mixture was shown to be satisfactory for zinc, copper, and iron, but minor changes have been recommended for manganese.
01 Jan 1977-Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering
TL;DR: In this paper, acid washing Whatman 41 or 0.45 μm pore size Nuclepore filters resulted in substantial reduction of the trace metal contents and variability in both types of filters for most of the metals examined.
Abstract: Acid‐washing Whatman 41 or 0.45 μm pore size Nuclepore filters resulted in substantial reduction of the trace metal contents and variability in both types of filters for most of the metals examined. No changes in the air flow rate or retention properties of the Whatman 41 filters were observed to occur as a result of this procedure. The advantages of the lower trace metal blank concentrations and uncertainties resulting from this procedure were discussed with reference to the collection of extremely low level trace metal environmental samples.
TL;DR: As part of a Purdue University study of the environmental flow of cadmium and other trace metals, source emission sampling for par-ticulates has been conducted at a number of industrial and municipal plants as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: As part of a Purdue University study of the environmental flow of cadmium and other trace metals, source emission sampling for par-ticulates has been conducted at a number of industrial and municipal plants The emission samples from each plant were analyzed for Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and in some cases Fe and Ni by atomic absorption spectroscopy Atmospheric mass emission rates and emission factors are reported for total particulates and for each metal Cadmium emission factors were found to be substantially different from those estimated by Davis in an earlier report Aerodynamic particle size distributions were measured at each source using an Andersen im-pactor A comparison of the total particulate size distributions with the trace metal size distributions revealed that the metals are not evenly distributed among the particle sizes In every case the trace metals were found predominantly in the respirable particulate fraction even when the bulk of the emissions were non-respirable
01 Jan 1977
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Trace metals associated with the surfaces of urban tree leaves were tested in vitro with Gnomonia platani and certain cations were capable of restricting vegetative growth, suppressing conidial production or reducing spore germination.
Abstract: Trace metals associated with the surfaces of urban tree leaves were tested in vitro with Gnomonia platani. Certain cations, at concentrations approximating the higher levels found in nature, were capable of restricting vegetative growth, suppressing conidial production or reducing spore germination.